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ANNALS

SOUTH AFEICAN MUSEUM.

VOLUME IV.

ANNALS

SOUTH AFEICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME IV

DESCRIPTIONS OP THE PAL^ONTOLOGICAL MATERIAL COLLECTED

BY THE OFFICERS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

OP CAPE COLONY AND OTHERS

PRINTED FOR THE

TEUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFEICAN MUSEUM

BY West, Newman & Co., London
1908

TEUSTBBS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM.

The Hon. John Xavieb Merriman, M.L.A.

Thomas Mum, C.M.G., LL.D., M.A., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., Superintendent-
General of Education.
Harry Bolus, D.Sc., F.L.S.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN
MUSEUM.

Louis Albert Peringuey, D.Sc., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c., Director.

William Frederick Purcbll, B.A., Ph.D., Keeper of Land Invertebrates,
except Insects.

John Dow Fisher Gilchrist, M.A., D.Sc, Ph.D., Keeper of Marine Inverte-
brates and Fishes.

Arthur William Rogers, M.A., Hon. Keeper of the Geological Collection.

Henry Harold Welch Pearson, ]M.A., F.L.S., Keeper of the Herbarium.
Phillip, Assistant in charge of the Herbarium.

Miss Maria Wilman, Assistant in charge of the Geological Collections.

LIST OF CONTEIBUTOKS.

E. Beoom, M.D., D.Sc. page

On an almost Perfect Skeleton of Pareiasaurus serridens, Ow. Plates

XV., XVI 123

On the Structure of the Shoulder Girdle in L?/s<rosa?fr«s 139

On Evidence of a New Species of K/miosHcTiMS (T. cZoeiei) 142

On the Presence of a Pair of Distinct Prevomers in Titanosuchus . . . . 144
On Some New Primitive Theriodonts in the South African Museum.

Plates XV lL, XVIII 147

On a New Reptile (ProferosucJms fergusi) from the Karoo Beds of

Tarkastad, South Africa. Plate XIX 159

On the Pareiasaurian Genus Propappus. Plate XLV 351

On Some New Therocephalian Reptiles 361

On the Inter-relationship of the Known Therocephalian Genera . . . . 369
On a New Labyrinthodont Rhinesuchus Whaitsi, from the Permian Beds

of South Africa. PJ ate XL VI 373

Note on the Species of Mesosaurus 379

F. Chapman, A.L.S., F.R.M.S.

Foraminifera and Ostracoda from the Cretaceous Beds of East Pondo-

land, South Africa. Plate XXIX 221

P. Lake, M.A., F.G.S.

The Trilobites of the Bokkeveld Beds. Plates XXIV.-XXVII 20

F. R. C. Reed, M.A., F.G.S.

Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. Plates XX.-XXIII 165

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. Plates XXX.-XXXIII 239

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. Plates XLVII.-XLVIII .381

B. A. Seward, F.R.S.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. Plates I. -XIV 1

H. Woods M.A., F.G.S.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. Plates XXXIII.-XLIV 275

EKKATUM.

^ Owing to a misapprehension Fig. 4, Plate XI. (named Bothrodendron leslii)
is stated in the text (p. 92) to have come from the Ecca Beds of Vereeniging,
but the specimen was collected from the Bokkeveld Beds near Triangle Station,
Cape Colony. A. W. Rogers.

LIST OF NEW GENEEIC NAMES
INTEODUCED IN THIS VOLUME.

PAGE

Alopecodon, n. g., Therocephalia, Synapsida (Reptilia) 361

Hya3uesuchus, n. g., Therocephalia, Synapsida (Reptilia) 364

Ictidosaurus, n. g., Therocephalia, Synapsida (Reptilia) 151

Pardosuchus, n. g., Therocephalia, Synapsida (Reptilia) 367

Proterosuchus, n. g., Diaptosauria, Diapsida (Reptilia) 159

Rhinesuchus, n. g., Labyrinthodontia (Amphibia) 373

Scylacosaurus, n. g., Therocephalia, Synapsida (Reptilia) 147

Scymnosaurus, n. g., Therocephalia, Synapsida (Reptilia) 15

Trochosuchus, n. g., Therocephalia, Synapsida (Reptilia) 366

DATE OF ISSUE OF THE PAETS.

Part 1, pp. 1-122, issued October 22, 1903.
Part 2, pp. 123-164, issued November 19, 1903.
Part 3, pp. 165-200, issued December 31, 1903.
Part 4, pp. 201-220, issued March 10, 1904.
Part 5, pp. 221-237, issued IMarch 10, 1904.
Part 6, pp. 238-274, issued March 31, 1904.
Part 7, pp. 275-350, issued December 20, 1906.
Part 8, pp. 351-40G, issued May 7, 1908.
Title, Index, &c., pp. i-viii, issued May 7, 1908.

37.216

LIST OF PLATES.

I.ATK

I. Onychiopsis.

II. Filicales.

III. Zamites.

IV. Cycadophyta.

V. Cycadophyta, &c.

VI. Coniferales.

VII. Filicales.

VIII. Gingkgoales, Filicales.

IX. Equisetales.

X. Neuropteridium.

XI. Lycopodiales.

XII. Psygmophyllum.

XIII. Noeggerathiopsis.

XIV. Spirophyton.

XV. Pareiasaurus serridens.

XVI. Bestoration of Pareiasaurus serridens.

XVII. Scylacosaurus sclateri and Ictidosaurus angusticeps.

XVIII. Scymnosaurus ferox, Lycosuchus mackayi.

XIX. Proterosuchus fergusi.

XX )

' r.,' r Bokkeveld Brachiopoda.

XXIV. )

XXV. [ Bokkeveld Trilobites.
XXVI. ]
XXVIII. Homalonotus colossus.
XXIX. Cretaceous Foraminifera and Ostracoda from East Pondoland.
XXX. ^

XXXI. - Bokkeveld Mollusca.
XXXII. )

XXXIII. 1

XXXIV. I
XXXV. I

XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX. j
XL.
XLI. I
XLII. I
XLIII. I
• XLI V.J

Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland.

XLV.
XLVI.

XL VII.
XLVIII.

The Pareiasaurian Genus Propappus.

Skulls of HycBnasnclms Whaitsi, Alopecodon piiscus and. Rhine-
sicchus Whaitsi.

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds.

ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFEICAN MUSEUM.

I.— Fossil Floras of Cape Colony.— By A. C. Seward, F.R.S.,

University Lecturer in Botany and Felloiu of Emmanuel College,

Cambridge.

Plates I.-XIV., Text-figures 1-8.

l.^FLOBA OF THE UITENHAGE SERIES.

I.— INTEODUCTION.

The Uitenhage plants submitted to me for examination by the
Geological Commission of Cape Colony were collected from rocks
exposed in the valleys of the Bezuidenhout, Witte, Sunday, and
Zwartkop Elvers in the Uitenhage and Port Elizabeth districts in
the south-east of Cape Colony; and from the neighbourhood of
Herbertsdale, Mossel Bay ; and Heidelberg.

In their ' Report on parts of the Uitenhage and Port Elizabeth
Divisions,' * Messrs. Rogers and Schwarz mention the following
localities from which fossils were obtained : —

1. Zioarthop Biver, between the town of Uitenhage and the mouth
of the river.

2. Bezuidenhout Biver, from Blauw Krantz to the Sunday River.

3. Witte Biver, from Enon to the Sunday River.

4. Sunday Biver, between Dunbrodie and Addo Station.

* Eogers and Schwarz (01).
1

2

Annals of the South African Ifuseuvi.

The Uitenhage series in the district of that name is described as
including the three following divisions in descending order : —

a. The Sunday Eiver marine beds containing animal fossils.

b. The Wood-bed with remains of fossil wood, ferns, and cycads.

c. The Enon conglomerate beds.

In 1867 Tate read a paper before the Geological Society of London
' On some Secondary Fossils from South Africa,' "■ in which he
described several species of plants collected by Drs. Eubidge and
Atherstone from rocks to which the author of the paper applied the
term Uitenhage series. The majority of Tate's type-specimens are
now in the Museum of the Geological Society at Burlington House,
and I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to the Council
for allowing me to borrow several of Tate's plants for purposes of
examination and redrawing. Four of Tate's type-specimens are
represented in pi. v., figs. 1, 3, 4, 5.

The Uitenhage flora, as described in the paper of 1867, comprises
the species enumerated in the following list. My examination of the
original specimens, and a comparison of them with the more abun-
dant, and in many cases more satisfactory, material recently collected
have led me to make several alterations in Tate's nomenclature ; the
names used by Tate are given in the left-hand column and opposite
each of his names I have added in the right-hand column the
designations adopted in the present paper.

Tate (18G7).

Palceozamia (Otozamites) recta Tate.
Tate's pi. v., tigs, la, Ih.

rizamia [PodozamitcK) morrim Tate.
PI. v., fig. 4.

Palceozamia rulndgei Tate.
PI. v., figs. 3rt, 3?;.

PalcBozaDiia (vel Ptcnqiliyllum) africaiia

Tate.
PL v., fig. 5.

Sewakd (1903).

Zamites recta (Tate).t
PL iii. ; pL vL, figs. 8-12.

Zamites morrim (Tate).

PL v., fig. 4. (Type-specimen of Tate,

Museum of Geological Society, No.

11,108.)

Zamites riihidgei (Tate).
PL v., fig. 3. (Type-specimen of Tate,
Mus. Geol. Soc, No. 11,109.)

Zamites africana (Tate).
PL v., fig. 5. (Type-specimen of Tate,
Mus. Geol. Soc, No. 11,110.)

* Tate (67).

t In cases where the generic designation has been altered I have followed the
convenient rule of enclosing the name of the author of the species in brackets.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony.

Tate (1867).

Pecoptcrig atherstonei Tate.
PI. v., fig. 2a, 2b.

Pecopteris rubidgei Tate.
PI. v., figs, la, lb.

Pecopteris africana Tate.
PI. vi,, figs, la, 1&.

Asplenite^ lobata Old.

Sphenoptcrh antipodum Tate.
PL vi., fig. 3.

Cyclopteru jenkinsiana Tate.
PI. vi., fig. 4.

" Portions of a Coniferous stem closely
allied to Athrotaxites indicus Old."

" Parts of stems . . . iDvobably Cycada-
ceous."

" Ovules of Palcpozamia.''^

" The under sui-face of the base of a
cone, perhaps the same " [Palico-
zamia'].

Seward (1903).

Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.) forma^

atherstonei.
PL vi., figs. 16, 17.

Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.) forma
atherstonei.

Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.) forma
atherstonei.

Cladophlebis browniana (Dunk.)
PL ii., figs. 1-4, 6.

Onychiopsis mnntelU (Brongn.).
Pl.'i. ; pi. v., fig. 1.

Tate's type-specimen refigured, pi. v.^
fig. 1. (Mus. Geol. Soc, No. 11,114.)

Cycadolepis jenkinsiana (Tate).
PL iv., figs. 3-6. Text-figure 2.

Brachyphyllum sp.
PL vL, figs. 13, 18.

Benstcdtia sp.

PL v., fig. 2. Text-figure 5.

Carpolithes sp.

Araucarites royersi sp. nov.
PL vi., figs. 4-7.

The Uitenhage series is described by Tate as Jurassic in age ; he
compares the Cycads with species from the Inferior Oolite plant-
beds of the Yorkshire coast, and considers two of the Pecopteris
species as closely alHed to P. indica from the Upper Gondwana beds-
of the Eajmahal Hills. In 1856 Sharpe ■'= described several species
of Mollusca from the Secondary rocks of the Sunday and Zwartkop
Rivers collected by Dr. Atherstone and Mr. A. G. Bain, which he
found to resemble most nearly species from the middle and lower
part of the Oolitic series. The Jurassic age of the Uitenhage series
is accepted by Stowf in his paper of 1871, and H. P. Blanford I in
1875 referred to the flora, on the authority of Tate, as resembling,
that of the Eajmahal beds of India. The evidence as to ge

* Sharpe (56), p. 202.

t Stow (71).

\ Blanford (75), p. 534.

4 Annals of the South African Museum.

horizon furnished by species of Trigonics is regarded by Lycett -■' as
pointing to a Cretaceous age.

In 1882, as the result of an examination of a collection of shells,
Holub and Neumayr f classed the Uitenhage series as Neocomian,
thus agreeing with Lycett rather than with the earlier authors.
Professor Eupert Jones,. | in an article on the Geology of South
Africa, published in Nature, adopts Tate's opinion as to the Jurassic
age of the plant-beds. The verdict of Holub and Neumayr is
accepted by de Lapparent,§ who classes the Uitenhage series with a
portion of the Potomac formation of the Eastern United States as
Neocomian. In Oldham's edition of the ' Geology of India,' || by
Medlicott and Blanford, the flora of the Uitenhage series is
described as " distinctly related to that of the Eajmahal Group,
though the resemblances are not sufficient to establish a contem-
poraneity of origin." Messrs. Eogers and Schwarz, after discussing
the statements of previous writers, conclude that " the only course
at present open to us is to regard the age of the Uitenhage series as
Upper Jurassic." "I

The evidence afforded by the collection of plants described in the
following pages — a collection rich in specimens but comparatively
poor in species — points to a Wealden rather than to a Jurassic age :
but this question is dealt with at greater length in the sequel.

II.— DESCEIPTION OF SPECIMENS.

Geoup filicales.

Family POLYPODIACE^.

Genus ONYCHIOPSIS Yokoyama.

This genus was instituted by Yokoyama,** a Japanese author, for
a species originally described by Geyler if from the valley of Tetori-
gawa in the Province of Kaga, Japan, as Thyrsoperis elongata.

* Lycett (79), p. 229.

t Holub and Neumayr (82). See also Neumayr (87), ii., p. 330.

J Jones (84), p. 554. § de Lapparent (00), p. 1267.

II Medlicott and Blanford (93), p. 205.

IT Rogers and Schwarz (01), p. 17.

** Yokoyama (89), p. 26. ft Geyler (77), p. 224.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. &

The use of the name Thyrsopteris as a generic designation for fossil
ferns has unfortunately been adopted by several authors solely on
the ground of a resemblance between the fragments of sterile fronds
with those of the single existing species, Thyrsopteris elegans, a type
confined to the island of Juan Fernandez. Yokoyama's discovery of
fertile pinnae of Geyler's species exhibiting a striking resemblance to
those of the recent genera Onychmm and Gymnogramme, led him to
suggest the name Onychiopsis as a convenient designation for ferns
possessing the Onychium type of fertile frond.

Onychiopsis mantelli Brongn.

Plate I.

Plate v., fig. 1.

1824. Hymenopteris psilotoides Stokes and Webb, Trans. Geol.

Soc, [ii.] vol. i., p. 423, pi. xlvi., fig. 7.
1828. Sphenopteris Mantelli Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 50.
1828. Sphenopteris Mantelli Brongniart, Hist. v6g. foss., p. 170,

pi. xlv., figs. 3-7.
1833. Sphenopteris Mantelli Mantell, Geol. S.E. England, p. 241.
1836. Cheilanthites Mantelli Goppert, Foss, Farrnkrt., p. 231 ;

Nova Acta Ac. Caes. Leop.-Car., vol. xvii. Supp.
1839. Cheilanthites denticulatus Roemer, Verstein. Ool.-Geb., p. 9,

pi. xvii., fig. 1.
1846. Sphenopteris Mantelli Dunker, Wealdenbildung, p. 2, pi. i.,

fig. 4a.
1846. Splwnoptcris Boemeri Dunker, loc. cit., p. 3, pi. i., figs. 3, 4, 5.
1846. Sphenopteris tenera Dunker, loc. cit., pi. viii., fig. 5.
1846. Confervites fissiis Dunker, loc. cit., pi. i., fig. 1.
1852. Sphenopteris Mantelli Ettingshausen, Abh. k.-k. geol. Reichs.,.

p. 14, pi. iv., figs. 3, 4.
1867. Sphenopteris antipodum Tate, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,,

vol. xxiii., p. 139.
1869. Sphenopteris (Davallioides) Mantelli Schimper, Trait, pal.

veg., vol. i., p. 393.
1871. Sphenopteris Mantelli Schenk, Palaeontographica, vol. xix.,

p. 208, pi. xxiii., figs. 1-8.
1871. Sphenolepis Kurriana Schenk, pi. xxv., fig. 6, loc. cit., p. 243,

pi. xxxviii., fig. 2.
1875. Sphenopteris Mantelli Schenk, Palseontographica, vol. xxxiii.>
p. 158, pi. xxviii., fig. 12.

(j Annals of the South African Museum.

1877. Thyrsopteris elongata Geyler, Palseontogrtaphica, pi. xxx.,

fig. 5, pi. xxxi., figs. 4, 5.

1878. Sphenoptcris Boemeri Dupont, Bull. Ac. E. Belg., vol. xlvi.,

[ii.] p. 396.
1881. SplLeno2')teris Mantelli Heer, Secc. Trab. Geol. Portugal,

1881, p. 12, pi. xi., figs. 1-5 ; pi. xii., figs. 26 and Ihh.
1881. Splicnoptcris valdensis Heer, loc. cit., p. 14, pi. xv., figs. 9,

10, and 13 ; pi. xvi., fig. 5b. (The other figures are

doubtful.)
1889. Sphenoptcris Mantelli Fontaine, Potomac Flora, p. 91, pL i.,

figs. 1 and 2.

1889. Onychiopsis elongata Yokoyama, Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp.

Univ. Japan, vol. iii., pi. i., p. 27; pi. ii., figs. 1-3;
pi. iii., fig. M ; pi. xii., figs. 9, 10.

1890. Onychiopsis elongata Nathorst, Denksch. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien,

pi. ii., fig. 6 ; pi. v., fig. 3 ; pi. vi., fig. 5.
1894. Onycliiopsis elongata Yokoyama, Journ. Coll. Sci. Univ.
Japan, vol. vii., pt. iii., p. 215 ; pi. xx., fig. 8 ; pi. xx.,
figs. 1, 4.

1894. Sphcnopteris (Davallia) Mantelli Saporta, Flor. Portugal,

pi. xiii., figs. 5, 6; pi. xxiii., figs. 1, 2 ; pi. xxviii., fig. 2 ;
pi. xxix., fig. 1 ; pi. XXX., figs. 9, 10 ; pi. xxxi., figs. 1, 2.

1895. Sphcnopteris Mantelli Ward, Potomac Form. p. 392.

1896. Onychiopsis Mantelli Ward, Lower Cret. Europe and

America, p. 483.
1896. Onychiopsis elongata Ward, ihicl.

The following definition of Onycliiopsis mantelli is quoted from the
first part of the Catalogue of Wealden Plants in the British Museum. =■=
The fertile segments represented in the English specimens have not
so far been found in the South African material. " Frond tripinnate,
ovate lanceolate, rachis winged and prominent ; pinnas lanceolate,
alternate, approximate, given off from the main rachis at an acute
angle. Pinnules alternate, narrow, lanceolate acuminate, uninerved,
of nervation type Gcenopteridis ; the larger ones serrate and gradu-
ally passing into pinnae, with narrow ultimate segments."

[" Fructification in the form of sessile or shortly stalked linear
ovate segments with rugose surfaces, and terminating usually in a
very short awn-like apical prolongation."]

The name Sphcnopteris viantclli was substituted by Brongniart f

* Seward (94), p. 43. f Brongniart (28), p. 50 ; (28-') p. 170.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 7

for Hymenopteris psilotoides, formerly used by Stokes and Webb '^'
for fragments of a fern from the English Wealden. In 1894 the
discovery of several fertile pinnae demonstrated the close relationship
of the species to the Japanese fern described by Yokoyama as
Onychiojysis elongata (Gey.). The material from South Africa is
unfortunately represented solely by sterile fronds, and we are there-
fore unable to found a complete specific diagnosis on the Uitenhage
specimens. It is as a rule inadvisable to employ a generic name
implying relationship with existing types unless the comparison is
supported by the evidence of fructification characters. It must be
admitted that so long as we have only sterile examples before us
there necessarily remains an element of doubt as to the correct-
ness of our interpretation of the specimens. In the present case
there is so close a resemblance as regards the habit of the fronds
and in the form of the ultimate segments between the Uitenhage
plant and such European species as Onycliiopsis mantelli (Brongn.),t
0. caj^sulifera (Vel.),l and the Japanese type, 0. elongata {Gey. ),^ that
I have ventured to adopt Yokoyama' s generic name Onychiopsis.

The fern figured by Tate as Sphcnopteris antipodum has been
referred to in a previous work as apparently identical with the
European specimens of Oiiycliiopsis mantelli.\\ The drawing of
'Tate's type-specimen,*' reproduced in pi. v., fig. 1, shows rather
more clearly than the figure published in 1867 the identity of
Sphenopteris antipodum, at least as regards sterile pinnse, with
Onychiopsis mantelli. In Part I. of the Catalogue of Wealden
plants in the British Museum I figured a fragment of a frond as
Onychiopsis elongata, retaining Geyler's specific name as charac-
terising a type of frond with pinnules of slightly greater breadth
than those of Onychiopsis mantelli ; the separation of the two
species was, however, made with some hesitation and with the
admission that both forms might eventually have to be included
under one term."* Since the publication of the Catalogue a much
larger and more complete specimen of Onychiopsis has been obtained
from the Wealden beds of Sussex with pinnules of slightly broader
type, which confirms my suspicion that the recognition of two
distinct species was based on insufficient evidence.

The plant figured by Geyler in 1877 as Thyrsopteris elongata, and

* Stokes and Webb (24), p. 423. f Sewaid (94), p. 41, pi. ii.

+ Velenovsky (88), pi. i., figs. 6-12.

§ Geyler (77), pi. xxx., xxxL !, Seward (94), p. 44.

•[ Museum of the Geological Society of London, No. 11,114.
** Seward (94), p. 5-5, pi. ii., fig. 2.

B Annals of the South African Museum.

afterwards described and illustrated more fully by Yokoyama as
Onychiopsis clongata, is spoken of by the latter author as the chief
characteristic fossil of the Japanese Flora of Kaga, Hida, and
Echizen, which is referred to the Bathonian stage of the Inferior
Oolite. Fragments of the same type are figured by Yokoyama,
also from the plant-beds of Kozuke, Kii, Awa, and Tosa referred
to the Neocomian series.* The Japanese type differs from the
European Onychiopsis mantelli in its slightly broader segments,
but the difference is hardly enough to warrant a specific separation.
The fact that both forms possessed the same type of fertile pinnae
demonstrates their close relationship, and such small differences
as are exhibited by the sterile fronds are not greater than analogous
variations met with in species of existing ferns.

The specimens figured by Nathorst f from the province of Tosa, in
Japan, are undoubtedly specifically identical with Geyler's species,.
and I believe also with the XJitenhage plant.

Eeference is made in the synonomy to the figures of Onychiopsis
mantelli, published by Schenk and other authors from European
Wealden rocks ; it is unnecessary therefore to do more than draw
attention to the abundance of this well-marked type in Wealden
floras. The same species is recorded also by Fontaine % and Ward §
from the Potomac formation of North America ; some of the ferns
referred by the former author to Tliyrsopteris, without a fragment
of a fertile pinna to justify the assumed relationship with the recent
genus of Cyatheaceee, are in all probability identical with Onychiopsis
mantelli. We may quote Thyrsopteris rarinervis, T. insignis, T.
microp)hylla as examples of Fontaine's species which bear a close
resemblance to Onychiopsis mantelli.\\ A fern described by Heer
as Asplenium dichsonianum H from the Kome beds of Greenland, if
not identical with the XJitenhage species, is probably a closely allied
type. In the late Marquis of Saporta's monograph on the Mesozoic
Floras of Portugal,-''-'' Onychiopsis mantelli is recorded from several
localities as Sphenoptcris (Davallia) mantelli, but the evidence on
which a relationship to Davallia is founded seems to me inadequate ;
Saporta speaks of the species as a characteristic Wealden fern, but
fragments found in somewhat older beds point to the existence of

* Yokoyama (94), p. 215, pi. xx., xxi.

t Nathorst (90), pi. ii., tig. G ; pi. v., fig. 3 ; pi. vi., tig. 5.

+ Fontaine (89), pi. i. § Ward (9.5), p. 392; (90), p. 483.

II Fontaine (89), pi. xlii., xliii., xliv., xlv.

ir Heer (75'), pi. i., tigs. 1-5.

** Saporta (94), pi. xiii., xxiii., xxviii.-xxxi.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. &

the same type before the close of the Jurassic period. It is note-
worthy, however, that the specimens from the Jurassic locaHties are
very small, and several of them can hardly be referred with con-
fidence to Omjchioims mantelli, which is represented by many
undoubted examples from the Wealden of Portugal as demonstrated
by the figures of Heer '•'- and Saporta.

Plate I., fig. 1 (428c).
Portion of a large frond, approximately 17 cm. in length, with long
spreading pinnae. The slender rachis shows narrow lateral wings,
and in places a prominent woody axis ; the pinnge are decurrent on
the rachis, and the upper branches of the frond are given off at a-
smaller angle than the lower. Longest pinnae 8 cm. long, tapering
gradually to a serrate acuminate apex. Veins obscure. Specimen
434a is the reverse of 428c.

Plate I., fig. 2 (391c), U nat. size.
A single pinna bearing in the lower part linear serrate pinnules,
and in the apical region shorter entire segments. The specimen
from which the drawing was made differs from the frond repre-
sented in fig. 1 in its slightly narrower and more delicate pinnules,,
and is identical with the typical European examples of the species.

Plate I., fig. 3 (407c), x 2.
The complete specimen of which a small portion is represented in
the figure, twice natural size, is 8 cm. in length, and agrees in all
respects with the EngHsh and German form of Onychiopsis mantelli.
The single pinna shows the entire and shorter segments charac-
teristic of the apical region of a frond.

Plate I., fig. 4 (401c), x 2.
A portion of the rachis and the base of two pinnae illustrating the
broader type of lobed pinnules. This fragment shows very clearly
the winged character of the rachis and the prominent woody axis.

Plate v., fig. 1. (Type-specimen of Tate's Sphenopteris antipoduvi ;
Museum of Geological Society of London, No. 11,114.)
This specimen from Geelhoutboom is, I believe, clearly identical
with Onychiopsis mantelli (Brongn.), at least as regards the vegeta-
tive characters of the frond. The rachis is traversed by a narrow

* Heer (81), pi. xi., xii.

10 Annals of the South African Musenm.

woody axis with lateral wings, and gives off spreading pinnae bearing
slender linear segments the lamina of which is divided into acuminate
teeth.

Other Specimens : 433c. — This specimen shows very clearly the
narrow pinnae with entire segments (c/. tig. 3) in the apical region of
the frond; also the gradual transition from the narrow oval segments
to larger segments w^ith a serrate margin. 140c, 320c (on the reverse
side is a good impression of a Cycaclolepis jenkinsiana), 389c, 390c
(with seeds of Araucarites rogersi), 392c, 411c, 429c, 430c.

Genus CLADOPHLEBIS Brongniart.

(Of doubtful Family-position.)

Brongniart proposed this generic name in 1849 "■■ for certain forms
of Pecopteris, previously included in the group Neuropterides. The
genus is founded on sterile fronds only, and is applied to ferns which
cannot be referred to a particular family ; the name Cladophlebis is
usually made use of for Mesozoic species which agree in habit with
Palaeozoic representatives of Pecopteris. Numerous fossil ferns have
been described by authors as species of Aspidium, which, in the
absence of sori or sporangia, have no claim to be designated by the
name of a recent genus.

Cladophlebis browniana (Dunk.).
Plate II., figs. 1-4, 6.

1846. Pecopteris Broivniana Dunker, Wealdenbildung, p. 5, pi. viii.,

fig. 7.
1849. Pecopteris Broioniana Brongniart, Tableau, p. 107.
1852. Alethopteris Reichiana Ettingshausen, Abli. k.-k. geol. Eeichs.,

vol. i., Abth. iii.. No. 2, p. 17.
1871. Pecopteris Broioniana Schenk, Palaeontographica, vol. xix.,

p. 215, pi. xxvi., figs. 2, 2a.
1877. Pecopteris exiliformis Geyler, Palaeontographica, vol. xxiv.,

p. 226, pi. XXX., fig. 1.
1889. ? Pecopteris Broioniana Fontaine, Potomac Flora, pi. xxiii.,

figs. 2-7.

* Brongniart (49), p. 25.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 11

1890. Pecoptcris Geyleriana Nathorst, Denkschr. k. Ak. Wiss. math.-

nat. CL, vol. Ivii., p. 48, pi. iv., figs. 2-6.
1890. Pccoptcris cf. Broioniana, ibid., pi. v., fig. 5.

Frond bipinnate, passing in the lower part of the frond to tri-
pinnate. Eachis comparatively broad and strong, from which linear
pinnae, tapering to an acuminate apex, are given off at a wide angle.
Pinnules short and broad, attached by the whole broad base to the
axis of the pinna ; the lower margin strongly arched, the upper face
almost straight or slightly concave. A well-marked midrib from
which spring a small number of secondary veins at a wide angle.
The pinnules are for the most part entire, passing in the lower
pinnae into lobed or even pinnate segments.

The Uitenhage specimens include numerous examples of bi-
pinnate and tripinnate fronds which were referred by Tate in his
paper of 1867 '■' to a species previously figured by Oldham f from the
Eajmahal Hills of Bengal as Pccoptcris (?) lobata. A comparison of
the fragments represented in pi. ii., figs. 1-4 and 6, with the
specimen figured by Oldham reveals a very close resemblance,
which, as Tate suggested, may amount to specific identity. On the
other hand, there is, I think, an even closer agreement between the
Uitenhage fern and that described from European Wealden strata
as Cladophlchis dunkeri (Schimp),| a form originally named by
Dunker in 1846 Pccoptcris polymorplia.l The fern named by
Dunker Pccoptcris h-oioniana \\ differs in no essential features from
CladophleMs dunkeri, and a re-examination of specimens from the
Wealden beds of the Sussex coast leads me to give up my previously
expressed opinion that both specific names should be retained. The
difference between the fragment represented in pi. vii., fig. 4, of
my ' Wealden Flora,' Part I., and that shown in pi. vii., fig. 3,*I is,
I think, not more than may be found on a single frond of the same
species. Seeing that the name broioniana was estabhshed before
the specific name dunkeri, it should be employed in preference to
Schimper's designation.

The accurate separation of sterile fronds of the type represented
in pi. ii., figs. 1-4, 6, is a hopeless task; among recent ferns this
form of leaf recurs in several genera, and in the absence of fertile

• Tate (67), p. 146.

f Oldham and Morris (63), pi. xxviii.-xxx. ; Feistmantel (77), pi. xxxvi., fig. 3.
X Seward (94), p. 101, pi. vii., fig. a. § Dunker (46), pi. vii., fig. 5.

]| Ihid., pi. viii., fig. 7. '1 Seward (1)4).

12 Annals of the South African Museum.

examples it might well be impossible to arrive at a generic much
less specific determination.

So far as vegetative characters are concerned, the fern described
by Yokoyama from Japan as Pecopteris hroimiiana ■•' appears to be
identical with the South African plant ; a frond of very similar if not
identical form is figured by the same author from a somewhat lower
horizon as Pecopteris exilis Phill.,f an Inferior Oolite species since
placed in the genus Klukia.\ Nathorst has also figured portions of
fronds from Japan which he regards as probably identical with his
species Pecopteris geyleriana. It is, however, not improbable that
the specimens represented in his pi. iv., figs. 2, 6, are specifically
distinct from the type-specimen of P. geyleriana ;^ be that as it
may, I am unable to distinguish the two examples shown in
Nathorst's figs. 2 and 5 from the Uitenhage fern. In addition to
the records of ferns believed to be identical with Cladophlchis
hroimiiana mentioned in the above synonomy, there are others
which may be referred to as presenting a close resemblance possibly
amounting in some cases to specific identity.

Reference has already been made to Oldham's Indian species
Pecopteris lohata, as a fern with the same form of frond as that of
Cladoplilebis broioniana ; the specimen figured by Feistmantel as
Dichsonia {Sphenopteris) hindrahunensis \\ may perhaps represent
the fertile form of Pecopteris lohata. Dichsonia coriacea, a Chinese
species recorded by Schenk affords another example of the C.
Broioniana form of frond. 1' Some of the fragments figured by
Saporta '•''•' from Neo-Jurassic rocks of Portugal maybe identical with
the African plant, and a comparison may also be made with
Aspidium lieterophyllum and Cladophlehis distansW described by
Fontaine from the Potomac beds. Asptidium montanense figured by
the same author :[ l from the Great Falls of Montana represents
another very similar species.

Another fern of precisely similar habit to Cladophlchis hroimiiana
and hardly distinguishable from it is a species recently placed in
the genus Coniopteris, on the evidence of fertile specimens, but
originally described as Ncuropteris arguta L. and H.§§ This Inferior

* Yokoyama (94), p. 218, pi. xxiv., figs. 2, 3; pi. xxvii., figs. 1—5.

t Ibid. (89), pi. i., figs. 8-10. + Eaciborski (91).

5? Nathorst (90). || Feistmantel (77), pi. xxxvii., fig. 2.

•i Schenk (83), pi. lii., figs. 5, 6.

** Saporta (94), pi. vi., fig. 1 ; pi. vii., fig. .5 ; pi. xi., xii.
tt Fontaine (89), pi. xiii., figs. 4, .5 ; pi. xv., figs. 1-5.
\\ Ibid. (92), pi. ixxxii., Ixxxiii., and ixxxiv.
§§ Seward (GO-), p. 115, pl. xvi., xvii. ; Lindley and Hutton (34), pi. cv.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 13

Oolite species probably belongs to the Cyatheaceae, but in view of
the frequent occurrence of this type of frond in different genera of
recent ferns it is unsafe to assume that the South African type
possessed sori and fertile segments like those of the Inferior Oolite
species.

Plate II., figs. 1, la (343c).
The apical portion of a frond bearing linear and slightly falcate
pinnae with short and broad pinnules and entire apices. The
venation is more accurately shown in fig. la; the enlarged draw-
ing also illustrates the incomplete separation of the pinnules as
contrasted with their more complete separation in the lower pinniB.

Plate II., figs. 2, la (344c).

Similar to fig. 1, but showing more clearly the comparatively stout
rachis ; the pinnules represented in fig. 2a differ from those shown
in fig. la in their more complete separation and in their greater
length. The venation is clearly seen in the enlarged pinnules, also
the shorter and almost deltoid form of the basal pinnule on the
lower side of the pinna.

Plate II., fig. 3 (364c).

The specimen, of which a small piece is represented in the figure,
consists of fairly large portions of fronds similar to that drawn in
fig. 4. Fig. 3 illustrates the attachment of a pinna to the rachis,
also the longer type of pinnule — 4-5 mm. — characteristic of the
lower branches of a frond.

Plate IL, figs. 4, 4a, 46 (342c).

The rachis has a length of 7 cm., and the longest pinna
4-5 cm. This specimen shows very clearly the characteristic habit
of the frond ; the stout rachis giving off opposite or alternate pinnae
of linear acuminate form with falcate segments, most of which have
entire margins (fig. 4a), while others (fig. 46) in the lower part of
the leaf show signs of an incipient subdivision of the lamina into
rounded lobes — a condition exhibited in a more pronounced form
in fig. 6.

On the same piece of rock is an impression of a piece of
Benstedtia, and on the reverse side a portion of the rachis of
Zamites recta shown in pi. iii., fig. 1.

14 Annals of the South African Museum.

Plate II., fig. 6 (361c).

A portion of a pinna, slightly enlarged, from a lower part of a.
frond than the pinnule outlined in fig. 4&.

Other Specimens : 339c, 340c, 349c, 350c, 351c, 358c, 359c, 363c,
366c, 369c, 373c.

Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.), forma atheestonei.

Plate VI., figs. 16, 17.

1S67. Pecopteris Atherstonei Tate, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii.,.

p. 145, pi. v., figs, 2a, 26.
1867. P. Buhiclgei, ibid, p. 146, pi. v., figs, la, lb.
1867. P. africana, ibid., p. 146, pi. vi., figs, la, lb.

Frond bipinnate, rachis broad, giving off pinnae at a wide angle ;
the branches or pinnae bear crowded linear pinnules attached by the
whole of the broad base to the comparatively broad axis ; the linear
pinnules reach a length of slightly over 3 cm., apices bluntly
pointed ; midrib strong, giving off secondary veins at a wide angle,
which branch dichotomously as they pass obliquely upwards to the
edge of the lamina. Fertile pinnules unknown in the South African
form.

The most abundant plant in the material collected two miles east
of Herbertsdale is a fern characterised by linear pinnules of the
Cladophlebis type, which, owing in part to the friable nature of the
rock, is seldom preserved except in small broken pieces of pinnae.
Fragments of Tceniopteris fronds (pi. ii., fig. 5) are constantly found
in association with this form of Cladophlebis. The piece represented
in fig. 16, pi. vi., shows the venation very clearly preserved, and
with fig. 17 illustrates the form of the pinnules. There can be no
doubt that this fern is the one named by Tate Pecopteris atherstonei ;
an examination of Tate's type-specimens leads me to regard the
smaller form named by this author Pecopteris rubidgei as a frag-
ment of the same species. In all probability we may safely include
Tate's name P. africana as another synonym under P. atherstonei.
No trace of sori or fertile pinnae has been found, and we must there-
fore be content to leave the plant as a member of the Filices of
uncertain family position. As regards the question of nomenclature:
there is no more common type of fern frond among recent genera
than that of the bipinnate leaf with linear pinnules, attached by the

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 15-

whole of the base to the pinna-axis, Hke those represented in figs. 16
and 17, pi. vi. Among existing species we find it in Onoclea
germanica W., AlsopMla juncjJmhiana Mett., Cyathea dealhata Sw.,.
Gleichenia glauca Sw., SacUeria cyatheoides Kaulf., Pteris arguta
Ait., Todea harhara Moore, also in species of Polypodium, Asplenmm,
and other ferns. In previous publications dealing with Mesozoic
floras I have drawn attention to the wide geographical range of a
similar type of frond during the Ehaetic, Inferior Oolite, and
Wealden periods." The form named by Brongniart Pecopteris
denticulata and now placed in the genus Cladophlcbis occurs as an
element of Jurassic floras in all parts of the world. Fertile pinnae
are rarely found, and none that have come under my observation
show recognisable sporangia, but attention has elsewhere been
drawn to the close resemblance — as regards the form of the sori
and their distribution on the lamina — between some English
specimens and fertile pinnae of Todea Barbara. i This resemblance
is, however, insufficient to serve as a safe guide to affinity, and all
that we can say is that it is not improbable that some at least of the
fronds of the type represented by Cladophlchis denticulata may be
members of the Osmundacese. In a previous work, before the
possible relationship to the Osmundacese occurred to me, I included
CladopJdehis denticidata as a doubtful member of the Polypodiacese.
A fertile specimen of Todea australis (Morr.) from Australia was
found sufficiently well preserved to enable Eenault I to examine the
sporangia, which he describes as agreeing closely with those of
recent Osmundaceae,

It is obviously impossible to discriminate between the numerous
sterile fragments of this form of frond from various geological
horizons, ranging from Ehgetic to Lower Cretaceous, and furnished
by rocks extending from Greenland to Australia and New Zealand,
at least so far as concerns the recognition of distinctive characters
that could reasonably be considered of specific rank. A possible
method to adopt is to use the term Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.)
as a comprehensive title for ferns, for the most part of Jurassic age,
characterised by bipinnate fronds with linear ultimate segments of
the shape and with the venation characters shown in figs. 16, 17,
pi. vi. We may in particular cases employ a second name, as
denoting a possible variety or form and as an index of locality.
In the present instance we may therefore speak of the Herbertsdale

• Seward (94), p. 95 ; (00), p. 18 ; (00'), p. 184.

t Seward and Ford (03). J Eenault (83), p. 81, pi. xi.

16

Annals of the South African Museum.

iern as Cladophlchis denticulata forma atlierstonci. The epithet
denticulata may in some instances prove misleading, but the presence
or absence of fine denticulations is in itself hardly a character of
primary taxonomic value. Moreover, in imperfectly preserved
specimens so small a point is not easy to determine. The figures
■of English East Yorkshire specimens * of Brongniart's type bear a
very close resemblance to the fragments of the South African plant ;
similarly Fecopteris indica O. and M.f from the Eajmahal series of
Bengal, Aspleniu7n argutidum Heer, from China, | Fontaine's Clado-
phlebis ohlongifolia from the Potomac formation, § Pteris frigida and
P. longipennis Heer,|l and Cladojjhlebis steivat'tiana Hsurtz^ are some
of the many examples of fern fronds that might well be grouped
under Cladophlchis denticulata.

The following list serves to illustrate the geological and geographical
range of ferns comparable with, and no doubt in part identical with,
Brongniart's Inferior Oolite type. The references to authors are
given in full in the Bibliography.

Names employed by
Authors quoted.

Geographical range.

Approximate
geological horizon.

Cladopldehis (lenticulata. .

Pecopteris indica

CladopJilehis steivartiania

Pteris frigida

P. alhertini

Cladophlebis ohlongifolia. .

Aspleiiivm distans

Asplenium argutidum

AJetJwpteris australis ... .

Polypodium liochstetteri . .
AsiAenium distans

Cladophlebis denticulata . .

England (E. Yorks)
India (Bengal)
Greenland

Greenland

Bohemia

Eastern N. America

Canada (Eocky

Mountains)
China
Aiistralia
New Zealand
Japan
Poland

Jurassic
Jurassic
Jurassic

Lower Cretaceous
Lower Cretaceous
Wealden — Upper

Jurassic
Lower Cretaceous

Jurassic
Jurassic
Wealden?

Jurassic
Jurassic

Seward (00) (00=-)

Oldham & Morris (63)

Feistmantel (77)

Hartz (96)

Heer (82)

Erie and Bayer (01)

Fontaine (89)

Dawson (85)

Schenk (83)
Feistmantel (90)
Unger (64)
Yokoyama (89)
Eaciborski (94)

Plate YI., figs. 16, 17 (170d).

The specimen shown in fig. 16 is one of several fragments of
pinnae bearing linear pinnules approximately 3 cm. in length. The
distal portion of the pinnule represented in fig. 17 illustrates the
form of the apex which is not seen in fig. 16. The Herbertsdale

Seward (00), pi. xiv., xv., xx.
Schenk (83), pi. xlvi.-xlviii., lii.
Heer (82), pi. x.-xiii.

t Oldham and Morris (62), pi. xxvii
§ Fontaine (89), pi. vii., figs. 3-5.
H Hartz (96), pi. xi.

Fossil Floras of Cape Golonij. 17

rock, in which this fern is very abundant, contains also numerous
fragments of Tanioptcvis fronds and pieces of stems or probably
broad rachises.

Other Specimens : 173d, several imperfect portions of pinnae and
pinnules, also a piece of what is probably a broad rachis or petiole :
with fragments of Tceniopteris. 178d, 179d, 185d, 357c, smaller pin-
nules slightly larger than 1 cm., 368c smaller pinnules with clearly
marked venation, A.

Genus SPHENOPTERIS Brongniart.

Sphenoptekis fittoni Sew.

Plate IL, figs. 7, 8.

1836. Spheiiopteris gracilis Fitton, Trans. Geol. Soc, vol. iv., ser. ii.,

pt. ii., p. 103.
1849. Pachypteris gracilis Brongniart, Tableau, p. 107.
1852. Pachypteris gracilis Ettingshausen, Abh. k.-k. Geol. Reichs.,

vol. i., Abth. iii.. No. 2, p. 24.
1864. Aspleniwn palceopteris Unger, Eeise Fregatte Novara, vol. i.,

Abth. ii., p. 3, pi. i., fig. 4.
1893. ? Sphenopteris delgadoi Saporta, Eev. Gen. Bot., vol. v., 1893,

p. 270, pi. iv., fig. 5.

Frond ovate lanceolate, bipinnate, possibly becoming tripinnate in
the lower part ; pinnae linear acuminate, alternate, springing at a
wide angle from the rachis ; pinnules ovate acuminate with entire
margins passing gradually into more or less deeply lobed segments
obliquely attached to the axis of the pinna on which their lower
margin is decurrent. Venation of the Splienopteridis type.

The specimen on which this species is founded was described in
1827 by Fitton from the English Wealden rocks as Splienopteris
gracilis,-'' but before his paper was published by the Geological
Society of London the specific name gracilis had been applied to a
Carboniferous example of Sphenopteris. Fitton's type-specimen,
now in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, London,
is clearly identical with examples more recently found by the late
Mr. Rufford on the Sussex coast near Hastings, and I have little
■doubt that this English fern, so far as characters based on sterile

* Fitton (:-36).
2

18 Annals of tlie South African M^isaum.

fronds enables me to form an opinion, agrees too closely with the
Uitenhage form to justify specific separation.

The entire form of pinnule, represented in fig. 8, pi. ii., is found in
the upper pinnae of a frond, and every gradation is met with connect-
ing the narrow segments in the apical portion of the fragment repre-
sented in fig. 8 with segments like those of fig. 8a and the more
deeply lobed type shown in figs, la, 7b. In addition to the
species mentioned in the above synonomy, there are various others
with which S-plienopteris fittoni exhibits a close agreement. Of
these reference may be made to Sclcropteris 'pomelii and S. tenuisecta,
figured by Saporta * from French rocks ; also Scleropteris tenuisecta
and S. tenelliloba, recorded by the same author from the Jurassic
plant-beds of Portugal.! Scleropteris rernonensis, figured by Ward :j:
from the Potomac formation, and Fontaine's Scleropteris virginica I
are other examples of ferns of similar habit ; also Sphenopteris
plurincrvia, a Portuguese species described by Heer.H

Plate II., fig. 7 (249c).

An imperfect and somewhat obscure piece of a frond 7-5 cm. in
length, a portion of which is represented in the figure. From a
broad rachis pinnae are given off at almost a right angle. The
habit of the frond is more open than in Cladoplilchis hroioniana.
The pinnules of Sphenopteris fittoni are distinguishable by their
narrower and more pointed form and more acute lobes. The en-
larged drawings (figs. 7fl, Ih), show the form of the pinnules more
clearly ; the venation is obscure, l)ut traces of a midrib can be seen
here and there. On the same piece of rock occur also fragments of
Araucarites scales and a good example of Zamites rachis.

Plate II., fig. 8 (376c).

A portion of a pinna with more clearly preserved pinnules differing
from those shown in fig. 7 in having entire or very slightly lobed
margins (fig. 8fl). The venation is clearly seen in this specimen ;
it consists of a central midrib from which spring a few secondary
veins at an acute angle.

Other specimens : 34:7c.

* Saporta (73), pi. xlvii. ; (91), pi. lix.-lxi.

t Ihid. (94), pi. ii., iii. \ Ward (95), pi. ii., figs. 1-3.

§ Fontaine (89), pi. xxviii., figs, 3, 5. |1 Heer (81), pi. xi., fig. G.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony.

19

Sphenopteris sp.
Text-figure 1.

The fragment (231c) represented in text-fig. 1 (b) is part of the
terminal portion of a pinna, 2 cm. long, bearing pinnules with well-
defined acutely spreading and forked veins of the Sphenopteris
type (a). It bears a close resemblance to the type of frond illus-
trated by the widely distributed Jurassic species Coniopteris
hymenophylloides (Brongn.) ; but without more evidence it is ad-
visable to leave the fragment as Sphenopteris sp.

Other specimens : 234c, 238c.

Genus T.ENIOPTERIS Brongniart.

T.ENioPTERis sp. [cf. T.ENI0PTEEIS ARCTiCA (Heer).]

Plate II., figs. 5, 5a.

The fragments of simple Tcenioptcris fronds are too imperfect to
admit of a satisfactory diagnosis on which to found a species. The
fronds possess a broad midrib from which lateral veins are given off'
at right angles or at an angle slightly less than 90° ; these may
pass to the margin as simple veins or bifurcate either close to their
exit from the midrib or in different positions in the lamina. The
leaf is usually about 1*5 cm. in breadth and there appear to be
approximately 10 veins per 5 mm.

No specimens have been found showing either the base or apex
of the lamina, and there is no indication of any sporangia. The
abundance of Tcenioptcris in Jurassic and Wealden strata and the
close agreement, often amounting to identity, between forms referred
to distinct species renders it inadvisable to apply a distinctive name
to the Uitenhage fragments. A comparison may be made with the

20 Annals of the South African Museum.

form of leaf named by Heer Oleandra arctica from the Cretaceous
(Kome) beds of Greenland''^ and with specimens from the Great
Falls of Montana described by Newberryf as " cf. Oleandra arctica
Heer." The type Tceniopteris arctica (Heer) is perhaps the most
nearly allied, as regards form and venation, to the South African
leaves. The Eajmahal leaves, described originally by McClelland as
TcBuiopteris spathulata\ and afterwards by Feistmantel as Angiop-
teridium spathulatum, § represent similar forms. The narrower
leaves from the Eajmahal Hills, figured by Oldham and Morris
and by Feistmantel and referred to McClelland's species, are un-
doubtedly identical with McCoy's Taniopteris daintreei,\\ abundant in
Jurassic strata of Victoria, and distinct from the Wealden Uitenhage
leaves. Nathorst's species Tceniopteris lundgreni, 11 from Upper
Jurassic beds of Advent Bay, Spitzbergen, is another type with
which the African specimens may be compared.

The European Wealden species, Tceniopteris heyrichii Schk.,"''* is
most probably distinct from, although comparable with, such speci-
mens as those shown in pi. ii., figs. 5, 5a.

Plate II., figs. 5, ba (172d, 193d).

The venation is clearly shown in the figured fragments.
Similar portions of leaves occur abundantly in association with
Cladophlehis denticulata, forma atherstonei, but all are imperfect.
There appear to be about 10 secondary veins per 5 mm. of lamina ;
the average breadth of the leaf is approximately 1 cm.

Other specimens : 168d, 385c.

Group CYCADOPHYTA.

This name has recently been suggested by Nathorstf f for Cycadean
plants which are known only in the form of vegetative organs and
cannot be referred with certainty to either the Bennettitales or
Cycadales — groups characterised by well-marked features exhibited
by their reproductive organs.

* Heer (78), pi. xii., figs. 3-11. f Newberry (91), pi. xiv., fig. 9.

+ McClelland (50), pi. xvi., fig. 1. § Feistmantel (77), pi. i.

II McCoy (74), pi. xiv., figs. 1, 2. 1[ Nathorst (97), pi. iii., figs. 1-5.

** Seward (94), p. 152, pi. ix., fig. 3. ft Nathorst (02).

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 21

Genus Z AMITE S Brongniart.

Zamites eecta (Tate).

Plate III.

Plate VI., figs. 8-12.

1867. Palceozamia {Otozamites) recta, Tate, Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc, vol. xxiii., pi. v., figs. 7a, lb.

Fronds pinnate, probably reaching a length of 50-60 cm., rachis
stout and woody.

Pinnae alternate, attached obliquely in two alternating rows by a
slightly narrowed and callous base to the upper face of the frond
axis, in the lower part of a frond they are given off almost at a right
angle, but towards the apex of the pinnate leaf they are inclined at
a much smaller angle ; linear in form, tapered slightly at the swollen
base which was probably separated by an abciss-layer from the rachis
as in Encephalartos and certain other recent genera of Cycads ; apex
acuminate and asymmetrical, the upper edge of the pinna almost
straight or slightly falcate, in some cases bending downward
towards the tip, the lower margin curved, bending somewhat
suddenly upward to the apex in the distal third of the pinna. In
shape the pinnae vary from the practically straight form shown in the
upper part of fig. 1 (pi. iii.) to the falcate tj^pe, resembUng a sword-
bayonet, represented in fig. 3 and in some of the pinnae in fig. 1.
The larger pinnae reach a length of over 6 cm. and a breadth of
9 mm. ; veins numerous and parallel, converging towards the base
of the pinnae where they are frequently forked (fig. la).

The type of frond shown in fig. 1, pi. iii., bears a very close
resemblance to Williamsonia gigas (L. and H.) "■= of the Inferior
Oolite of Yorkshire — a species which may well be identical with
Zamites schmiedelii And.,f and Zamites feneonis Brongn.,| as well
as with such forms as Z. moreaui, Z. claravallensis, and others
figured by Saporta.§ Other similar species are Zamites bohemicus
Vel.,11 from the Lower Cretaceous rocks of Bohemia, Zamites
iburgensis Hos. and von d. Marck.l^ Additional records might be

* Lindley and Hutton (35), pi. clxv. ; Seward (00), pi. v.-viii.

t Andrse (53), pi. ix., tigs. 1-4.

+ Saporta (75), pi. Ixxxvii.-xci. ; Heer (76), pi. Iii., figs. 2-8.

§ Saporta (75), pi. Ixxxiv.-lxxxv., xciii.

II Fric and Bayer (01), fig. 43, p. 92.

M Hosius and von d. Marck (80), pi. xliv., fig. 202.

22 Annals of the South African Museiim.

quoted of fronds bearing a very close resemblance to Tate's species.
A careful comparison of the African and British examples reveals
a slight difference in the shape of the pinnae, and this possibly
trivial distinction, taken in conjunction with the fact that no
reproductive shoots of the Williamsonia type have so far been
found in the Uitenhage beds, renders it advisable to use the generic
name Zamitcs in preference to Williamsonia and to retain Tate's
specific name. It may be that we shall eventually obtain evidence
of the existence of the Williamsonia shoots in connection with
Zamites recta, but until further evidence is forthcoming it is better
to class this species simply as a member of the Cycadophyta than
as a representative of a definite family. The reasons on which the
British species has been assigned to Williamsonia and placed in the
Bennettitales are fully discussed elsewhere."

Plate III., figs. 1, la (257c, 258c).

A portion of the specimen is shown in the figure, the whole being
14-5 cm. in length. The rachis is partially hidden by the rock
and so appears less than its real size ; the longest pinna is
approximately 5 cm. long. The veins are clearly shown and, as
illustrated in fig. la, they are frequently forked close to their
entrance into the lamina — a feature found also in the segments of
recent cycadean fronds.

Plate III., fig. 2 (288c).

The complete specimen, of which a part only has been drawn, is
9 cm. in length ; it illustrates the narrow form and greater obliquity
of the pinnae in the apical region of a frond.

Plate III., fig. 3 (A).

The single pinna shown in the figure serves as a good example
of the very small angle of attachment of segments in the apical
region of the frond.

A portion of the rachis, in the form of a mould, is seen close to
the base of the segment.

Eachis of Zamites recta (Tate).
Plate VI., figs. 8-12.

The nature of the specimens represented in figs. 8-11 was for
a long time a puzzle, and I am still in doubt as to their significance.
" Sewai-d (00), p. 177; (97).

Fossil Floras of Gape Colony. 23

At first sight the examples shown in figs. 8 and 9 suggested surface-
impressions of stems bearing prominent leaf-cushions, but the fact
that no specimens could be found exhibiting more than two rows
of the cushions was a difficulty in the way of regarding them as
fragments of stems. Moreover, the two alternating rows were found
in some cases {e.g., fig. 8) to be situated obliquely to one another,
the cushions of one row being almost at right angles to those of the
other series.

It occurred to me that the narrow oval area forming the flat top
of the cushions, and well shown in figs. 8 and 9, agreed in size and
form with the base of the pinnae of Zamites recta (fig. 12, pi. vi.) ;
this led me to make a further search for evidence as to a possible
connection of the rows of cushions with the fronds of the cycad.
The discovery of the specimen represented, rather larger than
natural size, in fig. 11, confirmed this view and clearly demonstrated
that these apparent stems are portions of the rachis of Zamites
recta. The following description of the figured specimens may serve
to elucidate to some extent the nature of these curious fossils.

Plate VI., fig. 8 (289c).

A piece of rachis 4 cm. long, retaining fragments of carbonaceous
matter (not shown in the drawing) on its surface. There are two
alternating rows of prominent cushions obliquely inclined to one
another ; each cushion consists of a flat surface or base exhibiting
a few obliquely longitudinal wrinklings, and this bears a prominent
cushion-like body sloping gradually to a flat top of oval outline
bounded by a fairly prominent rim. The sloping sides of the
cushions are folded into small ribs and bear the impress of numerous
cell-outlines, as shown in the enlarged drawing, fig. 10.

In the lower part of fig. 8 the cushions are absent, and the flat
basal area is more fully exposed ; the transversely elongated
depression a occurs in the interval between adjacent cushions.
Associated with Zamites pinnae, Cycadolepis, &c.

Plate VI., fig. 9 (328c).
A single row of cushions like those shown in fig. 8.

Plate VI., fig. 10 (a).

A small piece of the surface of a cushion enlarged to show the
fine reticulations representing the impressions of cells.

24 Annals of tlie South African Museum.

Plate VI., fig. 11 (342c).

A curved piece of rachis slightly enlarged, the actual length being
4-5 cm. In the lower part a portion of a longitudinally striated
woody axis is exposed ; the stout woody character of the rachis is
shown in the outline of a transverse section to the left of the figure.
The two lowest pinnse rest obliquely on the axis. Against the base-
of the third pinna the surface of the woody axis is covered with
a thin piece of rock which represents the remains of a cushion ;
a larger and more distinct portion of cushion is seen at c, and at d
the outline of a partially preserved cushion is more distinctly seen.
The position of the pinna to the left of the axis at d shows that the
pinnae abutted on to the side of the cushions. A more clearly
defined cushion is seen at c, but at h the surface-features are
still better preserved. From the upper end of the specimen the
cushions are absent, but the transversely elongated depression is
seen at a.

Plate VI., fig. 12 (286c).

Flattened rachis showing on one side the attachment of a row
of pinnae and on the other the oblique oval scars to which the
pinnae were articulated.

OtJier Sjyecimcns : 255c, portions of two fronds approximately
parallel to one another, with fragments of others A piece of a
rachis or petiole, 7 mm. broad, occurs on this slab of rock which
no doubt belongs to Zamites recta. The longest piece of frond is
18 cm. long, and shows that the whole leaf was probably at least
40-50 cm. in length; 259c, 260c, 264c, a piece of a frond about
30 cm. long, with other fragments. The small amount of difference
in the position and size of the pinnae at the two ends points to a
frond of considerable length. On the under surface of the rock
there is a cast of a stem with surface features similar to Benstedtia.
302c, 303c, 345c, 352c. 279c, similar to some examples of Zamites
buchianus (Ett.),* but differing from that species in the form
of the base of the pinnae. Segments of Araucaritcs scales occur
on the reverse side. 323c, with the impression of a stem (?)
giving off" several narrow roots. 334c, with Araucaritcs scales,,
346c, 372c.

* Seward (95), pi. iii., iv., viii.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 25

Zamites mokrisii (Tate).

Plate v., fig. 4.

1867. PalcBOzamia (Podozaviites) morrisii Tate, Quart. Joum.
Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii., p. 145, pi. v., fig. 4.

Frond pinnate ; rachis broad and woody, bearing two rows of
pinnaB. The pinnae are attached either at right angles or at a very-
wide angle to the rachis ; in shape like the head of a spear, rounded
at the base and tapering to an acuminate apex. Veins numerous
and parallel.

A portion of Tate's type-specimen from Geelhoutboom (Museum
of Geological Society No. 11,108) of this species is figured on pi. v.,
fig. 4.

This solitary specimen may, as Tate believed, represent a well-
marked type, distinct from Zamites recta, but it is by no means
impossible that it may be a fragment from the basal portion of a
frond of that species. It may be compared with Otozamites
acuminatus (L. and H.) * from the Yorkshire Inferior Oolite, with
which it agrees in the position and form of the segments, but the
resemblance is hardly close enough to be regarded as a mark of
identity. Some of the specimens from the Potomac formation of
America, figured by Fontaine as Nageiopsis ovata f are very similar
to Zamites morrisii. In the true Nageiopsis the leaves are arranged
spirally as in the recent conifers Agathis and Podocarpus, whereas in
Zamites the segments are given off from the rachis in two rows.

Plate v., fig. 4.

A portion of the type-specimen is shown in the figure. The stout
woody axis bears two lateral rows of short acuminate pinnae, which
in venation and apparently also in their manner of attachment to the
rachis agree with Zamites recta.

Zamites afeicaxa (Tate).

[Possibly identical with Zamites rubidgei (Tate)] .

Plate v., fig. 5.

1867. Palceozamia (vel Pteropliyllum) africana, Tate, Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. p. 145, pi. v., fig. 5.

The type-specimen of Tate (No. 11,110, Geological Society's

* Seward (00), pi. ii., tig. 1, pi. vi., fig. 1. f Fontaine (89), pi. Ixxvii., Ixxx.

26 Annals of the South African Museum.

Museum), is represented in pi. v., fig. 5 ; the original figure shows
only a single pinna.

If the specimen had not been named by Tate, I should have
probably not ventured to record it under a specific name. The
imperfect linear pinnae shown in fig. 5 are, no doubt, segments of a
pinnate cycadean frond similar to Zamites buchianus (Ett.) ; it is by
no means unlikely that the specimen named by Tate Palaozamia
mhidgei, may represent the apical portion of a frond of which the
fragments referred by him to Palaozamia africana, are the longer
and more spreading segments of the lower or median region.

Plate v., fig. 5.

(Museum of the London Geological Society, No. 11,110.)

An imperfect specimen from the Sunday River, Geelhoutboom,
showing portions of five parallel pinnae, the longest of which reaches
a length of 13-5 cm., with a breadth at the lower end of 1 cm.,
tapering gradually towards a narrow acuminate tip. The veins are
represented as prominent ribs. The dotted outline in the figure
indicates that a portion of the rock is not represented,

Zamites rubidgei (Tate).

[Possibly identical with Zamites africana (Tate).]

Plate v., fig. 3.

1867. Palaozamia rubidgei, Tate, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,
vol. xxiii., p. 145, pi. v., figs. 3a, 3b.

Frond pinnate, bearing two lateral rows of linear pinnae. The
pinnae are confluent and decurrent on the rachis ; veins numerous
and parallel.

The type-specimen of Tate (Museum of the Geological Society,
No. 11,109) is refigured on pi. v., fig. 3. I have not met with any
examples of this type in the collection recently received from Cape
Colony. It is possible that the discovery of more perfect material
may render it advisable to substitute for Zamites some other generic
name, but for the present I prefer to make use of that designation.
The fragment may be compared with such a fossil found as Zamites
buchianus (Ett.) of Wealden age,^'' as described from England,
Germany, Japan, and elsewhere. The veins are parallel and, so far

' Seward (95), p. 79, pi. iii., iv., viii. A. Nathorst (90), pi. ii., iii., v.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 27

as one can see, not connected by transverse or oblique anastomoses,
but in other respects Tate's species agrees closely with Ctenis falcata
L. and H. A very similar form of leaf is represented also by a
specimen in the York Museum from the Inferior Oolite beds of East
Yorkshire ; but until we obtain more material Tate's species cannot
be more fully defined or compared with other types. The specimen
probably represents a portion from the apical region of a frond of
similar form to the Wealden species Zamitcs buchianus (Ett.).

Genus NILSSONIA.

NiLSSONIA TATEI Sp. nOV,

Plate IV., figs. 1, 2.

The specimens (291c, 293c), on which this species is founded, are
almost too fragmentary to name, but the portions of fronds repre-
sented in figs. 1 and 2, with an imperfectly preserved larger specimen
(293c), enable us to obtain some idea as to the general form of the
complete leaf.

Frond consisting of a prominent woody axis bearing a lamina
dissected into long band-like segments of unequal breadth, separated
from one another by fairly broad sinuses reaching to the rachis.
The lamina appears to have extended on to the upper face of the
rachis, and was probably continued over it as in the typical NUssonia
fronds ; the segments are traversed by numerous parallel veins which
were single or forked close to their origin from the axis. The species
with which the Uitenhage fragments exhibit the closest similarity
have been described under the generic name Ptcrophyllum, but there
appears to be enough evidence in the present case to assign the
specimens to NUssonia.

Among Indian forms, the following may be compared with
NUssonia tatei : —

Pterophyllum princeps O. and M.,* P. rajmalmlense Morr., f
P. carterianum Old.,]: P. morrisiammi Old., § P. falconcriamun
Morr., II and P. medlicotianum 0. and M.*i Other similar species
are Pterophyllum kelmcrsenianum Heer,*"'' a Jurassic Siberian type,
Pterophyllum cecjuale Brongn., H as figured by Nathorst from the

* Oldham and Morris (63), pi. x. t Ihid; pi- xiii., fig. 4.

I Ihid., pi. XV., fig. 4. § Ibid., fig. 1.

II Ibid., fig. 2. •[ Ibid., fig. 3.

** Heer (77), pi. xxv., fig. 5. tt Nathorst (79), pi. xv.

28 Annals of the South African Museum.

Ehaetic of Scania, another European Ehsetic species, Nilssonia
acuminata Goepp.,'''' and a Queensland fossil described by Shirley as
Ptcropliyllum quadriflorum. f

Plate IV., figs. 1, 2 (291c).

These fragments illustrate the characters referred to above. The
preservation is far from perfect, and it is possible that the reference
to Nilssonia is incorrect. In the lower right-hand segment of fig. 1
the lamina extends up to the middle of the rachis, and in this respect
agrees with species of Nilssonia.

Other Specimens : 293c, part of a frond 8 cm. long. The lamina,
is much torn and broken, but there appear to be entire segments
broader than those represented in pi. iv., figs. 1, 2. The veins
are clearly preserved ; in the lower part of the specimen they spring
from the rachis approximately at right angles, in the apical region
being given off at a much smaller angle ; they are approximately
1 mm. apart, rather less numerous than in the specimens repre-
sented in figs. 1, 2, pi. iv. The lamina, at least in the apical
region, appears to be practically continuous over the axis of
the leaf.

Also specimens of Araucarites scales.

Genus CYCADOLEPIS Saporta.

We owe this generic designation, to Saporta, J who made use of it
for fossils which he regarded as bud-scales of cycadean fronds.
In Part II. of the British Museum Catalogue of the Wealden
Flora § I extended this term to include " Scale-like leaf structures
of cycadean plants, varying considerably in form and including
detached petiolar bases, bud-scales, &c., also isolated carpellary
or antheriferous scales which exhibit no trace of ovules or pollen-
sacs."

We might add to this designation, scale-like structures which may
have served as a protective covering to young and unexpanded
vegetative leaves or fertile shoots.

* Schenk (67), pi. xxxiii. f Shirley (98), p. 16, pi. xix. and xxiv.

+ Saporta (75), p. 200. § Seward (95), p. 96.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 29

Cycadolepis jenkinsiana (Tate).

Plate IV., figs. 3-6.

Text-figure 2.

1867. CyclopUris jenkinsiana, Tate, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,
vol. xxiii., pi. vi., fig. 4, p. 146.

Scale-leaves more or less orbicular in shape, reaching a length
of rather more than 12 cm. and a breadth of almost equal
dimensions ; attached to the supporting organ by a broad

Text-figure 2. (Nat. size.)
Cycadolejm jenkinsiana (Tate).

base. The lamina is traversed by a well-defined midrib consist-
ing of several parallel veins (fig. 5), but most of the veins spread
from the base towards the sides and distal edge, forking repeatedly
as in the Cyclopteris type of venation ; between and above the veins
occur numerous fine anastomosing and irregularly disposed lines
(figs. 4, 5) which present the appearance of the remains of a felt
of hairs which originally covered the whole lamina. The scale-leaf

30 Annals of the South African Museum.

often occurs folded on itself along the median line as if functioning
as a protective or stipular organ.

The specimen figured by Tate as Cyclopteris jenkinsiana is
undoubtedly identical with that represented in pi. iv., figs. 3-6.
An examination of his type-specimen in the Museum of the
Geological Society reveals certain imperfections in the published
drawing, although on the whole the figure is by no means inac-
curate ; the outline of the fossil is more ill-defined and irregular
than the drawing suggests, and under a low magnifying power the
surface resolves itself into an irregular network of fine lines, as
shown in fig. 5, pi. iv. (specimen 319c). Veins, like those seen
in fig. 6, may be detected here and there in Tate's specimen, but
for the most part they are too obscure to recognise ; the texture
of the leaf and the irregular fine lines over the surface present an
appearance as of some woolly covering over the whole lamina,
as shown also in fig. 4, pi. iv.

The specimen shown in text-figure 2 presents the appearance of
a flattened stem, but the surface features, as seen on the side
figured, are clearly those of Cycadolejns ; along one edge there
are distinct traces of veins following a vertical course, and from
them numerous veins spread in an obliquely ascending direction
towards the right-hand upper edge of the cast. A short distance
below the upper end of the specimen a transversely elongated
scar, s, marks the position of an appendage, which was possibly
another Cycadolcins sheathing scale. Part of the surface is covered
by a thin mineral layer, h, which exhibits no definite texture. The
whole specimen is 8 cm. long by 4-5 cm. broad, and has a com-
pressed elliptical form in section : it represents, I believe, the cast
of a branch bearing several sheathing scale-leaves, and may well
belong to Benstedtia. While admitting the absence of decisive proof,
I am inclined to regai'd Cycadolcpis as a bract-like organ boi-ne on
the branches of Benstedtia and functioning as a protection to the
young and unexpanded leaves.

The specimens represented in pi. iv., figs. 3-6, present a fairly
close resemblance to some Wealden fossils described in 1895 as
examples of Saporta's genus Cycadole/pis, and included in a sub-
section Eiiry-Cycadolejns, which was defined as follows : " Broadly
oval or orbicular scales, with the broadest portion frequently nearer
the distal than the proximal end; thick and fibrous structures." -''

Two examples of these scales are shown in text-figures 3 and 4.

* Seward (95), p. 96.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony.

31

I regarded the English Wealden specimens as stout and leathery
scales which were originally attached to a cycadean stem, com-
paring them with the large persistent petiole bases of the recent
Macrozamia douglasi and other cycads. This comparison still
seems to me justified by the close resemblance between the
fossils and the scales of recent cycadean stems as well as with
such fossil scale-leaves or leaf-bases as those in Carruthers' genus
Fittonia/' The English specimens usually show no trace of vena-
tion, but in the small example shown in fig. 3 there are several
clearly marked veins springing from the basal end. In the larger
specimen (fig. 4) the surface shows in places numerous irregular
wrinklings similar to those in Cycadoleins jenkinsiana. The curved
ridge stretching across the scale close to the base of the specimen

Text-figure 3. (Nat, size.) (British Museum Collection, No. V. 2131a.)
Cycadolejj'm from the Wealden of England.

drawn in fig. 4 shows the area of attachment and agrees closely
with a similar feature in the Uitenhage examples. In the African
specimens the lamina is often folded along the median line, a
character not noticed in the Enghsh forms, and the latter differ
in the apparently greater robustness and less leaf-hke nature. On
the whole I am disposed to consider the Uitenhage fossils as
detached leaf-like bodies borne, possibly, on a cycadean stem
and serving as protective structures to leaves during the earlier
stages of growth. They may be compared with the stipules of
the Marattiaceae among ferns, and with the much smaller scale-
leaves of modern cycads. It is true that existing cycadean plants
do not possess structures that function as sheathing bracts and bear
a close resemblance to Cycadoleins jenkinsiana ; a nearer analogy

* Carruthers (70), p. 690.

32 Annals of the South African Museum.

with the fossil scale-leaves is presented by the sheathing stipules
of such recent ferns as Marattia, Angiopteris, Todea ; among
Palaeozoic ferns we have the so-called ApJilehicB, which, in some
cases at least, acted as protective scales to unexpanded fronds. It
may be that the fossils referred to Cycadolepis should rather be
described as fern leaves, but I incline to the view that they are
cycadean for the following' reasons : They correspond fairly closely

Text-figdee 4. (J nat. size.) (British Museum Collection, No. V. 2799.)
Cycadolcph from the Wealden of England.

wdth the English specimens which I have little or no hesitation
in referring to cycads ; they occur in almost constant association
with the fronds of Zamites recta in the Uitenhage beds. We know
that Mesozoic cycads possessed more fern-like characters than are
found among their modern representatives, and it would not be sur-
prising to find that some types produced scale-leaves comparable
with the Aphlcbice of extinct species of ferns and the stipular
appendages of certain existing genera.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 33

Plate IV., tig. 3 (315c, 316c).

This specimen has a length of 7-5 cm. ; it is not quite complete
at the distal margin (lower end of drawing) ; its greatest breadth is
7 cm., but the edges are shglitly torn and imperfect. At the upper
end, as seen in the figure (the base of the specimen), there is a
straight edge to the lamina, which no doubt marks the original place
of attachment. The lamina is traversed by numerous spreading
veins, as in a true Gyclopteris, but the median portion is occupied
by more numerous parallel veins which form a fairly distinct and
broad midrib. Over part of the surface the veins are obscured
by the presence of flexuous and irregularly anastomosing fine
lines. The resemblance to Tate's type-specimen is very close, as
regards shape, the presence of a midrib, and the surface texture-

Fragments of Zamites fronds and rachis with Araucarian scales
and seeds occur on the back of this slab.

Plate IV., fig. 4 (280c).

A scale similar to that shown in fig. 3, but rather less and with
a more complete base (upper end of drawing). The well-marked
slightly curved line at the termination of the midrib may be
regarded as the broad attachment-area by which the scale was
articulated to its supporting organ. The outline is torn and very
indistinctly defined ; the surface features agree exactly with those
in Tate's type-specimen.

Plate IV., fig. 6 (311c).

A scale 12 cm. long, torn across close to the base. The lower
margin is clearly defined, but the distal end and upper edge are
torn and incomplete ; the whole is traversed by veins, which are in
places hidden by the presence of the fine hair-like markings shown
between the ribs in fig. 5 ; the veins run parallel to the upper edge,
which is approximately in the position of the midrib, on which the
whole lamina was evidently folded as if clasping and protecting
some immature organ. The drawing, therefore, probably represents
a large scale-leaf folded along its axis.

Plate v., fig. 5 (319c).

A portion of a scale-leaf enlarged three times to show the veins
as prominent ribs and the delicate carbonaceous lines forming an
irregular network in the intei'costal areas.

3

34 Annals of the South African Museum.

Other Specimens : A, a specimen 7 cm. long by 6"5 broad,
convex in section, and evidently a portion of a broad scale-leaf
folded on itself ; veins clearly defined. 265c, a good example of
the basal portion of Cycadolejns (Zamites on the reverse side).
305c, 313c, 314c, a specimen about 10 cm. long show^ing the
/eins over part of the sm^face. 313c, with Zamitcs pinnae.
320c, a good impression of part of a Cycadolejns showing the
line of attachment at the base and the spreading veins. The
broad base of the midrib is clearly preserved. A fragment of
Onychiopsis on the reverse side. 321c, with Zamites and ? Boi-
stedtia. 324c, 326c {cf 305c), 335c, and Zamites, 336c, 371c.

Genus BENSTEDTIA.

In 1862 Mr. Mackie " described and figured a fossil stem from
Lower Greensand rocks in Kent, which Konig named Draccena hen-
stedtii. This name was adopted by Morris t and by Mantell. In
1868 Carruthers ;|: expressed the opinion that the fossils discovered
by Mr. Bensted presented a closer resemblance to Pandanus than to
Draccena, but Gardner § afterwards alluded to the specimens as
possibly cycadean. An examination of Mackie 's original specimen
in the British Museum, and of other examples from Lower Green-
sand and Wealden rocks, led me to adopt the view" that Konig' s
Draccena is in all probability the stem of a cycad. In most recent
cycads the surface of the stem is encased in an armour of persistent
leaf-bases, but in Zamia {e.g., Z. skinneri Warsz., Z. loddigesii
Miq., &c.) and in Cycas siamensis Miq. the leaf -bases are replaced
by a corky investment bearing numerous oval protuberances and
irregular transverse wrinklings. This close resemblance between
the fossil and recent stems caused me to institute a new generic
name, Benstedtia,\\ to be applied to such fossil stems as agree in
surface features with cycadean trunks of the Zamia type. Ben-
stedtia is defined as follows : —

" Stems having the surface marked by irregular and interrupted
grooves and broader ridges running transversely, with occasional
small elliptical protuberances irregularly disposed on the sui'face of
the stem. No distinct leaf-scars ; branch-scars may be present, and
in addition to smaller lateral branches, a bifurcation of the stem

* Mackie (62), pi. xxii. f Morris (54), p. 8.

+ Carruthers (68), p. 154 (footnote).

§ Gardner (86), p. 201. || Seward (96).

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 35

may be indicated by the converging upwards of the transverse lines
on the surface of the stem."

Since the pubhcation of my paper in which the genus Benstedtia
was suggested, Professor Fliche, of Nancy, has described some casts
of stems from the Lower Cretaceous of France under the name
Coniferocaulon.-'- The fossils are, I believe, identical with those
referred to Benstedtia. Professor Fliche draws attention to the
resemblance as regards surface features to stems of Araucaria of the
section CohjmbcBa, but does not suggest a comparison with Zamia,
Without anatomical evidence it is impossible to say whether the
fossil stems are cycadean or coniferous, but the resemblance to
Zaviia is at least as striking as their similarity to Araucaria, and
in case of doubt a non-committed term such as Benstedtia is
preferable.

Benstedtia sp.

(Cf. Coniferocaulon colymhcaformc Fliche.)

Plate v., fig. 2.

Text-figure 5.

The Uitenhage specimens referred to this genus are very similar^
to those previously figured from Maidstone t and from the Sussex
coast. _| They include partially flattened cyhndrical casts, with
occasional branch-scars, and portions of much broader stems like
that represented in fig. 2, pi. v.

The collection of Uitenhage plants in the Museum of the
Geological Society contains a few imperfect specimens like that
shown in fig. 2, pi. v., which Tate identified as probably cycadean. §
I agree with his determination, and, while admitting the absence of
proof, am disposed to consider the specimens as casts of some
cycadean plant. The frequent association of these stems with the
fronds of Zamites recta is a point in favour of the supposition that
they represent portions of the same plant ; possibly the large Cyca-
dolcpis scale-leaves may also have been borne on Benstedtia stems.
This is, however, merely a suggestion, in support of w^hich I am
unable to furnish anything of the nature of proof.

The stem casts figured by Fliche || from Lower Cretaceous rocks
of France (La Haute-Marne) as Coniferocaulon colymheceforme

* Fliche (00). f Seward (90), pi. xiv. + Seward (95), pi. xii.

§ Tate (67), p. 147. || Fliche (GO), fig. 1-3.

36

Annals of the South African Museum.

appear to be identical with those from South Africa ; the surface
featui-es are the same, and in both cases branch-scars occur. It is
possible, as Pliche suggests, that the stems are those of an
Araucarian plant, but whether their determination as coniferous or
cycadean is more likely to be correct must be left undecided.

Plate v., fig. 2 (292c).

A portion of a large piece of bark, 10 cm. by 9 cm. The axis
traversing the surface obliquely — as shown in the drawing — is prob-

Text-figuee 5.
Benstedtia sp. 387c. (Nat. size.)

ably a foreign body, and may be the rachis of Zamitcs recta. The
surface characters as shown in fig. 2 appear to be exactly of the type
described in the English specimens of Benstedtia.

Text-fig. 5. A flattened cast, 8-5 cm. long and 2-7 cm. broad,
showing one branch-scar, s. The cast is for the most part covered
with a layer of bark exhibiting the characteristic tuberculated and

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 37

wrinkled surface of Benstcdtia. Very similar to Fliche's specimen
represented in his fig. 2. On the face of the cast shown in the
drawing the bark is represented by a very small piece — h, exhibiting
the Benstcdtia texture.

Other Specimens : 297c, an almost flat impression, 12 cm. long,
with some carbonaceous matter on the surface, bearing numerous
tubercles, reminding one of the transversely elongated lenticels on a
piece of birch bark. 338c, with fragments of Cladoplilehis hroxoniana
and a coniferous twig. 364c, with Zamites, 379c the cast of a stem
32 cm. long, showing a single branch-scar ; one side is covered with
a layer of bark similar to that shown in pi. v., fig. 2, resting on the
woody substance of the stem. 380c, a narrow branching cast,
probably referable to Benstedtia ; 381c, 382c, 383c, 384c, 386c.

CYCADOPHYTA?

Genus CAEPOLITHES Sternberg.

Carpolithes sp.

The collection includes a single seed (388c) of oval nut-like form,
1-3 cm. long by 9 mm. in breadth. In shape it represents that of a
recent cycad rather than the seed of a conifer, and may be included
under Gymnospermas as a doubtful representative of the Cycadophyta.

Geoup coniferales.

Family AEAUCAEIE^.

Genus AEAUCx\EITES Presl.

Araucarites rogersi * sp. nov.

Plate VL, figs. 4-7.

Cone-scales broad, reaching a breadth of 3 cm. ; distal margin
straight, prolonged into a short median appendage (fig. 4), and

* After my friend, Mr. A. W. Rogers, of the Geological Commission of Cape
Colony.

38 Annals of the South African Museum.

bending down into a thin lateral wing, as in the scales of Araucaria
cookii and other recent members of the Eutacta division of
Araucaria ; surface of the scales characterised by the occurrence of
forked ribs (vascular bundles), which follow a more or less vertical
course ; each scale bears a single obovate seed, terminating distally
in a bluntly rounded base. No trace of a "ligule,"

The collection includes several examples of cone-scales like those
represented on pi. vi., figs. 4-7, which agree so closely with the
cone-scales of Araucaria cookii and other recent species of Araucaria
that I have no hesitation in referring them to the genus Araucarites.
They are practically identical with the recent type of ovuliferous
seeds characteristic of the Eutacta section of Araucaria. There is
one specimen in the Museum of the Geological Society (11,117)
collected by Atherstone in 1858, which is no doubt the example
referred to by Tate as " the under surface of the base of a cone," "
and doubtfully determined as cycadean. This specimen represents
several broad scales adhering together in their original position.
Among fossil forms there are several Mesozoic species which pre-
sent a close resemblance to Araucarites rogersi, but the agreement
is hardly such as to justify the inclusion of the African cone-scales
in any previously recorded species. Araucarites macroiJteris f and
A. cutchensis,X described by Feistmantel from the Eajmahal and
Jabalpur series of India, represent closely allied types. Araucarites
wyomingensis Ward,§ from the Neocomian of Dakota, affords
evidence of the occurrence of a similar species of the genus in
North America. Among English species Araucarites brodiei,\\
A. philli]osii,'\\ A. spliarocarpus,-"^' described by Carruthers from
Jurassic strata, afford other examples of broad Araucarian cone-
scales ; and a specimen figured by Fric and Bayer from Lower
Cretaceous rocks of Bohemia as " cf. Araucaria bohemica Vel.," f i
may also be mentioned as evidence of the existence of this type of
Araucarites in Europe.

In the absence of more perfect material it is probably better to
include the smaller scale repi-esented in fig. 5, pi. vi., with the larger
form under one specific name.

* Tate (67), p. 147.

t Feistmantel (77=), pi. viii., figs. 9-12 ; (79), pi. xiv., xvi.

I Feistmantel (79), pi. xiv., xvi.

§ Ward (99), pi. clxiii., figs. 1-6, 8, 9.

II Carruthers (69=), pi. ii., figs. 1-6.

•f Ibid., pi. ii., fig. 7-9 ; Seward (00), pi. x., fig. 4.

** Carruthers (66) (71). ft Fric and Bayer (01), fig. 50.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 39

Plate VI., fig. 4 (298c).

This scale — 3 cm. long — shows clearly the impressions of the
vascular bundles over the area originally occupied by the seed. The
thin lateral margins are partially preserved, but in the perfect scale
the breadth was no doubt slightly greater. In the middle of the
distal edge the scale shows part of a projection similar to the longer
outgrowth seen in Araucaria cookii, the scales and seeds of which
agree closely with those of Araiicarites rogersi.

Plate VI., fig. 5 (298c).

A much smaller and less perfect scale, similar to Araiicarites
■cutcheiisis, as figured by Feistmantel from the Upper Gondwanas of
the Madras Coast,* and to some scales of Araiicarites pliillipsi Carr.f

Plate VI., fig. 6 (295c).

Two imperfectly preserved overlapping scales, each showing the
outline of a seed. The two scales are so closely pressed together
that it is almost impossible to trace the boundary between them.

Plate VI., fig. 7 (300c).

This specimen shows more clearly the broad membranous wing.
Part of the projection from the distal margin is preserved, a depres-
sion in the middle line of the scale indicating the position of the
seed.

Other Specimens : 301c, 304c (with fragments of Zamites), 306c,
307c, 308c (with Zamites, &c.), 319c (with good impression, on the
reverse side, of Cijcadolepis), 322c, 330c, 331c, 337c.

CONIFEEALES OF DOUBTFUL POSITION.

Genus TAXITES Brongniart.

This artificial genus is convenient for the inclusion of fragments
of vegetative twigs, presumably of conifers, resembling those of
Taxus, Sequoia sempervirens, Torreya, and some other types of
recent Coniferae, in having narrow linear leaves traversed by a single
midrib and disposed in a two-ranked arrangement. Many of the

* Feistmantel (79), pi. xiv. f Cf. Seward (00), pi. x., fig. 4.

40 Annals of the South African Museum.

fossil fragments referred by authors to the genus Palissya and to
Sequoia have the vegetative characters of the comprehensive genus
Taxites.

Taxites sp.

Plate VI., fig. 15.

The fragment represented in fig. 15 is too small and incomplete
to refer to a distinct species ; twigs of this type are exceedingly
common in Mesozoic Floras, and, in the absence of reproductive
organs, cannot be placed with any degree of certainty in a particular
family. Similar coniferous shoots are recorded by Feistmantel from
India as Taxites ijlanus ''■- and Palissya ( ?) jabalpurensis ; \ the
British type, Taxites zamioidcs,\ of Inferior Oolite age, is another of
the numerous examples that may be compared with the Uitenhage
specimen.

Plate YL, fig. 15 (Y).

A fragment showing numerous linear leaves attached by a base
which is decurrent on the axis of the shoot. The leaves appear to
have a single median vein.

Associated with fi-agments of Cladophlchis dentiadata forma
atherstonei.

The only other specimen in the collection is 176d.

Genus BRACHYPHYLLUM Brongniart.
Beach YPHYLLUM sp.

Plate YI., figs. 13, 18.

The scraps of coniferous twigs preserved in the Uitenhage plant-
beds are too fragmentary and imperfect to refer with confidence to
any species. § Tate mentions the occurrence of portions of a
coniferous stem, which are no doubt identical with that represented
in fig. 13, " closely allied to Athrotaxites indicus Old." || This type
of stem is exceedingly abundant in Wealden and Jurassic rocks ; it
is recorded by many authors under the genus Brachyphyllum, while
others adopt the names Echinostrohus or Athrotaxites. Feistmantel's

* Feistmantel (79), pi. xiii.-xv. f Feistmantel (77^), pi. ix., x.

+ Seward (00), pi. x., fig. 5. § Tate (67), p. 147.

II Oldham and Morris (63), j)l- xxxii., fig. 8.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 41

Echinostrohus rajmalialensis may be referred to as one of the many
similar types of Coniferous shoots, also the widely spread species
Brachyphyllum maviillare Brongn., but without more material
specific identification is hopeless.

Plate VI., fig. 13 (299c).

The figure represents a portion of the specimen ; the branch was
clothed with crowded and spirally disposed leaves, which were
proljably of the thick and fleshy Bracliyphyllum type.

Associated with Araucarites scales and with Zamitcs recta.

Plate YL, fig. 18 {318c).

A small piece of a branched twig showing a well-defined reticulum
marking the spaces between the crowded leaves or leaf -cushions.
Bach mesh of the reticulum is occupied by a flat area divided into
an upper and a lower region, and showing in the upper third of the
median line a patch of carbonaceous material. The whole (fig. 18)
presents a superficial resemblance to the leaf-cushion and leaf-scar
of a Lejndondendron.

The portion figured has a length of 3-5 mm.

In addition to fragments like that represented in fig. 13, pi. vi., a
few smaller examples of coniferous twigs occur (351c, 355c) of the
type shown in fig. 2. These smaller pieces show the apices of the
appressed and thick leaves projecting slightly from the axis of
the branch. A comparison may be made between these more
slender shoots and the European Wealden species Sphenolepidiuiii
kurrianuvi (Schenk), but it would be rash to suggest specific
identity.

Genus CONITES Sternberg.
Coxites sp. o.

Plate YL, figs. 2, 2rt.

The two small and somewhat obscure cones shown in fig. 2 (310c)
appear to be attached to a slender branched axis, but they are not
in organic connection with the adjacent twig. It is impossible to
determine the nature of these cones, whether male or immature
female ; the small dimensions suggest a comparison with the male
flowers of recent Coniferae, but, on the other hand, the comparatively

42 Annals of tJic South African Museum,

broad character of the cone is a point in favour of a comparison with
such small, presumably female, cones as those of the Wealden
Sphenolejjidium stcrnhergianum (Schenk),'"' Ceratostrobus echinatus
Vel.,f of Lower Cretaceous age, and some small cones described by-
Fontaine from the Potomac formation :[: as " aments of conifers."
The cone-scales as shown in fig. 2a are imperfectly preserved, but
there are indications of a central keel or projection on their
expanded distal ends.

CONITES sp. /3.

Plate VL, figs. 1, la, 3.

These cones may be specifically identical with the slightly broader
form represented in fig. 2, but their relatively longer and narrow
form suggests that they are male flowers.

Plate VI., figs. 1, la (253c).

The cone represented natural size in fig. 1 shows numerous
spirally disposed, distally expanded scales with traces of a small
central umbo (fig. la), which may well be sporophylls bearing
pollen-sacs.

Plate VI., fig. 3 (298c).

A cone seen in longitudinal section, showing the sporophylls
attached at right angles to the axis of the flow^er.

Other Specimens : 250c, 251c, 252c.

CONIFEEOUS WOOD.

In addition to the stem casts referred to the genus Benstcdtia, the
collection includes a few specimens of what is probably true coni-
ferous wood ; but without petrified examples it is impossible to
attempt an accurate determination.

Specimen x. This specimen represents a sandstone cast, 19 cm.
long, and at least 8 cm. in diameter. The contour of the surface is
the chief point of interest ; the wood of the stem or root was con-

* Schenk (71), pi. xxxviii., fig. 13. f Velenovsky (85), pi. xi., figs. 13, 15.

I Fontaine (89), pi. cxxxvi., fig. 2.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 43

siderably swollen at intervals ; the cast presents the appearance of
a transversely corrugated axis with broad, transverse swellings and
intervening grooves. There are two branch-scars. The irregulaxity
in the diameter suggests a comparison with the root wood of recent
conifers. Somewhat similar casts are recorded by Goeppert ''■• from
the Quadersandstein of Silesia as Ci/Uiid rites spongioidcs.

Specimens 32c, 33c, 34c, 36c, probably represent portions of coni-
ferous wood, but in the absence of petrified tissues an accurate
determination is out of the question.

PLANT OP DOUBTFUL POSITION.

Plate VI., fig. 14.

The specimen represented in fig. 14 (332c) consists of two thick
bodies, consisting of a short stalk terminating expanding into a
semicircular head. In the lower part of the expanded head there
is a well-defined depressed area, bounded below by a straight line
and by a curved line above, which may be the scar of some
appendage. The surface is irregularly pitted.

The collection includes a few other isolated bodies like the two
shown in the drawing {e.g., 326c).

Some detached scales figured by Fric and Bayer t from Lower
Cretaceous rocks of Bohemia as Dammara borcalts Heer bear a
resemblance to fig. 13, but I must leave them as portions of a plant
of uncertain position.

III.— CONCLUSION.

The following list includes all the species and genera recognised
in the Uitenhage Flora; the localities from which the specimens
were obtained are added after each name : —

FiLICALES.

Onijchiopsis mantelli (Biongn.) Bezuidenhout River, Witte Eiver. (Both

localities on the farm Geelhoutboom,
now the Roman Catholic Mission Sta-
tion, Dunbrodie.)

* Goeppert (41), pi. xlvi., xlviii., p. 115.
t Fric and Bayer (01), p. 95, fig. 47.

44 Annals of the SoutJi African Museum.

CladopJilehis brou-niana (Dunk.) Bezuideiihout River.

Cladoplilehis denticulata (Brongn.) forma

atlierstonei Herbertsdale, Bezuidenhout River.

Sphenopteris fittoni Sew Bezuidenhout River.

Sphenopteris sp Sunday River, Dunbrodie.

Tceniopteris sp Herbertsdale, Bezuidenhout River.

Cycadophyta.

Zaviites recta (Tate) Bezuidenhout River.

Z (unites morrisii (Tate).
Za)uites africana (Tate).
Zamites ruhidgei (Tate).

Nilssonia tatei sp. nov Bezuidenhout River.

Cycadolejns jenkinsiana (Tate) Bezuidenhout River.

Benstedtia sp. (cf. Coniferocaulon colum-

heceforme FHche) Bezuidenhout River.

Carpolithcs sp Bezuidenhout River.

CONIFEI'.ALES.

Araucarites rogersi sp. nov Bezuidenhout River.

Taxites sp Herbertsdale.

Brachyphylliuii sp Bezuidenhout River.

CoHites sp. «. I

„ . , Bezuidenhout River.

Conites sp. p. i

Coniferous Wood Bezuidenhout River.

Planta incerttc sedi^ Bezuidenhout River.

Omjcliiopsis mantelli (Brongn.). This species, although probably
not absolutely confined to rocks of Wealden age, is essentially a
characteristic member of floras belonging to that epoch. It has a
wide geographical distribution in Europe, and occurs in North
America and Japan. Onycliiopsis mantelli must have been one of
the most abundant plants in the vegetation of which fragments are
preserved in the Uitenhage beds.

Cladoplilehis broioniana (Dunk.). As already pointed out, it is
almost impossible to determine fronds of this type with accuracy,
but the specimens with which the South African specimens appear
to be identical is a Wealden fern of common occurrence in Europe
and in the Far East. The distinction between Wealden and Inferior
Oolite species is in many cases by no means well marked, and this
form of frond, taken by itself, cannot be regarded as a trustworthy
index of the Wealden age of a flora.

Cladoplilehis denticulata (Brongn.) forma atlierstonei. This repre-

Fossil Floras of Cape Coloyvj. 45

sents another very abundant and widely distributed type of frond
met with in rocks ranging in age from Ehaetic to supra-Wealden.
Taken by itself this almost ubiquitous form of fern does not afford
conclusive testimony of age, but it is chiefly characteristic of the
Upper rather than the Lower Jurassic series, and of Lower Cre-
taceous rocks.

Splicnopteris fittoni Sew. A less widely spread type and
a safer criterion of age, indicating Wealden rather than a lower
horizon.

Splienopteris sp. Too fragmentary a specimen to serve as a safe
guide.

Taniopteris sp., cf. T.arctica (Heer.). Another common type, but
on the whole nearer to a species of Lower Cretaceous age than to
Jurassic types of TcBiiiopteris.

Zamitcs recta (Tate). The fronds of this species are very similar
to those of Williainsonia gicjas (L. and H.), a characteristic Jurassic
plant. The separation of pinnate cycadean fronds of the form
represented by Zamitcs recta into well-defined species is hardly
possible; but whether Tate's species be distinct, or identical with a
European type, it undoubtedly agrees more closely with Jurassic
than with Wealden cycadean fronds.

Zamites morrisii (Tate). The type-specimen of Tate is the only
example so far obtained ; it may be a distinct species, but it is by no
means unlikely that it may prove to be identical with Z. recta. It
throws no further light on the question of age.

Zamites africana (Tate). Too fragmentary to be used as evidence
of age, but resembling a Wealden species, Zamites buchiamis (Ett.),
perhaps more closely than a Jurassic type.

Zamites rubidgei (Tate). Fronds are known of both Jurassic and
Wealden age which bear a close resemblance to the single specimen
on which this species was founded by Tate.

Nilssonia tatci sp. nov. On the whole species of Jurassic age
from Indian and European localities exhibit the closest resemblance
to this form.

46 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gycadolepis jenkimiana (T.ate), and The scale-leaves and stems from English
Benstedtia sp. and Wealden beds referred to in the

account of these Uitenhage fossils show
a very close resemblance to the African
specimens.

Araucarites rogersi sp. nov. The genus Araitcaritcs was widely
distributed as a member of Jurassic floras, but its occurrence also in
Wealden beds renders it of uncertain value as an index of age.
Such forms of Araucarian cone-scales as resemble Araucarites
rof/crsi most closely are from Jurassic horizons.

It seems clear that the Uitenhage plants include types in part
characteristic of Wealden and in part indicative of Jurassic floras.
On the whole there is a balance of evidence in favour of a Wealden
horizon. The comparative paucity of species and the fact that
several forms are represented by small fragments render conclusions
as to age somewhat difiicult ; but I have little hesitation in stating
that the flora exhibits more well-defined points of contact with
plants of Wealden age than with older floras. The impression
given liy the occurrence of Wealden species with others more nearly
allied to Jurassic types is that this flora from Cape Colony, repre-
sented by a small number of species, marks a phase of Mesozoic
vegetation on the boundary of the Jurassic and Wealden periods.
Between Wealden floras, especially such as are known from the
lower beds of the formation, and Oolitic floras, there exist but minor
differences. It was during the period immediately succeeding that
represented by the English Wealden strata that the plant-world
experienced a striking change. Before this change took place there
appears to have been a long period during which but little alteration
occurred in the composition of the Mesozoic vegetation.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony.

47

U.—STOBMBERG FLOBA.

Plates VII.-IX., XI., figs. 2, 3.
Text-figures 6 and 7.

I.— INTEODUCTION.

The plants included in this section were obtained from the following
localities : Maclear and neighbourhood, Tina Eiver, Kenigha Eiver,
Matatiele, Edward's Hope, Cyphergat, Molteno, and Stormberg.
The most important account of the flora of this uppermost division
of the Karoo formation is that by Feistmantel," who refers to the
Stormberg beds as probably of Lias-Ehaetic age. The floras of other
regions — Scania and Franconia in Europe, Australia, and the Argen-
tine Eepublic in the Southern hemisphere — with which the African
plants are most nearly allied are usually described as Ehaetic in age,
and there is little doubt that the Stormberg flora should be regarded
as a member of the EhaBtic vegetation. Feistmantel records the
following species from Indwe Eiver, Stormberg, Cyphergat, and
Molteno :—

Feistmantel (1889).

Equisetaceous stem fragment.

S2)heno2)tcri>' clongata Carr.

Thinnfeldia odontopteroides (Morr.).]
Thinnfeldia trilohita (?) Johnst. j

Tceniopteris carruthersi T. -Woods. [
Tceniopteris daintreei McCoy. J

AntliropJnjopsis (?) sp.

AletltoptL'vh sp. (cf. Afiplenimn nehbense
Heer).

Podozamitt'i (ZeinjojyJnjllites) elongatits\

(Morr.). ' " \

Podozamites [Zeugophyllite^) sp. J

Seward (1903).
I Equisetaeeons stem fragment.
Stenopteris elongata (Carr.).

Thinnfeldia odontopteroides (Morr.) .
Tceniopteris carruthersi T. -Woods.

Chiropteris elongata (?) (Carr.).
Cladophlehis sp.

Phcenicojisis elongata (Morr.).

Baiera schencki Feist.

Baiera schencki Feist.
* Feistmantel (89).

48 Annals of the South African Museum.

II.— DESCKIPTION OF SPECIMENS.

Group EQUISETALES.

Genus SCHIZONEUEA Schimper and Mougeot.

SCHIZONEUEA KRASSEEI Sp. nOV.

[Probably identical with Schizoneura carrcrei Zeiller.]"
Plate IX., figs. 5, 6.

1900. ? Schizoneura sp. Krasser, Denksch. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
Bd. LXX., p. 146, pi. iii., figs. l-3a.

Stems broad ; internodes long, reaching a length of over 20 cm.,
the internodal ridges crowded, pursuing either a straight course
across the node or occasionally alternating. Nodes shown as slight
depressions with indications of small leaf-trace protuberances.

Although it is impossible to give a satisfactory diagnosis of the
Stormberg Equisetaceous stems, I have ventured, for the sake of
convenience, to append a specific name, and in view of the probable
identity of the African plant with that described by my friend Dr.
Fridolin Krasser from China, I have designated the Stormberg type
Schizoneura krasseri.

The fragments of broad Equisetaceous stems are too small and
imperfect to admit of a complete diagnosis : they are characterised
by the numerous internodal ridges which often pursue a straight
course across the nodal region and by their long internodes, which
reached a length of at least 7 cm. The small piece of ribbed stem
figured by Feistmantel t from the Stormberg beds shows broader
and more prominent ridges than the specimens represented in
figs. 5 and 6. The Scanian Ehaetic species ScJiizoneura Jioerensis
His. I resembles the figured specimens in the narrow and numerous
ribs, and a piece of broad stem described by Zeiller § from Tonking
as Phyllotheca inclica Bunb. is also very similar to the examples shown
in figs. 5 and G.]] Specimens which may well be identical with the
South African species are figured by Krasser from China as Equi-
setaceous stems probably referable to Schizoneura,*^ and by Schenk
as Schizoneura sp.** from Ehaetic rocks of Persia. Some of Feist-

* Zeiller (02^), pis. xxxvii. , xxxviii.

t Feistmantel (89), pi. iii., fig. 9.

+ Nathorst (78), pi. x., figs. C-8. See also Nathorst (78), pi. i., figs. 1-4.

§ Zeiller (82), pi. x., fig. 1.

II See note. p. 75.

11 Krasser (00), pi. iii., figs. l-3«.

*• Schenk (87), pi. viii., figs. 4C, 48.

Fossil Floras of Caj^e Colony. 4^

mantel's figures =•' of the stems of Schizoneura gonchoanensis agree
very closely with figs. 5 and 6, pi. ix., and the fragmentary leaf-like
impressions with dark veins found in association with the African
stems are very similar to the Indian specimens of Schizoneura leaves.
The largest specimens of Schizoneura krasseri that I have seen
is one in the British Museum Collection (V. 2413) ; it consists of a
flattened stone-cast having a diameter of 10 cm. One node is
preserved, and an internode reaches a length of 20 cm.

Plate IX., fig. 5 (308d).
Several flattened impressions of broad stems ; the one figured has
a breadth of 6 cm., but is imperfect. The internode extends for a
length of 7 cm., but only one node is seen on the specimen. The
preservation of the nodal region is not sufficiently good to show the
structural details ; many of the ridges are seen to be continued in a.
straight line across the node, but some show a distinct alternation.

Plate IX., fig. 6 (487d).
A portion of an imperfect broad stem showing a rather more
clearly defined nodal region with a few small and indistinct pro-
tuberances probably marking the position of leaf-traces. On the
reverse side of the specimen there are a few fragments of what may
be leaves with broad parallel veins about 2 mm. apart ; possibly
these may be leaves of Schizoneura.

Other Sjjecimens : B, good impression of stem showing a node and
indications of leaf-traces ; 104a, a piece of a narrower stem, 3 cm.
broad, showing a nodal construction; 481d, 484d (roots?); 485d, im-
pressions of stems, and roots ? ; 488d (roots ?) ; 489d, 494d, a well-
preserved specimen ; the surface of the ribs shows fine longitudinal
striations, which no doubt indicate a woody structure ; 496d, ribs,
rather broader.

Genus STROBILITES Schimper and Mougeot.

Strobilites sp.

(Possibly the strobilus of Schizoneura Krasseri, the plant represented

in pi. ix., figs. 5, 6.)

The imperfectly preserved specimen shown in fig. 3, pi. ix. (486cl,.
495d) is undoubtedly a strobilus bearing crowded appendages, pro-
* Feistmantel (80), pis. i., ii. ix., &c.
4

50 Annals of the South African Museum.

bably of the nature of distally expanded sporangiophores ; but the
preservation is unfortunately too imperfect to admit of any satis-
factory diagnosis. The cone itself is incomplete and does not show
the apical portion ; it is 6 cm. long and slightly more than 2 cm.
broad ; the surface is rough and uneven, but shows here and there
distinct indications of polygonal protuberances and a few small oval
bodies, which may be the terminations of sporangiophores bearing
sporangia. The peduncle is represented by an axis 6 mm. broad
showing longitudinal striations on its surface. The form of the
cone, the appearance of the polygonal prominences and depres-
sions, and its association with stems like those shown in pi. ix.,
figs. 5 and 6, lead me to regard the specimen as a strobilus of an
Equisetaceous plant, possibly Schizojieura krasseri.

Geoup filicales.

FERNS OP UNCEETAIN SYSTEMATIC POSITION.
Genus THINNFELDIA Ettingshausen.

This generic name was instituted in 1852 for some specimens
from the Lias of Steierdorf and defined as follows: — *

" Eami teretes vel subalati. Folia disticha, alterna oppositave,
rhomboidea, ovalia vel lanceolata vel linearia, flabellatim vel
pinnatim venosa."

Ettingshausen's species Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis closely re-
sembles the South African forms, and represents a typical
example of the genus. The comparison made by the authors
of the genus with the New Zealand Conifer Phyllocladus has
not been borne out by the investigation of more recently acquired
specimens.

In 1853 Andrae substituted Brongniart's genus Pachypteris for
Thinnfeldia and spoke of T. rhomboidalis as Pachypteris thinnfeldia
And. t The genus Pachypteris is defined by Brongniart as being
characterised by entire pinnules without veins or with a single vein,
and is referred by him to the ferns. Zigno's large and well-preserved
specimens from the Oolitic rocks of Italy placed in his genus
Dichopteris are no doubt generically identical with Pachypteris,
but in the Italian examples \ the pinnules are traversed by several

* Ettingshausen (52), p. 2. f Andrae (53), p. 43.

X Zigno (56), pis. xii., xiii., xv.

•

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 51

-divergent veins. Species of Paclujptcris or Dichopteris in which
the ultimate segments possess spreading and forking veins bear a
marked resemblance to Thinnfeldia ; it is probable that the two
genera are very closely allied.

Schimper, in the second volume of the " Traite de paleontologie
vegetale,"" extends Ettingshausen's definition, and compares Thinn-
feldia with Pachypteris and Cycadopteris. In 1867 Schenk described
specimens of Thinnfeldia from the Ehaetic beds of Franconia and
published figures of the epidermal cells and stomata ; he placed the
genus among the Cycads. I

Bornemann,]: in 1856, published figures of the epidermis of
Scytophyllum bergeri Born., a plant bearing a close resemblance
to Thinnfeldia, which may be compared with the drawings repi'o-
duced in pi. ix., figs. 7 and 8. Solms-Laubach § notes the occurrence
of stomata on both sides of the lamina of Thinnfeldia as a character
which may possibly indicate that the genus may not be a fern ; in
other respects the fern-like nature appears to be clearly indicated.

Another genus — Ptilozamites of Nathorst — differs from Thinn-
feldia in the greater parallelism of the veins in the pinnules, but
in other respects there is a striking agi-eement between the two
genera, and it is doubtful if there are sufficient grounds for regarding
the slight difference in venation characters as more than a specific
distinction. A comparison of Nathorst's figures of species of Ptilo-
zamites from the Ehaetic of Bjuf |i and the Thinnfeldias of South
Africa represented in pis. vii. and viii. demonstrates the similarity
between the Northern and Southern types. Gutbier's Permian
species, Odontopteris reichiana*: is another type which exhibits
a very close resemblance to Thinnfeldia. Another plant which I
venture to think should not be separated from Thinnfeldia has
been described and figured by Sellards from Permian rocks of
Kansas as Glenopteris simplex. ■•'-■'• In speaking of the characters
of this new genus Glenopteris the author notes its resemblance
to Lomatopteris and Cycadopteris, but does not refer to Thinnfeldia.
It is not clear that the institution of Glenopteris was a necessary
addition to palaeobotanical nomenclature.

Similarly some of the Italian species of Dichopteris of Zigno and
species referred by Saportaft to Lomatopteris and Cycadopteris may
Avell be generically identical with Ettingshausen's genus Thinnfeldia.

* Schimper (70), p. 494. t Schenk (67), p. 105, pi. xxvii.

* Boraemann (oG), pi. vi., figs. 1-6. § Solms-Laubach (Ul), p. 140.
|[ Nathorst (78), pis. xii., &c. 'l Weiss (69), pi. i., figs. 3-9.

** Sellards (00), pi. xxxix. ft Saporta (73), p. 340.

52 Annals of the South African Museum.

Until we find Avell-preserved fertile specimens of Pachyptcris, Ptilo-
zamites, Thinnfeldia, and other genera we cannot hope to define with
accuracy their systematic positions or relationships. One impression
derived from a comparison of Nathorst's Ptilozamitcs, of which there
is an exceedingly good series in the Stockholm Museum, with the
Southern Hemisphere Thinnfeldias is that the differences between
the two genera have been exaggerated, and geographical separation
has been allowed too much weight in influencing the choice of distinct
generic designations. On the other hand, it is clear that certain
authors have unduly extended the application of Ettingshausen's
Thinnfeldia.

The most satisfactory evidence so far published as to the systematic
position of Thinnfeldia has been furnished by Eaciborski in his de-
scription and illustration of a specimen of T. rhomboidalis from Jurassic
rocks of Poland : this author gives drawings of a leaflet bearing the
impression of what appears to be a circular sorus showing the
boundaries of individual sporangia, but the material is too imperfect
to afford any indication as to the nature of the sporangia.* In addition
to the evidence afforded by the Polish specimen I may mention a
specimen in the British Museum (V. 5950) in which the broadly
linear segments of a Thinnfeldia pinna show two rows of contiguous
polygonal or oval prominences, one on either side of the midrib,
which agree in size and shape with the sori of certain ferns ; but
until we obtain sporangia we cannot speak with certainty as to the
precise nature of the fertile frond. My friend Mr. Arber, of Cam-
bridge, hopes to publish a more detailed account of the British
Museum specimen.

Thinnfeldia odontopteeoides (Morris).

Plate VII., figs. 1, 7, 8, 8a ; Plate VIIL, figs. 7, 8 ; Plate IX.,
figs. 7, 8; Plate XI., fig. 2.

Text-figure 6.

1845. Pecopteris odontopteroides Morris, in Strzelecki's New South

Wales, p. 249, pi. vi., figs. 2-4.
1847. Glciclicnitcs odontoiHeroidcs McCoy, Annals Mag. Nat. Hist.,.

vol. XX., p. 147.
1872. Pecopteris odontopteroidcs Carruthers, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,.

vol. xxviii., p. 355, pi. xxvii., figs. 2, 3.

» Eaciborski (94), pi. xx., figs. 1, 2, p. '206. See also Zeiller (00), p. 97.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 53

1875. Pecoptcris odontoptcroicles Crepin, Bull. Acad. E, Belgique,

vol. xxxix., p. 258 (plate).

1876. Tliinnfcldia crassinervis Geinitz, Palaeont. Suppl, iii., p. 4.,

pi. i., figs. 10-16.
1883. Thinnfeldia odontoptcroidcs Tenison- Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. Wales, vol. viii., p. 103.
T. odontoptcroidcs vnv. falcata, p. 107, pi. viii., fig. 1.

1888. Thinnfeldia odontoptcroidcs Szajnocka, Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss.

Wien, vol. C. Abth. i., p. 10, pi. i., figs. 1-4.

1889. Thinnfeldia odontopteroides Feistmantel, Abh. K. jjohm. Ges.

Wiss. Bd. III., Folg. vii., p. 62, pis. 1-3.

1890. Thinnfeldia odontopteroides Feistmantel, Mem. Geol. Surv.

N. S. Wales, p. 101, pis. xxiii.-xxv., xxviii., xxix.
1892. Thinnfeldia odontopteroides Jack and Etheridge, Geol. and

PalaBont. Queensland, pi. xvii., fig. 1.
1902. Thinnfeldia odontopteroides Arber, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,

vol. Iviii., p. 2.

In addition to the references given in the synonomy, the following
may be added as types of Thinnfeldia which may be either specifically
identical with Thinnfeldia odontopteroides or at least very closely
allied forms : —

Thinnfeldia rhomhoidalis Ettingshausen,'''

T. lancifolia as figured by Morris,! Szajnocha, ]: and Solms-
Laubach. §

T. tenuincrvis Geinitz. !|

T. indica Feistmantel.*:

Odontopteris macrophylla Curran. ''''''

Thinnfeldia falcata Tenison- Woods. f f

Gleichenia lineata Tenison-Woods.it

Frond bipinnate, rachis stout, occasionally bifurcating into two
linear pinnae inclined to one another at a small angle (pi. vii., fig. 1).
The pinn£e bear crowded pinnules with apparently a thick lamina ;
the pinnules vary considerably in size, shape and venation, they may
be stout and broad and almost semicircular in form, deltoid or broadly
oval with slightly divergent forked veins passing into broad linear seg-
ments with a well-marked midrib giving off forked secondary veins
at an acute angle. The pinnules are confluent at the base. In the

* Ettingshausen (52). f Morris (45), pi. vi.

I Szajnocha (88). (^ Solms-Laubach (99), pi. xiv., tig. '2.

II Geinitz (76), pi. i., tig. 17. •[ Feistmantel (77), pis. xxxix. and xlvi.
** Curran (85), pi. ix., tig. 3. ff Tenison-Woods (83).

54 Annals of the South African Museum.

shorter pinnules the lamina is traversed by several slightly diverging
veins which spring separately from the rachis, biat as the pinnules
become larger the veins tend to converge in the basal poi'tion
of the lamina, forming a midrib (pi. vii., fig. 8). In the apical portion
of the pinnae the divisions between the segments become shallower
and the apex consists of a bluntly terminated entire lamina. Epider-
nais composed of polygonal cells or — above the veins — of oblong
rectangular cells with very slightly undulating walls. Stomata not
very numerous, occurring on both the upper and lower epidermis,
probably slightly sunk, bordered by two or four cells which may be
subsidiary cells above the true guard-cells ; the pore of the stoma is
bounded by two crescent-shaped cuticular ridges which may belong
to the guard-cells.

The specimens from the Stormberg beds are all sterile, and none
have been found showing the habit represented in Feistmantel's
figures of Australian examples.

The most common form of pinna and pinnules is that represented
in fig. 1, pi. vii., in which the segments have no midrib but agree in
their venation with the genus Odontopteris. A few specimens occur
in which the pinnules are broadly linear and provided, at least in the
basal portion, with a midrib: these examples (pi. vii., figs. 7, 8) are, I
believe, specifically identical with those bearing shorter and broader
segments. Morris * referred the pinnjs with longer segments to
a variety — var. lancifolia, and by other authors this form has
been raised to specific rank.

Geinitz f figures an example of a pinna with longer pinnules
from the Argentine which he names Thinnfeldia tenuinervis, and
Solms I refers a Chilian specimen of Ehgetic age to T. lancifolia.
Morris.

Szajnochaj also adopts a distinctive name, T. lancifolia, for
Argentine Ehaetic specimens with linear pinnules. The occurrence
of intermediate forms of pinnules connecting those having almost
parallel veins with the longer ones, in which a midrib is well defined,
leads me to include both under one specific name. A similar course
is adopted by Feistmantel || in his Australian monograph. The
Ehsetic specimens described by Nathorst from Scania and placed in
the genus Ptilozamitcs exhibit a similar variation in the form and size
of the ultimate segments.

The Queensland specimen figured by Carruthers is in the British

* Morris (45), pi. vi., fig. 4. f Geinitz (76), pi. i., figs. 17, 18.

X Solms-Laubach (99), pi. xiv., fig. 2. § Szajnocha (88).

]' Feistmantel (90), pi. xxix.

Fossil Floras of Caj^e Colony. 55

Museum Collection (V. 4197) ; it is clearly identical with the South
African examples, but the details are less distinct in the specimen
than in the published figure.

Plate VIL, fig. 1 (21e).

Branched piece of frond ; the unbranched portion shown in the
figure has a length of 11-5 cm. and is incomplete distally. The longest
segment is 1'5 cm. long and 6 mm. broad. The pinnules show very
clearly the slightly divergent and forked veins and the leathery
texture of the lamina.

Plate VII., figs. 8, 8a (45e).

Preserved as a clearly defined brown impression with numerous
fragments of pinnae with pinnules varying considerably in size ;
the figured segments show the midrib and lateral veins very clearly.

Plate VIL, fig. 7 (477d).

An indistinct impression in oxide of iron on sandstone. The
linear pinnules are confluent at the base, forming a narrow wing to
the rachis. A midrib is seen in the lower part of some of the
segments, also oblique secondary veins. Associated with fragments
of pinnge bearing the shorter and broader type of segment.

Plate VIII., fig. 7 (22e).

A piece of a pinna with larger segments (1-5 cm. x 10 mm.) ; also
a forked pinna with smaller pinnules.

Plate VIII., fig. 8 (d).

A specimen on a piece of shale from Cyphergat showing much
smaller pinnules ; associated with other specimens of the type
represented in fig. 1, pi. vii.

Plate IX., fig. 7 (A).

A few epidermal cells of a small leaflet of Thinnfeldia odontop-
tcroides, showing the slightly wavy form of the walls, and four cells
surrounding a stomatal pore. The narrower central part of the pore
is bounded by the remains of delicate cell membranes with thickened
borders which possibly represent cuticular ridges of the guard cells.
The appearance of the stomata suggests that the guard-cells are
slightly sunk.

■66

Annals of the South African Museum.

Plate IX., fig. 8 (B).

A fragment showing the thickened cuticulai' edge of a leaflet and
a single stoma with two crescent-shaped cuticular ridges bordering
the pore.

Plate XL, fig. 2 (44e).

A forked portion of a frond showing a variation in the form of the
pinnules, some of which are identical with those represented in
tig. 1, pi. vii., while others are longer and illustrate the convergence
of the veins to form a midrib in the basal portion of the segments.

Text-figure 6 (x 1^).

Thinnfeldia odoniopteroides (Morr.).

From a specimen from Cyphergat in the British Museum (V. 2490).

Text-figure 6. The British Museum specimen from Cyphergat
shows the venation of the pinnules very clearly, it is undoubtedly
specifically identical with the example represented in pi. vii., fig. 1.

Other Specimens : A. Fragments from Cyphergat ; 4, 5 (associated
with a piece of Baicra). 23e, specimen with pinnules intermediate
between those shown in pi. vii., figs. 1 and 8 ; associated wnth
Stenopteris elongata (Carr.) and CaUiptcridiinii. 24e, 25e, 26e

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 57

(with Taniopteris), 28e, 29e, 30e, 32e, 33e — several fragments, oi:ie
showing the apical portion of a pinna; 35e, 36e — a good specimen
of a forked portion of a frond; 42e, 43e, 309d, including a good
impression of the apex of a pinna, 310d, 312d, 313d, 315d, 316d,
475d, 476d, 478d, 479d.

Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis Ettingshausen.
Plate VIII., fig. 1.

1852. Tliinnfeldia rhomboidalis Ettingshausen, Abk, k.-k. geolog.

Eeichs. Wien, Bd. I., Abt. iii., p. 2, pi. i., figs. 4-7.
1867. Thinnfeldia decurrens Schenk, Foss. Plor. der Grenzschichten,

p. 114, pi. xxvi., figs. 1-5.
T. rhomboidalis, ibid., p. 116, pi. xxvii., figs. 4, 5.

Similar in habit to Thinnfeldia odontopteroides, but characterised
by the longer broadly linear segments decurrent by the lower margin
on the rachis, the upper edge of the base being separated from the
rachis by a distinct sinus ; a well-marked midrib giving off oblique
forked veins, the lower basal portion of the segments contains a few
curved veins which enter the lamina direct from the rachis.

The single fragment from Stormberg represented in pi. viii., fig. 1
may belong to a larger pinna of Thi?infeldia odontopteroides, or it
may be included under Ettingshausen's species ■'■ as more clearly
resembling the Steierdorf examples than the typical forms of Morris's
species.

Schenk's figures of T. rhomboidalis + represent specimens which
cannot be distinguished from that shown in pi. viii., fig. 1. An
example of Thinnfeldia from the Burrum Coalfield, Queensland,
referred by Jack and Etheridge \ to T. media Ten. -Woods, is probably
identical wdth T. rhomboidalis.

Plate VIII., fig. 1 (C).

This fragment shows very clearly the form and venation of the
segments ; the agreement between this specimen and Schenk's
Thinnfeldia decurrens is exceedingly close. A fragment of Stenop-
teris elongata (Carr.) is seen resting on the Thinnfeldia.

* Ettingshausen (52), pi. i.

t Schenk (67), pi. xxvii., figs. 4, 5.

J Jack and Etheridge (92), pi. xviii., fig. 10.

58 Annals of the SoutJi African Museum.

Genus CALLIPTEEIDIUM Weiss.
Callipteeidium stormbergense sp. nov.
Plate VII., figs. 4-6rt; Plate VIII., fig. 5.

Frond bipinnate, rachis stout ; pinnse alternate, linear, tapering to
an acuminate apex. Pinnules linear, entire or serrate, becoming
more crowded in the distal region of the pinnae and near the apex of
the frond, confluent basally ; the rachis bears pinnules that extend
upward on to the lower side of the pinnae. Venation of the Claclo-
phlebis type, approaching the Sphcnopteris type in the smaller
fronds (pi. viii., fig. 2).

The Ehaetic species figured by Jaeger as Aspidioicles stuttgardiensis,'-^'
by Nathorst f from Scania as Lcpidoptcris ottonis Goepp., and by
Schenk as Asplenites ottonis X resembles the African fern in having
pinnules on the rachis, but differs in the larger ultimate segments.
This European type is, however, characterised by the occurrence of
numerous scales on the rachis, a feature not exhibited by the
Stormberg plant. A French species figured by Saporta as Lomatop-
teris Hasina Morr § affords another example of a bipinnate frond
with pinnules springing from the main rachis.

In order to avoid the institution of a new generic name, I propose
to speak of the African fern as Callipteridiiim stormbergense. The
fragment of a Cladophlehis figured by Feistmantel as Asplenium,
cf. nehbense,\\ may possibly be a piece of a large pinna of
Calliptcridiuvi stormbergense, but the specimen is too small to
determine.

One striking feature of the bipinnate frond shown in fig. 6, pi. vii.,
is the occurrence of pinnules on the main rachis ; in other respects
the characters appear to be such as might be expressed by the use of
the generic name Gladophlebis. The Palaeozoic type Gallipteris
conferta*^ bears pinnules on the rachis, and a similar character is
seen in fronds included in Weiss' genus Callipteridimn ; ■'•■■'• similarly
a fern named by Heyer to Callipteris schenkii H exhibits the same
features but bears lobed pinnules.

A fragment figured by Szajnocha H from Cacheuta (Argentine) as

* Jaeger (27), pi. viii. t Nathorst (78), pi. ii., fig. 1.

I Schenk (67), pis. xi. and xiv. § Saporta (91), pi. Ixvii., fig. 6.

II Feistmantel (89), p. 68, pi. ii., figs. 12, 12rt.

*i See Schimper (74), Atlas, pi. xxxii., fig. 2. See also Fontaine and White (80),
pi. xi., figs. 1-4.

** Zeiller (00), p. 92, fig. 92. ft Heyer (84).

II Szajnocha (88) pi., i., fig. 8.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 59

Pecopteris schocnleiniana Brongn. bears a resemblance to the Storm-
berg plant, but it is too small to determine.

Plate VII., fig. 6 (39e).

Eachis stout, 11-5 cm. long. The linear confluent pinnules are for
the most part entire, but on the lower pinnae some show a distinct
serrate margin (fig. 6a). In the apical region the pinnules ai-e more
crowded and gradually pass into segments with a serrate margin.
The venation is obscure, but apparently of the Cladophlehis type.
The pinnules on the lower side of the pinnae pass on to the rachis,
where they occur as segments of varying size and shape.

Associated with fragments of Thinnfeldia.

Plate VII., fig. 4 (10).
Pinnules enlarged, showing a well-defined midrib and lateral veins.

Plate VII., fig. 5 (31e).
The apex of a frond, showing the x^^ssage of pinnules into a
terminal acuminate lamina with a serrate edge.

Plate VIII., fig. 2 (46e).
Habit similar to that of the larger frond shown in fig. 6, pi. vii.
The pinnae are more crowded, and the segments little more than
well-marked serrations. Venation clearly preserved, each pinnule
receives a vein which gives off a few branches at an acute angle.
The lowest segment on the pinnae tends to be decurrent on the main
rachis.

Oilier Specimens : 8, small pinnae with crowded pinnules, pinnules
occur also on the main rachis ; 40e, a portion of a frond rather less
than that shown in fig. 6, pi. vi., and intermediate between that
specimen and the still smaller example represented in fig. 2, pi. viii.
480d, an indistinct impression on sandstone of part of a large frond;
associated with Tliinnfcldia.

Genus TtENIOPTEEIS.

T^NiOPTEEis CARRUTHERSi Tenison-Woods.

Plate VIIL, figs. 5, 6.

1872. Taniopteris Daintreei Carrutbers, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,
vol. xxviii., pi. xxvii., fig. 6, p. 355.

60 Annals of the South African Museum.

1883. Tcenioptcris Carruthcrsi Tenison- Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. Wales, vol. vJii., p. 117.

1889. Tcenioptcris Carruthersi Feistmantel, Abh. k. bohm. Ges.

Wiss., Bd. III., Folg. vii., p. 65, pi. ii., figs. 6-10.
? T. Daintreei, ibid., p. 66, pi. ii., fig. 11.

1890. Tcenioptcris Carrutlicrsi Feistmantel, Mem. Geol. Surv.

N. S. Wales, p. 115, pi. xxviii., fig. 7.

Frond simple, strong midrib from which numerous single or forked
secondary veins are given off either at right angles or at a wide
angle. The breadth of the lamina decreases gradually towards the
petiole.

In 1872 Carruthers '■' referred some TcEniopteris leaves from
Queensland to McCoy's species T. daintreei,] but as Tenison-
Woods pointed out in 1883, McCoy's type is characterised by the
narrow linear form of the frond and differs considerably from the
broader form of leaf figured by Carruthers. The specimen described
by Carruthers [in the British Museum Collection (V. 4199)] is clearly
identical with those from South Africa figured by Feistmantel. A
leaf from the Argentine named by Geinitz Tcenioptcris mareyiaca,l
bears a close resemblance to T. carruthcrsi, but there appears to be
a slight difference in the venation. Some specimens from India
referred by Feistmantel to Tcenioptcris vittata,%, a species differing
but slightly from T. carruthersi, are very similar to the type of
frond shown in pi. viii., fig. 6. A Ehastic species from Scania,
named by Nathorst Tcenioptcris i'inmcrsa,\\ may be identical with the
South African fern ; but the comparison of sterile fragments of
Tczniopteris fronds can lead to no certain results.

Plate VIII., fig. 6 (497d).

Portion of leaf 8'5 cm. long and 3 cm. broad ; the midrib is com-
paratively broad and well defined. The secondary veins are approxi-
mately 1 mm. apart or slightly closer.

Plate VIII., fig. 5 (14e).
This much narrower fragment is distinguished by the more open
arrangement of the forked and simple lateral veins, but it may

* Carruthers (72).

t For figures of the true TcenioiHcrk Daintreei McCoy, see Oldham and Morris
(63), pi. vi. ; McCoy (74), pi. xiv. ; Feistmantel (77=), pi. i., &c.

+ Geinitz (76), pi. ii., figs. 1-3. § Feistmantel (76), pis. i., ii.

II Nathorst (78), pi. xix., fig. 6.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 61

represent the lower and gradually tapering portion of Tcenioptcris
carriithersi. Compare Feistmantel's figures of narrower fronds
referred to this species."'

Plate VIII., fig. 4 (1).

This specimen differs from that shown in fig. 6 (497d) in the
greater inclination of the secondary veins and in the texture of the
lamina, which gives the impression of being woolly. Possibly it
would be wiser to distinguish this form by another specific name,
but the apparent difference in texture may be due merely to the
manner of preservation, and in any case the material is too meagre
to be described under a new specific title.

Otlier Sijecimens : 2e and 3, half of a leaf lamina, similar to the
specimen shown in fig. 4, but the veins are more clearly preserved
and given off at a wider angle from the midrib ; 9e, pieces of fronds,
a broader fragment like that shown in fig. 6, and a narrower speci-
men with crowded veins ; lOe, 27e, 466d, 498d, three pieces, one
showing the gradual decrease in breadth of the lamina towards the
base of the leaf.

Genus CHIROPTEEIS Kurr.

This genus, instituted by Kurr for a leaf from Keuper beds near
Stuttgart, is thus defined by Schimper : — f

" Frons petiolata, simplex, irregulai'iter inciso-digitata, coriacea.
Nervi numerosissimi e basi radiantes, tenues, omnes, sequales vel
loborum nervo medio distinctiore, repetito-dichotomi, anastomosantes,
reteque anguste rhomboiderm efficientes."

We possess no satisfactory evidence as to the affinity of this
genus. In form and venation Chiropteris agrees with the recent genus
Ophioglossum, and on the strength of this resemblance it has been
placed by some authors in the Ophioglossacese.]:

Zeiller j has also referred to the resemblance between Chiropteris
and Ophioglossum, but a comparison based on form and venation
only is in this case of little or no botanical value. The genus may
at present be included provisionally among the ferns, with the
reservation that w^e lack satisfactory evidence as to its taxonomic
position. The leaves from the Kootanie group referred by Newberry

* Feistmantel (89), fig. 7. t Schimper (69), p. 643 ; Atlas, pi. xliii.

\ Schimper ami Schenk (90), p. 152 ; Potonie (99), p. 91.
§ Zeiller (00), p. 55.

62 Annals of the South African Museum.

to CJiiroptcris should probably be included in a distinct genus, one
of them — C. spatulata — may be a species of Sagen pteris.'''~ The
Chilian fossil referred by Solms-Laubach f to Kurr's genus differs in
the form of the leaf and in the more crowded veins from the African
species.

Chiropteris cuneata (Carruthers).
Plate IX., fig. 4.

1872. Cycloptcris cuneata Carruthers, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,

vol. xxviii., p, 355, pi. xxvii., fig. 5.
1889. ? Anthrophijojxsis sp. Feistmantel, Abh. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss.

Folge, vii., Bd. III., p. 67, pi. ii., fig. 4.

Leaves cuneate in form, the lamina traversed by numerous
spreading veins, dichotomously forked and occasionally anastomosing
by oblique cross veins.

Carruthers thus defined the species Cyclopteris cuneata, which he
founded on a specimen from the Tivoli Coal-mine, Queensland : —

" Form of the entire frond unknown ; pinnas entire, large, cuneate,
narrowed at the base, with the distal margins rounded ; veins deli-
cate, once or twice dichotomously divided ; sometimes anastomosing
once in their length near the middle of the pinna." \

The type-specimen in the British Museum (V. 4197) is accurately
represented in Carruthers' figure ; the veins are very obscure. The
anastomosing veins which are described by Carruthers and shown
in the specimen represented in pi. ix., fig. 4, and still more clearly
in a better specimen from the Stormberg beds in the British Museum
Collection (V. 2498), render Cyclopteris unsuitable as a generic
designation.

It is by no means unlikely that the fragment of a leaf figured by
Feistmantel from Cyphergat as Anthrophyopsis (?) § may be identical
wdth the plant represented in pi. ix., fig. 4, An imperfect specimen
figured by Fontaine from North American Triassic beds 1| as Sagen-
opteris rhoifolia bears a distinct resemblance to the Stormberg leaf.

Plate IX., fig. 4 (C).
The distal margin of the wedge-shaped leaf is rather torn and
incomplete ; the thin lamina tapers towards the base, which is

* Newberry (91), p. 198, pi. xiv., figs. 1, 2, 10, 11.

f Solms-Laubach (99), pi. xiii., figs. 1-4.

+ Carrnthers (72), p. 355, pi. xxvii., fig. 5.

§ Feistmantel (89), p. 67, pi. ii., fig. 4. || Fontaine (83), pi. xlix., fig. 5.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony.

63

also only partially preserved. The veins are fairly distinct ; they
diverge from the base, forking and occasionally anastomosing by
oblique cross-connections.

Associated with Thinnfcldia and Plianicopsis.

Other Specimens : h. An impression similar to that figm-ed (pi. IX.,
fig. 4) ; veins fairly clear. Associated with Tliinnfeldia and
Phcenicopsis.

Chieopteris zeilleri sp. nov.

Text-figure 7.

Leaf petiolate ; lamina more or less orbicular, deeply lobed into
broad segments with an irregularly lobed margin ; veins spreading
from the base, forked and anastomosing, forming long and compara-
tively broad polygonal meshes.

Text-figuke 7. (Nat. size.)

Chiroptcris zeilleri sp. nov. From a specimen from Cjptiergat in tlie Britisli

Museum (V. 3268).

This species is founded on a single specimen from Cyphergat in
the British Museum Collection (V. 3268), shown in text-figure 7.
The tj^e-specimen is an imperfect leaf showing the upper part of a
petiole bearing a deeply lobed lamina, 7-5 cm. in depth and S-5 cm.
broad ; the sinus on the right-hand side of the lamina is preserved
intact, while those on the left are partially torn.

64 Annals of the South African Museum.

The veins, which are very clearly preserved, radiate from the apex
of the leaf-stalk, and by the occasional anastomosis of adjacent
forked branches, form long meshes.

In shape the leaf may be compared with small fronds of the
recent fern Dipteris ,■'■ and with the fossil genera Protorhipis of
Andrae and Hausmannia of Dunker, but the absence of veins in the
meshes constitutes an important distinguishing feature. Some
Jurassic Bornholm ferns figured by Moller in a recent paper and
referred to Hansmannia,\ but which I should prefer to assign to
Protorhipis, illustrate the superficial resemblance of the Dipteris
type of frond to Chiropteris zeilleri.

A fossil leaf with somewhat similar, but not identical, venation
has been figured by Feistmantel from India as Belcmnoptcris Wood-
masoniana I and compared with the recent genus Hemionitis . The
genus Hemionitis,l atypical American member of the Polypodiaceae,
is characterised by its palmate lamina and prominent ribs, thus
differing from Chiropteris. The recent genera Ophioglosswn and
Antrophymn afford the nearest parallels as regards venation to the
fossil frond, but we have absolutely no evidence as to the precise
position of Ghiropteris.

The specimens of Ghiropteris figured by Bronn from the Letten-
kohle beds || differ from G. zeilleri in the much more numerous and
crowded veins, which are not described as anastomosing, and in the
apparently whorled disposition of the sessile leaves. I have named
the Stormberg leaf after my friend Professor Zeiller of Paris, whose
work has done so much to extend our knowledge of the vegetation
of the Southern hemisphere.

GYMNOSPEEMiE.

Geoup ginkgoales.

Genus BAIERA, Braun.

Baiera stormbergensis sp. nov.

Plate VIIL, fig. 3.

Lamina deeply dissected into broad linear segments which are
again subdivided distally into narrower linear lobes ; veins com-

* Seward and Dale (01). f Moller (02). + Feistmantel (80), pi. xliii. A.

§ Christ. (97), p. 57. I! Bronn (58), p. 143, pi. xii.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 65

paratively few in the lower part of the lamina, but after repeated
dichotomy they become more numerous in the upper part of the
leaf, where they occur as crowded parallel veins slightly converging
towards the tips of the narrow terminal segments. The whole
lamina reached a length of 12 cm. or more and probably a breadth
of 10 cm.

I have given a new specific name to the unusually large type of
leaf represented in pi. viii., fig. 3 ; it might with equal propriety
be included in the genus Ginkgo, as one occasionally finds large and
deeply lobed leaves of the Maidenhair tree very similar to the example
shown in the figure.'''

The species described by Feistmantel from the Stormberg beds as
Baiera schenkif may be merely a smaller form of B. storiubergensis,
but the much greater breadth of the segments and the more open
character of the venation constitute distinctive features. It is,
however, by no means improbable that the narrower and broader
forms may be found to be inseparable. Feistmantel's B. schencki
bears a fairly close resemblance to B. longifolia Heer.]:

Other large leaves comparable with B. stormhergensis have been
described by Shirley from Ipswich, Queensland as Ginkgo simmondsi,
Baiera ginkgoides and B. ipsvicicnsis ; § Eatte || has also described
a very large leaf from the Wianamatta shales under the name
Salisburia palmata. It is possible that the large Australian leaves
referred by Shirley to Ginkgo simmondsi and by Eatte to Salisburia
palmata may be identical wdth the Triassic American type Baiera
vmltifidaM

Plate VIII., fig. 3 (x).

The lamina is incomplete, but reaches a length of 11 cm. The

spreading and repeatedly forked veins are very clearly shown

traversing the long lobes of the leaf, which is preserved in the

■ form of a light brown impression, which suggests a thin lamina

similar to that of Ginkgo biloba.

Other Specimen : 16c. A small specimen showing terminal por-
tions of a leaf and slightly converging veins at the tips of the
segments.

* Seward and Gowan (00), pi. x., fig. 63.
t Feistmantel (89), p. 72, pi. iii., figs. 1, 2, 5, 6.

\ Heer (77), pis. vii.-x., xv. § Shirley (98). || Eatte (88) (88==).

H Fontaine (83), pis. xlv.-xlvii. See also Seward and Gowan (00), p. 139, and
Arber (02), pp. 4, 5.

66 Anncds of the South African Museum.

? GINKGOALES.
Genus STACHYOPITYS Schenk.

Stachyopitys sp.

(Cf. S2)lienoleiyis rlicetica Geinitz).

Plate IX., figs. 2, 2a.

A fragment of a fertile shoot consisting of a fairly broad axis
bearing lateral branches terminating in a cluster of obovate bodies
arranged in apparent whorls.

The nature of the fossil represented in pi. ix., figs. 2, 4a, must be
left in doubt ; the single specimen is too incomplete to afford
sufficient evidence as to its structure and afiinity. A somewhat
similar fragment is figured by Geinitz * from the Ehgetic of San
Juan (Argentine) as S2:)lienoleins rhcetica ; he describes the specimen
as consisting of spherical or compressed cones bearing numerous
spirally disposed woody scales of obovate form, their outer convex
surface exhibiting indistinct and irregular longitudmal striae or
grooves. In size, and in the appearance of the cones, Geinitz 's
specimen agrees with that shown in fig. 2 ; but in the African
example the scales occur in a single radiate series with portions of
a superposed second series seen at a, fig. 2a.

Another fossil bearing a resemblance to the Stormberg specimen
is that described by Schenk under the name Stachyopitys presUi f
as male flowers of a Conifer from the Ehaetic of Franconia ; the chief
difi'erence between the German and African fossils is the smaller
number of radiate appendages in the former. A Queensland fossil
described by Shirley as Stachyopitys annularioides \ also agrees
fairly closely with the Stormberg fragment, so far as it is possible
to base an opinion on the somewhat crude drawings.

From Thuringian Permian rocks Potonie has figured fertile
portions of Pecopteris pinnatifida (Gutb.) § which present an appear-
ance similar to that of Schenk's Stachyopitys preslii and to the
specimen shown in pi. ix., fig. 2.

Without expressing a definite opinion as to the botanical position
of the fossil, it may be provisionally included in Schenk's genus
Stachyopitys, with the suggestion that it may be a fragment of a

* Geinitz (7G), p. 12, pi. ii., fio-s. '23, 24.
t Schenk (67), p. 185, pi. xliv., figs. 9-12.
I Shirley (98), p. 13, pi. xviii.
§ Potonie (93), pi. xviii., figs. 9, 10, and pi. x.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. Gf

male flower of a member of the Ginkgoales. The radially disposed
oval bodies may be microsporangia differing chiefly in their greater
mimber from the usual type of the fossil male flowers of the Gink-
goales.

Plate IX., figs. 2, 2a (12).

A fragment of an axis 1"5 mm. broad with the remains of swollen
lateral branches bearing circular rosettes 5 mm. in diameter consisting
of fairly stout oval bodies attached by a narrow base and terminat-
ing in a bluntly rounded apex ; these oval bodies are thick and
rounded, and their surface shows a few longitudinal ridges. At a
(fig. 2a) one sees the remains of other similar appendages superposed
on the lower and more perfectly preserved ones.

PLANTS OF DOUBTFUL POSITION.
Genus PHCENICOPSIS Heer.

In instituting this genus for Jurassic specimens of linear leaves-
from Siberia, Heer defined it as follows : —

" Folia coriacea, numerosa, inramulo abbreviato caduco fasciculata,
squamis compluribus persistentibus cincta, sessilia vel in petiolum
brevem sensim attenuata, indivisia, multinervia, nervis simplicibus,
paralleHs, densis." -''

We have no satisfactory evidence as to the botanical position of
Plicenicopsis, hut it has been referred to by Heer and other authors as
closely allied to Baiera and possibly a member of the Ginkgoales.

Phcenicopsis elongatus (Morris).
Plate IX., figs. 1, 9, 10.

1845. Zcwjopliijllites clongatus Morris, in Strzelecki's New South

Wales, p. 250, pi. vi., figs. 5, 5a.
1882. Cf. Nosggerathiojjsis Hislopi Zeiller, Ann. des Mines,

vol. ii. [8] , pi. xii., fig. 11.
1889. Podozainitcs {Zcugopliyllites) elongatns Feistmantel, Abh.

K. bohm. Ges. Wiss., Bd. III., Folg. vii.,p. 68, pi. ii.,

fig. 13; pi. iii., figs. 3, 4, 7.

Leaves linear, reaching a length of more than 16 cm. ; the lamina
is usually gradually tapered to an acuminate termination which may

* Heer (77), p. 49.

68 Annals of the South African Museum.

represent the basal end, but occasionally the leaf ends in a bluntly
rounded apex which may be the distal termination.* Veins numerous,
parallel, usually simple and not dichotomously branched. The
numerous parallel veined linear leaves from Cyphergat, of which
portions are shown in pi. ix., figs. 1 and 9, agree closely with
Morris's species, Zeugopkijllites elongatus, from the Jerusalem Basin,
Tasmania.! The type-specimen of Morris's Jerusalem Basin plant,
Zcugopliyllites elongatus, which has recently been found by Mr. Arber
in the British Museum Collection (V. 7512), convinces me of the
identity of the Tasmanian and South African leaves.

The same name has been applied by Szajnocha| to a fragment
from Cacheuta, which may not, however, be identical with Morris's
type. Some specimens of linear leaves from South America in the
British Museum Collection are undoubtedly identical with Morris's
species. Feistmantel has figured several leaf fragments from the
Stormberg beds which he speaks of as Podozamites [Z eugopliyllitcs)
elongatus (Morris) ;§ these are no doubt identical with the specimens
represented in pi. ix., figs. 1, 9 and 10. It is possible that these leaves
may be correctly referred to the genus Podozamites, but I am disposed
to regard them as more probably examples of Heer's genus P/iceuJcojJsfs,
similar to P.speciosaoi Jurassic age.|| Krasser has figured several
leaves very similar to mine from China which he refers to a new
species Pho&nicopsis media IT ; one of his figures shows clearly that
the leaves converge in groups to a common point of origin, but in
the scattered fragments from Cyphergat it is impossible to recognise
any such orderly arrangement. It is very difficult to determine
with any degree of accuracy isolated leaves of the type of
Phmnicopsis or Nceggerathiojjsis ; Zeiller's Tongking specimens may,
I believe, be identical with Morris's species from New South Wales,
but as Prof. Zeiller points out, in a letter written in reply to my
suggestion, there is no evidence in the specimens he has seen to
warrant the conclusion that they were borne in bundles like Heer's
examples of Phmnicojjsis . A similar leaf is figured also by Broun
from the Lettenkoble of Eaibl ■■'* as a monocotyledonous leaf. The
bluntly terminated leaf fragment from Molteno shown in fig. 10

* Cf. Heer (77), pis. xxviii., xxix.

t Morris, ia Strzelecki (45), p. 250, pi. vi., figs. 5, 5a.

I Szajnocha (88), pi. ii., fig. 4,

§ Feistmantel (89), p. 68, pi. ii., fig. 13 ; pi. iii., figs. 3, 4, 7.

II Heer (77), pis. xxviii., xxix.

1i Krasser (00), pi. iii., fig. 4; pi. iv., fig. 2.
** Bronn (58), p. 135, pi. vii., fig. 4.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 69*

suggests a comparison with the genus Podozamites, but this occurs
in association with gradually tapered leaves like that represented
in fig. 9, and the difference in the method of termination is in
itself hardly a sufficient reason for the separation of the two
forms.

With the exception of the forked vein shown in fig. 10, pi. ix., near
the apex of the specimen, I have not detected any certain indication
of the parallel veins in these leaf fragments from Cyphergat and
Molteno ; in NoeggercUhiojysis leaves of similar form to that shown in
pi. ix. figured by Feistmantel," Zeiller,t and other authors the veins
are dichotomously branched in their course through the lamina, and I
have no hesitation in expressing the opinion that the African specimens
should not be referred to that genus. Kurtz I has recently expressed
a similar opinion as to the difference between the true Nceggerathiopsis
and Morris's Zcugophijllites elongatus.

Mr. Arber § has also drawn attention to a confusion between Nosgger-
athiopsis and Zcugopliyllitcs.

Plate IX., fig. 1 (C).

An imperfect leaf 16 cm. long, and with an approximately uniform
breadth of 1-2 cm. The lamina between the fairly broad veins is
finely striated, the strige no doubt representing hypodermal strands
of mechanical tissue.

Plate IX., fig. 9 (d).

The figure represents the gradually tapered (basal?) end of an
incomplete leaf 10.5 cm. long.

Plate IX., fig 10 (69).

The blunt apex of a leaf from Molteno showing the converging
terminations of the veins. The venation is less clearly seen
in this specimen than in the other figured pieces. Acuminately
pointed leaves similar to the specimen from Cyphergat represented
in fig. 9 occur on the same piece of rock.

* Feistmantel (80), pi. xlv. A. t Zeiller (82), pi. xii., fig. 11.

+ Kurtz (03), p. 25. § Arber (02), p. 18.

70 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus STENOPTEEIS Saporta.
Stenopteris elongata (Cavruthers).
Plate VII., figs. 2, 3.
Plate XI., fig. 3.

1872. Sphenoptcris elongata Carruthers, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.

vol. xxviii., p. 355, pi. xxvii., fig. 1.
1883. Sphenopteris elongata Tenison- Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.

S. Wales, vol. viii., p. 92.
Trichomanites spinifolium, ibid. p. 95, pi. iii., fig. 7.

1888. Sphenopteris elongata, Szajnocha, Sitzb. Kais. Akad. Wiss.

Wien., Bd. XCVII., Abth. i., p. 5., pi. ii., fig. 2.

1889. Sphenopteris elongata Feistmantel, Abh. k. bohm. Gess.

Wiss., Bd. III., Eolg. vii., p. 61.

1890. Sphetiopteris elongata Feistmantel, Mem. Geol. Surv. N. S.

Wales, p. 90.
Trichomanites spinifolium, ibid. p. 95.
1892. Trichomanites spinifolium Jack and Etheridge, Geol. Pal.

Queensland, p. 315, pi. xviii., fig. 8.
1898. Trichomanites elongata var. spiuifolia, Shirley, Bull. no. 7,

Geol. Surv. Queensland, p. 19, pi. x., fig. 3.

Fragments of a repeatedly branched narrow woody axis, the ulti-
mate branches alternate, linear or short and pointed. The linear
branches may show what appears to be a comparatively broad midrib
(pi. xi., fig. 3), but usually there is no clear indication of a median
vein. In 1872 Carruthers described a plant from the Tivoli Coal-
mine, Queensland, as Sphenopteris elongata, which he defined as
follows : —

" Frond dichotomously divided, each division irregularly pinnate ;
pinnae simple, bifurcate, or irregularly pinnate ; segments narrow
linear, slightly tapering upwards to the somewhat blunt apex ;
the single midrib sending out simple branches, which run along
the middle of each segment." -■'

Carruthers mentions the occurrence of sori as small oval markings
scattered irregularly on either side of the midrib, but no trace of such
markings are shown in the published figure. In some of the frag-
ments of this plant in the British Museum Collection the central rib,
which stands out clearly in Carruthers' figure, is much less distinct

* Carruthers (72), p. 355, pi. xxvii., lig. 1.

Fossil Floras of Capa Colony. 71

and the winged membranous border represented in the drawing is not
shown in the specimens that I have examined. A few of the Tivoli
specimens in the British Museum are characterised by more
numerous lateral branches and form connecting links between
the types represented in pi. vii., figs, la and 3.

Szajnocha '■' refers a small specimen from Argentine Ehgetic beds
to Carruthers' species, but his material is too meagre to afford addi-
tional evidence as to the nature of the plant.

There can be no doubt as to the identity of the specimens shown
in pi. vii., figs. 2, 3, and pi. xi., fig. 3, with Carruthers' species, but I
have no hesitation in describing the South African examples as too
stiff and woody to be referred to Spheiiopteris. There is no well-
defined median rib in the majority of the specimens, but the striated
appearance of the impression and the stout form of the branches
point to a plant of more woody texture than the frond of a fern.

In all probability the specimen represented in pi. vii., fig. 3, is
specifically identical with those represented in fig. 2. The smaller
form with the pointed and shorter branchlets agrees very closely with
some Australian fossils figured by Tenison- Woods f as Tricliomanites
spinifolimii but afterwards referred by Shirley to Tricliomanites eloii-
gata. '[ Feistmantel § records a specimen of Carruthers' species
from the Hawkesbury beds of New South Wales, and adds that its
occurrence in the African Stormberg beds might be expected seeing
that it is a common plant in association with Thinnfeldia in Queens-
land and that it occurs with this genus also in South America.

It is difficult to decide what generic designation to apply to the
specimens represented in figs. 2 and 3, pi. vii., and fig. 3, pi. xi.
The genus Sphenopteris used by Carruthers is, I believe, inappro-
priate, as the nature of the fossils does not appear to me to favour
their identification as ferns. The lateral branches seem to be
identical in texture with the axis from which they spring, and in the
smaller specimen (pi. vii., fig. 3) the small ultimate branchlets show no
trace of a median vein but present a longitudinally striated appearance
(fig. 3fl) suggesting a w^oody texture. I am unable to recognise any
indication of scale-leaves, nor do there appear to be any transverse
divisions or constrictions. Some specimens figured by Saporta from
the Kimeridgien of France and placed by him in his genus Stcnop-
teris agree closely with the African plant in habit, but differ appa-
rently in the presence of a more distinct median vein and in the

* Szajnocha (88), pi. 11, fig. 2. f Tenison-Woods (83), pi. iii., fig. 7.

I Shirley (98), pi. x., fig. 3, p. 19. § Feistmantel (89), p. 61.

72 Annals of the South African Museum.

membranous border of the linear segments. On the other hand,.
Saporta describes the fossils as having an " evidently coriaceous
texture," * and he suggests the probability of Steyiopteris being more
closely allied to the cycads than to the ferns. We may provisionally
make use of Saporta's generic name, noting the absence of a well-
defined median vein, a character included in the diagnosis of the
genus as represented by the type Stenoptcris desmomera of Kimeridge
age.

Some figures published by Feistmantel under the name Palissya t
bear a resemblance to Stenopteris elongata, but the Indian and African
plants are probably not identical. A comparison may also be sug-
gested between the specimen shown in fig. 3, pi. vii., and Feistmantel's
figure of Pachyphyllum {Cnjptomerites) divaricatum,l but there is-
no evidence of the individuality of the ultimate branches in the
African specimens suggesting their identity with the leaves of
Cryptomerites.

Such specimens as that shown in fig. 2, pi. vii., might be expected
to show indications of nodal regions. The appearance of the fragments
recalls that of a xerophytic shrubby plant with branch-like leaves or
with branches which played the part of leaves, as in the recent genus
Psilotmn.

A plant of somewhat similar form, but not identical, has been
described from English Wealden strata as Becklesia anomala. §

Another genus comparable with Carruthers' Sphenopteris elongata
is Schenk's Frenelopsis, but the well-marked nodal regions in that,
genus afford a distinguishing feature.

Plate VII., fig. 2 (21e).

A branched axis 11 cm. long, of woody texture. I can detect no
distinct trace of a single median rib, but here and there a slight
indication of a central ridge or depression may be seen. No trace of
leaves or of nodal lines or constrictions. None of the branches
are complete.

Plate VII., figs. 3 and 3ft (B.)

A graphitic impression on a dark slaty rock. The axis of the^
lateral branches is represented by a fairly distinct median rib, but in
the ultimate segments, which are for the most part entire but in
a few instances lobed, there is no median vein. Fig. 3« shows aa

* Saporta (73), p. 290, pi. xxxii. t Feistmantel (76), pis. xi. and xii.

+ Feistmantel (76), pi. x. fig. 1. § Seward (95), p. 179, pi. xiv.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 7S

ultimate segment slightly enlarged with numerous irregular longi-
tudinal striations.

OtJier Specimens : 17e, a fragment showing the termination of a
lateral l^i'anch ; 38e

Plate XI., fig. 3 (6).

A fairly well-preserved impression of an axis bearing sub-
opposite branches; both the main axis and the lateral members-
show a comparatively broad dark band which probably indicates
the presence of a midrib, a feature not seen in the other
specimens.

III.— CONCLUSION.

The following species have been recorded as representatives of
the Stormberg Flora : —

Equisetales.

Sclnzoncura kra-^acri sp. nov S.W. of Matatiele, Griqualand E., Tina

Kiver.
Strohilite>< sp Tina Hiver.

FiLICALES.

Thinnfeldia odontopteroidcx (Morr.) Kenigha River, W. of Maclear, Griqua-
land E., S.W. Matatiele.

Thinnfeldia rho)nboidalix Ett Stormberg.

Cladophlehis sp. (Feistmantel) Indwe.

Gallipteridiiim stormberrieniic sp. nov. . . Kenigha River.

Tceniopteris carnitherd Ten. -Woods Kenigha River.

Chiropteris cuneata (Garr.) Cyphergat.

Chiropteris zeilleri sp. nov Cyphergat.

GiNKGOALES.

Ikiiera xtormberiicnxiA sp. nov Kenigha River.

liaiera scltencki Feist Indwe, Stormberg.

Plants of Doubtful Position.

Fhxcuicopxis eloufiatux (^lovr.) Indwe, Molteno, Stormberg, Cyphergat.

StenojiterU eloitiidta (Carr.) Kenigha River.

The flora of the Stormberg series may I)e assigned to the Eheetic
period, a period of which the vegetation has left remnants in nearly
all parts of the world. In a paper on Rhaetic plants from Honduras,
Pi-of. Newberry ■'■ drew attention to the uniformity of the Ehgetic
vegetation both in the old and new worlds, and added : " We shall
* Newberry (88).

'74 Annals of the South African Museum.

look now with eagerness to South x\merica for the identification
there of this Mesozoic flora, which we have found in full development
in Virginia, New Mexico, Sonora, and now in Honduras. It has
been recognised in Australia, New Zealand, India, Tonquin, China,
Turkestan, and various parts of Europe. Hence with its discovery
in South America we shall see it reaching as a girdle around the
entire globe." Before this was written Geinitz had recorded Ehaetic
plants from the Argentine, and more recently Szajnocha, Solms-
Laubach, and Kurtz have made further contributions towards the
completion of this girdle of Ehaetic floras.

The facts of greatest interests as regards the vegetation of this
period are — the striking departure, as regards the general facies of
the floras, from the type represented by the Palaeozoic floras, and,
secondly, its uniform character in almost all parts of the world.

Scliizoneura krasseri sp. nov. — This type of Equisetaceous plant
closely resembles forms recorded from Scania, Tongking, Persia, and
India, but the accurate determination of fragments of vegetative stem-
casts is an impossible task without the evidence of reproductive
organs and the study of anatomical characters,

Thinnfelclia. — This generic type— very closely allied to Ptilozamites
and other genera — is one of the most characteristic and widely spread
Ehaetic plants. It occurs in Europe (Scania, Germany, Italy, Poland,
and elsewhere), Australia, South America, and India. In North
America a very similar type of plant is recorded from rocks assigned
to a Permian horizon.

Callipteridiuvi stormhergense. — This type does not afford much
assistance in solving the question of geological age ; ferns of similar
external form occur both in Permian and Liassic strata.

TcBuiopteris carruthersi. — The genus TcBniopteris is so abundantly
represented in strata ranging from Triassic to Wealden in various
parts of the w^orld that we cannot with safety base conclusions on
fragments of sterile fronds, but so far as the evidence goes it favours
the identification of the African form with Ehstic species from other
regions.

Chiropteris. — This appears to be a comparatively rare type, but
such evidence as it afi"ords as to geological age points to a Eh^tic
horizon.

Baiera storinhcrgensis. — This unusual form of leaf appears to be a
distinct species, but such Ginkgoales species as resemble it most
closely are recorded from Australian strata that may probably be
regarded as Ehaetic.

Stachypitys. — This fragmentary fossil cannot be determined with

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 75

confidence, but it is in this case also EhaBtic types with which the
Stormberg plant exhibits the greatest resemblance.

Phanicopsis. — A widely-spread form of leaf of which the systematic
position is uncertain. Leaves from Europe, China, Australia, and
Tongking (referred by Zeiller to Naggeratliioims) of Ehgetic age and
species described by Heer from Arctic Jurassic rocks exhibit a very
close resemblance to the African specimens.

Stenopteris elongata. — A little-known type occurring in South
America, Australia, and South Africa in beds which are probably of
Ehsetic age.

[Note. — Since the above was written I have received, through
the kindness of Professor Zeiller, a copy of his atlas of the " Flore
fossile des gites de Charbon du Tonkin " (Paris, 1902). Some of
the plants shown in the unusually good photographic reproductions
bear a close resemblance to Stormberg species. Schizoncura carrcrei
Zeill. is probably identical with the stem which I have named
S. krasseri ; Cteuopteris sarreni Zeill. probably represents a type
closely allied to, but not identical with, Thinnfcldia ; the leaves
referred to Nmggerathiopsis hislopi may, I think, be identical with
Fhoenicopsis elongata.]

76 Annals of the South African Museum.

lll.—EGCA FLOE A.
Plates X.-XIII.
Text-figure 8.
I.— INTEODUCTION.

The base of the Lower Karoo formation has been described as con-
sisting in certain regions of a conglomerate to which Dunn's term^
Dwyka conglomerate, has frequently been apphed. The history of
our knowledge of this member of the Karoo formation has recently
been dealt with in the Annual Eeport of the Geological Commission
of Cape Colony for 1900.* In recent years attention has been given
to the occurrence of conglomerates in the Transvaal which are cor-
related with the Dwyka conglomerate of Cape Colony and Natal.
In 1895 Schmeisser recorded Schizoneura and Glossopteris from
Transvaal collieries in beds resting on the conglomerates, and con-
cluded that the plant-bearing strata should be correlated with Ecca
shales of Cape Colony. Dr. Corstorphine in his Eeport of 1900 f
summarises the observations bearing on the nature and age of the
conglomerates of Cape Colony and the Transvaal as follows : " The
evidence of the glacial action in the Dwyka conglomerates has
accumulated to such an extent during recent years that doubt can
no longer remain that the rock owes its peculiarities to such action,
and that the Ti'ansvaal conglomerates, associated with the coal, are
also unmistakably of glacial origin, and, from the fossil evidence
found in the overlying rocks, can equally surely be regarded as being
at the same geological horizon as the Southern Dwyka."

In 1896 Professor Zeiller \ published an important paper in the
Bulletin of the Geological Society of France dealing with fossil
plants obtained from the neighbourhood of Johannesburg. These
included Glossopteris (leaves and rhizome), a species of Splienopteris,
Phyllotheca, Noeggerathiopsis hislopi (Bunb.), and some seeds. In
the following year Mr. David Draper § read a paper before the
Geological Society of London, in which he referred to certain plants
obtained from a quarry 2 miles east of Vei'eeniging, a township
30 miles south of Johannesburg. He expressed the opinion that

* Corstorphine (00). f Corstorphine (00), p. 17.

+ Zeiller (%). § Draper (97).

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 11

the plant-bearing strata should be assigned to a Triassic horizon.
Through the courtesy of Mr. Draper, I had the opportunity of
describing the Vereeniging plants,* which were referred to the
following genera : Glossopteris, Gancjamoptcris , Noeggcrathiopsis, and
Sigillaria — types unmistakably indicating a Permo-Carboniferous age.
In 1898 Dr. Hatch f gave an account of the Geology of certain dis-
tricts in the Southern Transvaal, and in an appendix to his paper I
added a short description of a few plant remains from the Vereeniging
Sandstone. I A Geological map of the Vereeniging district is pub-
lished in Dr. Hatch's memoir, and sections are also given by Mr.
Draper in his paper of 1897.

The plants from Vereeniging described in the following pages
were obtained by Mr. Leslie from the bed of the Vaal Eiver, about
3 miles from the locality where Mr. Draper's specimens were
collected. An expression of thanks is due to Mr. Leslie for the
important additions to the Palaeozoic Flora of South Africa which
we owe to his enthusiasm and ability.

In addition to these Lower Karoo plants from Vereeniging the
'Collection recently submitted to me includes a few very imperfect
fragments of leaves from Worcester and Tuin Kraal, a few miles
south of Prince Albert Eoad Station, obtained from beds assigned to
the Ecca series. The Ecca beds occur mainly in the Karoo, but
there is a considerable outcrop also in the Breede Eiver Valley,
which has recently been examined by Mr. Schwarz,^ who mentions
the occurrence of Gangamopteris impressions in a quarry near
Worcester Station. As a matter of convenience the Worcester
fossils and those from Vereeniging may be dealt with separately.

^.— ECCA PLANTS FEOM WOECESTEE.

Feistmantel's list of plants from the Ecca series includes the
iollowing species : — ||

Glossopteris hroioniana Brongn.

Gangamopteris cijclopteroides var. attenuata Feist.

Nceggerathiopsis hislopi (Bunb.).

The material in my hands is too meagre and imperfect to lead to
any definite conclusion as to the age of the rocks ; it consists of

* Seward (97). t Hatch (98). + Seward (98).

§ Sehwarz (98), p. 24. || Feistmantel (89).

78 Annals of tlie Soutli African Museum.

small and fragmentary impressions of Glossoi)teris fronds, with one
or two imperfect specimens of Gangaviopteris, preserved in a mottled
purple and greyish-green argillaceous rock, from Worcester, also some
indistinct portions of an Equisetaceous plant. In addition to these,
the rock from Tuin Kraal Eiver contains fragments of Equisetaceous
stems, probably referable to the genus Schizoneura.

II.— DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS.

Genus GLOSSOPTEEIS Brongniart.

Glossopteeis sp.

(Probably Glossoptcris hroirn iana 'Bvongn. var. inclica,.)

Plate XIII., fig. 1.

The fragments from Worcester are too imperfect to determine
with certainty. While they exhibit a fairly close agreement with
Feistmantel's figure of a Beaufort specimen, Glossopteris damudica
var. stenonceur a, '■'•'• they agree even more nearly with the large Glossop-
teris fronds, of which Zeiller has recently published some excellent
photographs under the name Glossoptcris indica Schimp.f This
species Zeiller considers should not be regarded as identical with
Glossopteris hroivniana. The African material is too meagre to
throw any fresh light on this difficult question of specific limitation,
but I have elsewhere adopted the plan of maintaining Brongniart 's
name, Glossoptcris hroivniana var. indica, in preference to Schimper's
specific designation, G. indica. I On the whole, I consider the
Worcester specimens identical with the type of frond figured by
Zeiller as G. indica, and by myself as G. hroivniana var. indica.

Plate XIIL, fig. 1 (Z).

A small piece of a leaf showing clearly defined secondary veins.

Other specimens : C. A piece of a frond at least 6 cm. broad,,
showing a strong midrib giving off numerous oblique anastomosing
veins ; X, 212a, 213a, 215a ; 220a, part of a large frond showing the
midrib and anastomosing secondary veins ; 221a.

* Feistmantel (89), pi. iv., fig. 7. f Zeiller (02) ; Zeiller (96), pi. 367.

+ Seward (97).

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 79*

Genus GANGAMOPTEEIS McCoy.

Gangamoptekis cyclopteeoides (?) Feist.

One small and very obscure fragment (specimen Y) from Wor-
cester is no doubt a fragment of Gancjamopteris ; it agrees closely
with Feistmantel's figure of G. cyclopteroides var. attenuata from the
Kimberley series,''' but the specimen is too poor to determine.

Genus SCHIZONEUEA Schimper and Mougeot.

SCHIZONEUEA Sp. (?)

A single specimen (338) from Worcester consists of small and
very obscure impressions of what are probably pieces of a Scliizo-
ncura stem, also a fragment of an Equisetaceous stem (351) on a
piece of sandstone from a kopje 5 miles north of Worcester.

Three other specimens (104a, 110a, Ilia) from the Tuin Kraal
Eiver agree in the crowded internodal ribs with the Stormberg
examples shown in figs. 5, 6, pi. ix., but they may also be closely
matched with specimens of Schizoneura gonchvanesis Feist, from
India, and with impressions from more than one geological horizon.

The available evidence is insufficient to throw much light on the
age of the Worcester and Tuin Kraal rocks, but it is not unfavour-
able to the view that the beds in question are correctly placed on the
horizon of the Ecca series.

iy.— ECCA PLANTS FEOM VEEBENIGING. t

The specimens recently collected in the Vereeniging sandstones
by Mr. Leshe are of especial interest as including three generic
types, Psygmophylluvi, Neuropteridium, and a Lepidodendroid stem
hitherto unknown from South Africa. The genus Neuropteridium is
important as an additional link between the Lower Gondwana floras
of India and South America on the one hand, and the South African
flora on the other. The genera Psygmophyllum and Botlirodendron
suggest interesting comparisons, from the point of view of geological
distribution, between South African and European Palaeozoic floras.

* Feistmantel (89), pi. iv., fig. 2.

t These plants are described here for comparison with the plants of the same
age found within the limits of Cape Colony.

•80 Annals of the South African Mnseuni.

FILICALES.

There can be little doubt that the genus Glossopteris should be
included in the Filicales. It is true we have not yet found fertile
specimens showing recognisable sporangia, but in addition to the
evidence furnished by the fern-like character of the sterile leaves,
the rhizome (Fcrte&rarz'a) " exhibits features characteristic of ferns.
As regards Gangamopteris, which differs in no important respect
from Glossopteris, we may reasonably accept the view that it is also
a member of the Filicineae.

Genus GLOSSOPTEEIS Brongniart.

Glossopteris browniana Brongn. var. indica.

Plate X., figs. 3, 4.

1828. Glossopteris Broivniana Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 54.

G. Broivniana var. indica Brongniart, Hist. veg. foss.,

p. 223, pi. Ixii., fig. 2.
1869. Glossopteris indica Schimper, Trait, pal. veg., vol. i.,

p. 645.
1896. G. indica Zeiller, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, vol. xxiv. [3] ,

p. 366, figs. 11, 12, 13, pi. xvii., figs. 1-3.
1898. Glossopteris Broivniana var. indica Seward, Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc, vol. liv., p. 92.
1900. G. indica Potonie, Deutsch-Ost-afrika, vol. vii., p. 2, fig. 22.
1902. G. indica Zeiller, Obs. Sur. Quelques plant, foss. Lower

Gond. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, p. 8, pi. i.-iii.
1902. G. Browniana Arber, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. Iviii.,

p. 5.
1902. G. indica, Zeiller, Flore fossile Tonkin (Atlas), pi. xvi.,

figs. 2-5.

The accurate identification or diagnosis of Glossopteris fronds, and
their separation into specific types, is, I believe, a hopeless task, and
I have purposely refrained from attempting a full synonomy of
Glossopteris browniana var. indica (or G. indica).

In a recent paper on fossil plants from New South Wales, Mr.
Arber f has given several references to literature in which records of
Brongniart's type occur. Important contributions have in recent

* Zeiller (96), p. 351. t Arber (02), p. 5.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 81

years l^een made by Professor Zeiller, of Paris, to our knowledge of
the venation characters of Glossopteris fronds. In his account of
fossil plants from the neighbourhood of Johannesburg, Zeiller gives
drawings of the venation characters of the type-specimen * of Glos-
sopteris indica Schimp., and in his memoir on Indian plants i the
venation characters of this and other forms are admirably illustrated.
We still lack satisfactory information as to the taxonomic position
of the genus, although one is tempted to draw conclusions from
negative evidence.

The extraordinary abundance of Glossoptcris fronds monopolising
vast areas of sedimentary beds in different regions of India, South
Africa, Australia, and elsewhere, renders the absence of well-defined
and undoubted sporangia a striking fact. It may be that the fertile
fronds differed considerably in form from the sterile, or possibly
typical filicinean sporangia were not iDorne l)y the leaves of this
genus.

The most interesting consideration in regard to Glossopteris is its
geographical distribution. The announcement by Amalitzky I in
1897 of the occurrence of this plant in Permian beds of Vologda,
which has already been discussed by Zeiller in a paper published in
1898, § constituted an important contribution to our knowledge.

The Glossopteris leaves from Vereeniging are fol" the most part very
imperfectly preserved, and the venation characters are not sufficiently
distinct to describe in detail. In many cases the midrib is clearly
showm, but the secondary veins are either invisible or exceedingly
obscure.

Plate X., fig. 4 (XXII.).

A broader form of leaf, 21 cm. long, agreeing in shape with speci-
mens of the type known as Glossopteris hroicniana var. inclica. The
midrib is distinctly shown, but hardly any trace of secondary veins
can be detected.

Glossopteris browniaxa Brongn. var. angustifolia.

Plate X., fig. 3.

I have previously adopted this designation for the narrow type of
Glossopteris fronds which Brongniart named G. angustifolia. The
specimens from Vereeniging are too imperfect to afford any guide
as to the advisability of regarding the narrower leaves as a distinct

* Zeiller (96), p. 367, figs. 11, 12. t l^^h l02).

\ Amalitzky (97). § Zeiller (98).

82 Annals of the South African Museum.

species or including them under the comprehensive title Glossojiteris
hroivniana.

Narrow Glossojyteris leaves were found in the Vereeniging rocks in
association with Sigillaria, and described in 1897.*

Plate X., fig. 3 (XXII.).
This specimen, 20 cm. long, represents the long and narrower type
of frond comparable with Glossopteris angustifolia Brongn., but the
venation is too obscure to be represented in detail in the drawing ;
the parallel lines in the figure are merely shading, but the darker
band in the middle of the frond indicates the presence of a distinct
midrib.

Other specimens : Imperfect Glossopteris fronds ai-e seen in speci-
mens 1, 2, 3, XX., xxi., xxiv., xxv.

Genus GANGAMOPTEEIS, McCoy.

Gangamopteeis cyclgptekgides, Feist.

Plate XIIL, fig. 5.

1869. Noeggerathia ohovata, Carruthers, Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 9,

pi. vi.
1876. GangamoiHcris CTjclopteroicles, Feistmantel, Eec. Geol. Surv.

India, vol. ix., pt. iii., p. 73.
1879. Gangamoyteris cycloiHcroides, Feistmantel, Foss. Flor. Gond.

System, vol. iii., p. 12, pi. vii., ix.-xiii., xxvi., xxvii.
1899. Gangamopteris cycloptcroides, Feistmantel, Abh. k. bohm.

Ges. Wiss., p. 37, pi. iv., fig. 2.
1890. Gangamopteris cyclojJtewidcs, Feistmantel, Mem. Geol.

Surv. New South Wales, Palaont., No. 3, p. 131.

1894. Gangamopteris cycloptcroides, Kurtz, Kevist. Mus. de la

Plata, p. 13, pi. ii.

1895. Gangamopteris cycloptcroides, Zeiller, Bull. Soc. Geol.

France, vol. xxiii. [3], pi. x.

1896. Gangamopteris cyclopteroides, Bodenbender, Zeit. deutsch.

geol. Ges., vol. xlviii., p. 772.

1897. Gangamopteris cycloptcroides, Seward, Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc, vol. hii., p. 323, pi. xxii., fig. 1, text-figure 1,
C. 324.

1898. Gangamopteris cycloptcroides, Seward, Quart. Journ. GeoL

Soc, vol. liv., p. 92.

* Sewaixl (97), p. 321, pi. xxi., fig. 4a.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 8?

An inspection of the type-specimen of Carruthers' Brazilian leaf,"
which he referred to Nceggerathia, convinces me that it should be
placed in Feistmantel's species Gangamopteris cycloptcroichs ; the
numerous and slightly spreading veins are undoubtedly connected
here and there by oblique anastomoses as in the typical Indian
leaves.

The association in Brazil of Neuropteridium validum (= Odontop-
teris plantiana Carr.) and Gangamopterisj: (= Noaggeratliia ohovata
Carr.) is an interesting fact in view of the same association recorded
by Kurtz in the Argentine, and now known to occur in South Africa.
The specimens of Gangamopteris included in the recently acquired
collection from Vereeniging are inferior in preservation to the leaf
that I previously figured from the same locality (British Museum
Collection, V. 3615).

Plate XIII. , fig. 5 (A).

Part of a leaf showing numerous oblique and occasionally anasto-
mosing veins converging towards a central depression, where they
follow an approximately vertical course. The well-marked median
groove gives an exaggerated impression of a midrib, which in reality
is by no means as distinct as it is in a Glossoptcris frond.

FILICALES OR CYCADOFILICES ?

The genus NeurojJteridiuni has been as a matter of course assigned
to the ferns, but we must recognise the fact that the Indian and
Southern Hemisphere fronds have not as yet been found in a fertile
condition. Another point of importance is the resemblance as
regards vegetative characters between this genus and Neuropteris,
a fact which suggests the possibility that Neuropteridium , like
Neuropteris and Alethnpteris, may have been a plant in which
cycadean and filicinean characters were combined.

Genus NEUROPTERIDIUM, Scbimper.

Schimper suggested the name Neuropteridium as a subgenus of
Neuropteris in 1869 | for a type of frond from the Bunter of the

* CaiTuthers (69), pi. vi., tig. 1.

t See also Zeiller (95), pi. x.

X Schimper (69), p. 447 : Schimper and Mou^^eot (44), pi. xxxvi.

Si Annals of the South African Museum.

Vosges, which he named Neuroptcriclium granclifolia ; he defined
the subgenus as follows : —

" Frons simpliciter pinnata, pinnis integerrinis basi coarctatis,
infra mediam basim insertis ; nervo medio plus minusve distincto."

The long pinnate fronds of the type-species bore segments 4-5 cm.
in length and 2 cm. broad ; they differ in no essential features from
the leaf represented in pi. x., fig. 1.

In 1879 Feistmantel * published several drawings of large fronds
from Lower Gondwana rocks of India, which he at first designated
Neuropteris valicla, but afterwards f Neuropteridium validum. These
Indian specimens, as Feistmantel pointed out, bear a close resem-
blance to the Triassic European species described by Schimper and
Mougeot.j The only evidence at present available, so far as I am
aware, in regard to the nature of the reproductive organs of fronds
included in Neuropteridium is that afforded by specimens from the
Bunter rocks of the Vosges described by Schimper and Mougeot
under the name Crematoptcris. Zeiller § considers that the fossils
so named are the fertile fronds of Neuroptcridiuin, and suggest a
comparison with certain recent species of Lomaria. There is little
doubt that Crematopteris of Schimper and Mougeot represents the
fertile condition of a Triassic species of Neuropteridium from the
Vosges sandstone — N. imhricatitm S. and M. ; but the fertile pin-
nules exhibit nothing more than crowded dots or pits as shown in
the drawing (Schimper and Mougeot, pi. xxxv., fig. 3) without any
indication of sporangial structure. Granting the correctness of
Zeiller' s view, and that the reproductive organs are of the nature
of sporangia, we are still without information as to the nature of the
fertile leaves of Neuropteridium grandifolium, the Triassic species
which so closely resembles N. validium. No fertile examples have
been described from the Talchir-Karbarbari beds, where the southern
species is particularly abundant, and it may be that — like the
northern Palaeozoic genera Alethopteris, Neuropteris, and other
fern-like leaves — Neuropteridium bore Gymnospermous rather than
filicinean reproductive organs.

In dealing with genera that are regarded as characteristic members
of the Glossopteris flora it is important to consider their possible
relationship or identity with northern Palaeozoic types. The genus
Neuropteridium is usually described as a fern confined to the Lower
Gondwana rocks of India and South America and to the Bunter beds
of the Vosges in Europe. We are now able to extend the range to

* Feistnifintel (79, 79-), p. 10. t I^l>i<^- (81), p. 53.

\ Schimper and Mougeot (44). § Zeiller (00), p. 109.

Fossil Floras of Caim Colony. 85'

South Africa. There are, however, a few Northern Hemisphere
forms characteristic of Lower Carboniferous strata which exhibit a
very close agreement with Neuroptcridmm. The well-known Gardi-
opteris frondosa (Goepp.) from the Culm of Germany, as figured by
Stur,''= Schimper,f and others is characterised by large pinnate fronds
bearing semicircular entire segments in the lower part of the leaf
and longer and sHghtly lobed pinnules in the upper portion of the
frond, as in the African specimen represented in pi. x., fig. 1.

A portion of a pinnate frond almost identical with that shown on
pi. X. is figured by Fritsch from Thuringian Culm rocks as Archce-
opteris daivsoni Stur.]: A plant recently described by Grigoriew
from Qpper Carboniferous rocks of Russia as Ncuropteris cf. cordata
Brongn. var. dcnsineura is also very similar to the African frond,
and should hardly be referred to a distinct genus. § It is probably
better, at least more convenient, to retain the two names Gardiop-
teris and NciLroptcridiuvi ; but in some cases we must admit either
designation might be used with equal propriety as regards external
characters of the frond, irrespective of geographical distribution.
Gardiopteris as at present used denotes fronds usually of Lower
Carboniferous age characterised by pinnules that tend to be more
orbicular and less deeply lobed than those of Neuroptteridium ; the
latter genus, moreover, with the exception of the Vosges species,
forms an element of the southern Glossopteris flora, while the
former is northern in its range.

Neukopteridium validum Feist.
Plate X., fig. 1.

1869. Odontoptcris PlantianaOi\xv\xi\\em, Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 9,.

pi. vi., figs. 2, 3.
1878. Neuropteris valida Feistmantel, Mem. Geol. Surv. India,

Foss. Flor. Gondwana System, vol. iii., p. 10, pi. ii.-vi.
1880. Neuropteridium vcdidum Feistmantel, ibid. (1880), p. 84.
1894. Neuropteridium validum Kurtz, Revista del Mus. de la

Plata, vol. vi., p. 11, pi. 1.
1896. Neuropteridiavi validum Bodenbender, Zeit. Deutsch. Geol.

Ges., vol. xlviii., p. 772.

* Stur(7.5), p. 41, pi. xiii., xiv.

t Schimper (69), p. 4-33, pi. xxxv. ; also Schlumberger and Schimper (G2)
pi. XXV., p. 339.

+ Fritsch (97), pi. i., fig. 3, p. 90. § Grigoriew (98), pi. iv.

S6 Annals of the South African Museum.

Frond long and linear, pinnate, rachis strong, bearing pinnules
which in the lower part of the frond are entire and more or less
semicircular in form, and gradually pass into longer and lobed seg-
ments as we ascend the rachis. The longer pinnules, which may
reach a length of 6 cm. or more, are not attached by the whole of
the base, like the stouter and broader segments in the basal portion
of the frond, but the basal lobe of the upper edge of the segment is
free from the rachis. Apex of pinnules bluntly rounded. Veins
spreading, curving towards the edge of the pinnules with repeated
■dichotomous branching, and converging in the longer segments to
form a fairly distinct midrib in the lower part of the lamina.

The discovery of Neuropteridium at Vereeniging by Mr. Leslie, to
which allusion has been made in a recently published article,"
affords a very interesting confirmation of the striking similarity
between the vegetation of the Talchir-Karharberi series of India and
that of South America and South Africa. There can be no reason-
able doubt as to the identity of the Indian species and the plant
from Vereeniging. Similarly Carruthers' OdontoiJteris ijlantiana
from Eio Grande do Sul, Brazil, is undoubtedly the same type, and
Kurtz has already recognised the identity of Argentine specimens
with Feistmantel's species. The type-specimens of Carruthers'
plant from Brazil are in the British Museum Collection, and an
examination of them confirms my opinion as to the identity of the
Brazilian, African, and Indian fronds.

Plate X., figs. 1, la, Ih (XXII.).

Fig. 1 is drawn slightly less than natural size. Frond 54 cm. long.
The basal portion is probably close to the actual termination, but the
apex has not been preserved. The lowest pinnule, which is almost
■orbicular in outline, is approximately 2-5 cm. in breadth and 2 cm.
in length ; the spreading and forked veins are faintly indicated. The
fourth segment from the bottom of the rachis is 2-6 cm. long and
2-9 cm. broad, the margin appears to be entire, but the upper edge
is flatter than the more strongly arched lower margin. The next
pinnule is shghtly larger, and shows the beginning of a subdivision
of the lamina into broad lobes. Pinnule number 7 reaches a
length of 5 cm., and has well-marked lobes with the NciLropteris type
of venation. This segment is shown very slightly larger than

* Seward (02).

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 87

natural size in fig. la. The ninth pinnule is 6 cm. long ; pinnule
number 13 is shown approximately natural size in fig. Ih. Towards
the apical margin of the frond the segments gradually decrease in
size, precisely as in the Indian examples described by Feistmantel.

Plate X., fig. 2 (XXVI.).

A piece of the rachis near the base of a frond showing
semicircular and orbicular segments. The veins are not seen.
Associated with Glossoptcris fronds.

LYCOPODIALES.

Genus (?) BOTHRODENDEON Lindley and Hutton.

BOTHKODENDEON LESLII Sp. nOV.

Plate XL, figs. 1, la, Ih, 4, 5, 6.

One of the most striking differences between the Upper Carbo-
niferous and Lower Permian vegetation of the Northern Hemisphere
on the one hand, and the Indian and Southern Hemisphere Glossop-
teris flora on the other, is the absence in the latter of many of the
most abundant and characteristic northern genera such as Galamitcs,
Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, and others. In recent years, however,
instances have been recorded of the admixture of northern Palaeozoic
types with members of the Glossoptcris flora : this is notal^ly the
case in South America and South Africa. Prior to the appearance
of the Glossoptcris flora in Australia there existed in that continent,'''
as in South America, f certain species of plants closely resembling
European types — a fact pointing to a greater uniformity in the vege-
tation of extreme northern and southern latitudes during the Lower
Carboniferous period than prevailed at a later stage. Lower Carbo-
niferous plants have been recorded liy Carruthers, [: Feistmantel,?
Etheridge,|| and others from Australia, which exhibit a more or less
close agreement with certain species in the Northern Hemisphere.
Such genera o^sBhacopteris, Bothrodcndron, and Lepidodendron afford
instances of a close correspondence between the extreme northern
flora of the Arctic regions and that which existed in the far south.

* Feistmantel (90). t Kurtz (94). See also Zeiller ('j7).

+ Carruthers (72). S Feistmantel (90).

ji Ethericlge (90) (90=) ; Jack and Etheridge (92).

88 Annals of the South African Museum.

From South x\m erica Lower Carboniferous plants are recorded by
Szajnocha ''■ and Kurtz,t which, hke those from Austraha, point
to the ahnost world-wide occurrence of a vegetation of uniform
facies.

It has often been stated that such European types as Calamitcs,
Lejndoclendron, and others, also occur in South x\frica, but apart from
the recently recorded instances of the association of Sigillaria with
Glossopteris, &c., it appears to be the case that the statement quoted
by one author from another is based in part on incorrect determina-
tion, and largely on a confusion of localities, English or American
Coal-Measure fossils having been erroneously assigned to a South
African locality. In 1871 Grey I referred to the occurrence of
Lepidodendron and Sigillaria in the Stormberg district, but Professor
Eupert Jones § expressed his belief that the plants in question were
either American or English. I have no doubt, as Eupert Jones
pointed out, that Grey's specimens were not originally obtained from
Africa ; this belief is founded on an examination of several specimens
in the British Museum (V. 235, V. 2390, V. 3267), e.g., Catamites,
Calamocladus, Lejndodendron, and others, said to have been obtained
from Stormberg beds.

We may next consider what authentic evidence is available bear-
ing on the occurrence of Lepidodendroid plants in South African
rocks. A few years ago Mr. David Draper, of Johannesburg, for-
warded a collection of plants to me from several localities in the
Transvaal. Among them were several specimens from Vereeniging,
w4aich I described |1 as Sigillaria brardi Brongn., a species charac-
teristic of a high horizon in the North Hemisphere Coal-Measures,
and met with also in Permian rocks. This Sigillaria was found in
association with Glossopteris, Gangamopteris, and Noeggerathiopsis,
in strata assigned to a Permo-Carboniferous age. Before dealing
with the recently discovered plant represented in pi. xi., reference
may be made to a few specimens in the British Museum which
afford additional illustrations of South African Lycopodiaceous
plants. The fossil represented in text-figure 8 (V. 236) was obtained
from a locality spoken of as Atherstone Quarry, Kowie. It consists
of a piece of flattened stem, 8 cm. long and 2'5 cm. broad, bearing
spirally disposed circular protuberances and curved linear append-
ages, presumably leaves, of which some are shown in attachment to
the edge of the impression. The preservation is not sufficiently

* Szajnocha (91). f Kurtz (94). + Grey (71).

§ Jones (84). || Seward (97).

Fosdl Floras of Ccq^e Colony.

89

good to allow of specific determination, but there can be little doubt
that the fragment belonged to a Lepidodendroid plant.

Text-figure h.

Lepidodendroid stem. (Nat. size.)
From a specimen in the British Museum (V. 236).

A few other fragments in the Museum Collection (V. 2424:) are
stated to have been obtained from a locality near Port Alfred, Kowie
mouth.

An obscure specimen (V. 2423), which may represent a fragment
of a Lepidodendroid plant (? Botlirodendron), was found in a boulder
from the Prince Albert Eange, possibly from the Witteberg. The
Museum Collection also includes similar fragments from Lower
Albany (V. 240), which may be of Devonian age." In addition to
these fragments there are two imperfectly preserved sandstone casts
obtained by Mr. Draper from Zwartkoppies, Vredefort, in the Orange
Eiver Colony, which are no doubt partially decorticated stems of
some Lepidodendroid plant.

It is possible that the specimen represented in text-figure 8 and
that from the Prince Albert Eange may be of Devonian age. In
this connection it may be mentioned that a small specimen from
Witteberg included in the collection recently sent to me (No. 53a) is
in all probability a fragment of a Lepidodendroid stem.

* An example of a Lepidodendroid plant
of 1897, p. 313.

referred to by Mr. Draper in his paper

90 Annals of the South African 2It(,seum.

The specimen represented in pi. xi., fig. 1, does not show the
surface features of the plant sufficiently clearly to enable one to
determine its affinity with certainty ; it is, I believe, a Lepidoden-
droid species, but we have no satisfactory indication of the nature of
the appendages borne on the spirally disposed scars. In all prob-
ability, however, the appendages were leaves, and the fossils present
the appearance of aerial rather than subterranean organs.

My friend Professor Zeiller has drawn my attention to some frag-
ments figured by Feistmantel * in his memoir on the Damuda and
Panchet beds of India, referred to as pieces of the stem of a coniferous
plant, probably Bhipidopsis, which bear a resemblance to the
Vereeniging fossils. We may also suggest a comparison with a
specimen figured by Schmalhausen from Petschora as a piece of the
stem of Bhipidopsis ginhgoidesA Feistmantel's specimens are too
indistinct to determine, and there is no satisfactory evidence in
support of his determination. The Petschora fossil seems to agree
more closely with the Vereeniging stems, and may be Lepidoden-
droid. I am indebted to Professor Zeiller for suggesting that the
fossils represented on pi. xi., figs. 1, 4, 5, 6, may be gymnospermous
stems, their scars being very similar to the leaf-scars of the branches
of recent species of Abies. It must be admitted that the surface
features of the African specimens do not conform in detail to those
of Bothrodendron, but in all probability we have to deal with par-
tially decorticated stems, which would not exhibit the parichnos
scars nor the characteristic sculpturing of the bark. The apparently
dichotomous branching shown in fig. 4 is, I think, an additional
argument in favour of assigning the specimens to the Lycopodiales.

In his recent and very important memoir on Upper Devonian
plants of Bear Island, Professor Nathorst figures numerous examples
of a Lepidodendroid plant which he identifies as Bothrodendron
kiltorkensc (Haugh.).| Haughton's species, Gyclostigma kiltor-
kense, § from the Kiltorkan beds of Ireland, was placed in the genus
Bothrodendron by Kidston 1| as the result of an examination of a
series of specimens in the Dublin Museum. Some of these Arctic
specimens bear so close a resemblance to the South African plant
that one might be almost tempted to regard the two as identical
species. My friend Professor Nathorst, to whom I forwarded a
drawing of the African stems agrees with me that they may belong

* Feistmantel (81^), pi. xlvii.((, figs. 5-7.

t Schmalhausen (79), pi. viii., fig. 12.

I Nathorst (02), p. 31, pi. x.-xiv.

§ Haughton (60). |i Kidston (89), p. GG.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 91

to a species of Bothrodendron, but considers them specifically distinct
from B. kiltorkense. The small forked specimen shown in fig. 4 may-
be matched almost exactly with Nathorst's figs. 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, and 11
in pi. xi. of the Bear Island Memoir. The larger and more perfect
specimen from Vereeniging (pi. xi., fig. 1) also agrees closely with some
of Nathorst's examples. In spite of the close superficial agreement, I
believe the African plant to be a distinct species — a view which my
friend Mr. Kidston also unhesitatingly adopts. In the stems from
South Africa I am unable to detect any trace of the two lateral scars,
representing the parichnos, shown in some of Nathorst's figures of
the leaf-scars of Bothrodendron kiltorkense ; the absence of the
parichnos scars may be due to the partial decortication of the stems.
Another plant which may be compared with the African species is
Cijclostigma cmstrale, as figured by Peistmantel ■■'• from Devonian
rocks of New South Wales. This Australian type is possibly
identical with Haughton's species. The variation in the arrange-
ment of the scars is in accordance with a reference of the fossils to
the Lycopodiales ; striking examples of SigiUaria wnth leaf-scars
closely approximated in certain regions of the stem, and farther
apart in other regions, have been figured by Kidston, Zeiller, and
other authors.

The Vereeniging plant appears to agree as regards the size, form and
arrangement of the scars with the genus Bothrodendron (including
under this term Ci/ do stigma) more closely than with other members
of the Lycopodiales. I purpose to designate the specimens Botliro-
dendron leslii.

Plate XL, figs. 1, la, lb (XXL).

A piece of a stem, 29 cm. long, and varying in breadth from 1-5 to
2 cm. The small piece at the upper end — as shown in the drawing
— is at a higher level than the rest, and shows the almost circular
scars as prominences with a central depression. Below this the
scars occur as depressions with a central umbo, and in some of them
one is able to detect a small pit in the centre of the umbo {la), the
pit no doubt marking the position of the vascular bundle, which
supphed the spirally disposed appendages. In all probabiUty the
uppermost piece of the specimen is the impression of the outer, but
partially decorticated, surface of the organ, while the remainder of
the specimen represents the inner face of the compressed cortex, the
internal tissues — wood and pith— having been removed. At c the

* Feistmantel (00), pi. xi.

92 Annals of tJie South African Museum.

scars become more crowded and the sm'face shows signs of wrink-
Hng — no doubt the result of contraction on drying. Lower dowm the
scars again become more scattered, and later, b, the more crowded
disposition recurs. The enlarged drawing of the region b (lb) shows
more clearly the nature of the scars and their arrangement : in many
of them the preservation is not sufficiently good to show the vascular
bundle pit in the central umbo. Below the region b the surface
features become more obscure.

Plate XI., fig. 4 (B).

This fragment is of interest as showing the dichotomous branch-
ing ; the scars are precisely like those of the larger specimen, but
their preservation is less perfect.

Plate XI., fig. 5 (XX.).
An obscurely preserved and wrinkled specimen, similar to xxi.
(fig- !)•

Plate XI., fig. 6 (XX.).

A larger branched fragment, bearing scars like those of xxi.
(fig. 1), bat showing the surface features much less clearly. There
are indications here and there of impressions suggesting narrow
linear, leaf-like appendages lying on the stem, but the preservation
is too poor to enable one to recognise any certain traces of
appendages.

? GINKGO ALES.

Genus PSYGMOPHYLLUM Schimper.

This genus was instituted by Schimper in 1870 ■■'■ for leaves of
Permian and Upper Carboniferous age previously referred to Noegge-
rathia. He defined it as follows : — ■

" Folia pinnatisecta, pinnis erecto patentibus, e basi valde angus-
tata flabelliformibus, longitudinaliter flabellatim plicatis, plus minus
profunde pinnatisectis, vel margine lobatis sen crenatis ; nervis
plusies dichotomis, erecto-radiantibus. Vernatio foliorum verti-
caliter involuta."

Psygmophyllum is placed by Schimper among the Cycads, while
later authors I have preferred to regard the lobed and wedge-shaped

* Bchimper (70), p. 192. f Saporta (84), p. 230 ; Zeiller (00), p. 251.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 93

leaves as probably those of a member of the Ginkgoales. We have,
however, no evidence beyond such as is afforded by the not very
close resemblance of the leaves to those of Ginkgo that can be
accepted as in any way deciding the position of Schimper's genus. '■-

The genus Ginkgophyllum \yas adopted by Eenault and Saporta t
for leaves which cannot be distinguished from Psygmophylhim, but I
see no reason for substituting the more committal term for Schimper's
older designation. Feistmantel's Eurypliyllum lohittianum X from
the Karharbari Coal-field may be compared with Psygmophyllum as
regards the tapered base of the leaves and their arrangement on
the stem, but the Ginkgo-like form of the bilobed lamina affords a
distinctive feature of the latter genus.

Psygmophyllum kidstoni, sp. nov.
Plate XII., fig. 1.

Vegetative shoots woody, bearing spirally disposed leaves. Leaves
wedge-shaped, reaching a length of 13 cm., usually divided by a deep
median sinus into two narrow wedge-shaped lobes, truncate distally
and tapering gradually to the proximal end of the lamina. Leaves
sessile, attached to the axis by a narrow base. The lamina is
traversed by numerous spreading and occasionally forked veins
following a course parallel to the edge of the leaf.

Organs of reproduction unknown.

Leaves of the Psygmophyllum type have hitherto been recorded
from the following regions and geological horizons : —

Psygmopliylliuti flahdlatum (L. and H.),i; Coal-Measures of New-
castle-upon-Tyne, England.

Psygmophiilliim ivilliamsoni, Nath,|| Culm beds of Spitzbergen.

Ginkgophyllum flahcllatum (L. and H.), Eenault, Cours. Bot. Foss.
1881, p. 65, pi. vii., fig. 5.

Psygmophyllum expansum (Brongn.),*i Permian of Eussia.

Psygmophylluvi grasscti (Sap.),"'"'' Permian of Lodeve.

Ginkgopiiyllum minus, Sandb.ft Coal-Measures or Permain of the
Black Forest.

* Seward and Gowan (00), p. 136.
t Eenault (81), p. 65; Saporta (84), p. 230.

+ Feistmantel (79), pi. xxi. § Lindley and Hutton (32), pi. xxviii., xxix.

II Nathorst (94), pi. ii., figs. 1, 2.

^ Murchison (45), vol. ii., p. 9, pi. E. See also d'Eichwald (55), pi. xiii., fig. 17,
and Schmalhausen (87), p. 18, pi. iii., iv.

** Saporta (84), p. 228, pi. clii., fig. 2. ft Sandberger (90), p. 101.

94 Annals of tlie South African Museum.

Two specimens of Psygmophyllum fiabcllatum in the British
Museum from the Coal-Measures of Newcastle (England) bear so close
a resemblance to the South African plant that I am unable to detect
any well-marked differences. One of these specimens (40578) is a
large leaf tapering gradually to a narrow basal region with a lamina
15 cm. long and 11-5 cm. broad, agreeing in size and shape with the
example shown in pi. xih. The other specimen (38927) shows an
axis like that represented in pi. xiii. bearing portions of two long
wedge-shaped leaves. The collection includes a similar specimen,
but less clearly preserved, from the Province of Perm, in Eussia,
referred to Psijgmopliyllum expansum Brongn.,* a type which is
probably closely related to the species of Lindley and Hutton.f
Nathorst's [: Psygmopkyllum wilUanisonl from Spitzbergen bears a
resemblance to P. hidstoni, and is of interest as coming from
a lower horizon than the other examples of the genus. Several
fossils have been figured by Schmalhausen from the Permian of
Eussia under the generic name Psygmophyllum, and some of these
undoubtedly represent species bearing a close resemblance l^oth to
P. flabellatum (L. and H.) of the English Coal-Measures and to the
Vereeniging plant ; this is the case with some at least of the speci-
mens referred by Schmalhausen to Brongniart's species Psygmo-
p)hyllum expansum.ii On the other hand, such forms as that
represented in his fig. 11, pi. iii. — referred to P. cuncifolmm (Bvongn.)
— can hardly be accepted as species of this genus. The specimen
named by Schmalhausen Baiera gigas \\ is in all probability a leaf of
Psygmophyllum, and may indeed be identical with the African plant.

The leaves from Eussia described by Schmalhausen as Rhipidopsis
ginkoides *! differ from those of the African plant in being compound,
but the individual leaflets are very similar to the leaves represented
in pi. xiii. Under the name Archceopteris archetypus the same author
has figured leaves from Upper Devonian age in Eussia ''"'' which may
be compared with Psygmophyllum hidstoni ; the habit of the branch
as shown in one of Schmalhausen's figures (pi. ii.) appears to be
identical with that of the African plant. Nosggcrathia foliosa Sternb.,
a species characteristic of the Eadnitz Coal-Measures, Bohemia, and
described by Feistmantel from Silesia, ft also bears a resemblance to

* Brongniart in Murchison (4-5), pi. E.

t Lindley and Hutton (32), pi. xxviii.-xxix.

+ Nathorst (94), pi. ii., figs. 1, '2.

§ Schmalhausen (87), pi. ill., fig. 10; pi. iv., figs. 1-6.

II Op. cit., pi. v., fig. 10. •: Schmalhausen (79), pi. vi.

** Ibid. (94), p. 28, pi. ii. ft Feistmantel (75), pi. v., fig. 1.

Fossil Floras of Gape Colony. 95

the Vereeniging plant as regards the form, venation, and manner of
attachment of the leaves. As an example of a plant from a higher
geological horizon not unlike the African type, reference may be
made to Nosggerathia vogesiaca Bronn from the Eaibl Ehsetic beds,
but Bronn's plant has a broader axis, and the longer leaves are
disposed in two rows like the pinnae of a Cycadean frond.'''

Plate XII., fig. 1 (XXIII.).

The woody and fairly stout axis reaches a length of 34 cm., the
leaves appear to be arranged spirally, and in some of them the
attachment to the axis is clearly shown. The venation is faintly
indicated, but sufficiently obvious to show that the lamina is
traversed by numerous veins following a course approximately
parallel to the edges of the leaf. The leaf a, which is incomplete,
and may indeed represent half the original lamina, shows the gradual
tapering towards the base. Leaf b is still attached to the axis, and
illustrates the bilobed character, the wedge-shaped lamina being
divided by a deep median sinus into two halves, one of which has
become pressed down to a slightly lower level in the matrix of the
rock than the other. In the incomplete and lobed lamina of leaf c
the veins are fairly distinct. A portion of leaf d is seen in direct
continuity with the axis. The lamina of leaf e is almost perfect, and
shows the bilobed character very clearly.

CORD AIT ALES.

Genus NCEGGEEATHIOPSIS, Feistmantel. ,

Feistmantel's generic name instituted in 1879 i is another illustra-
tion of the influence of geographical distribution on nomenclature.
Had the leaves referred to this genus been found in European
Palaeozoic rocks there can be little doubt that they would have been
described under the name Cordaites. Professor Zeiller I has drawn
attention to slight differences as regards venation between the leaves
of the two genera, and in fragments of cuticle detached from a South
African specimen the disposition of the stomata appears to differ to
some extent from that in Cordaites. Kurtz § in a recent note has
incidentally referred to the more spreading arrangement of the veins

* Bronn (oS), pi. vi. f Feistmantel (79), p. 23.

+ Zeiller {'M>), p. 23. See also Feistmantel (90). g Kurtz (03), p. 2-5.

96 Annals of the South African Museum.

as a distinguishing character of Noeggeratldopsis, but the concensus
of opinion favours the view that these northern and southern leaves
with parallel or slightly spreading veins belong to closely allied
genera, and should both be included in the Cordaitales. In his
recent memoir on Lower Gondwana plants Zeiller '•' expresses himself
strongly in favour of regarding Naggerathiopsis hislopi (Bunb.) as a
species of the Cordaitese, and very closely allied to Cordaites. Solms-
Laubach,! Krasser,;]: Arber,^ and other authors adopt a similar
view.

The leaves of Heer's genus Phmnicopsis, which I believe to be
identical with Zeugoplnjllitcs, differ from the broader leaves of
Naggerathiopsis in the absence of the frequent dichotomous branch-
ing of the veins. As Zeiller says, we cannot resist the inference
that the Gymnospermous seeds found in association with Noeggera-
thiopsis in the Karharbari beds may, like the European Cardiocarpus
seeds in association with Cordaites, have been borne by this southern
member of the Cordaitese. || The leaf from Tonking named by
Zeiller ^ Nceggerathiopsis liislopi bears so close a resemblance to the
Stormberg plant PhcBnicopsis elongata that I am inclined to think
the latter generic name more appropriate than Naggerathiopsis.

NCEGGEKATHIOPSIS HISLOPI (Bunb.).

Plate X., fig. 5; Plate. XIII., figs. 2-4.

1861. Nceggerathia Hislopi, Bunbury, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,

vol. xvii., p. 334, pi. x., fig. 5.
1879. Nceggerathiop)sis Hislopi, Feistmantel, Foss. Flor. Gondwana

System, vol. iii., p. 23, pis. xix., xx., xxviii., xxix., xxx.
1879. ? Bhiptozamites Goepperti, Schmalhausen, Mem. Acad, imp.,

St. Petersburg, vol. xxvii. [7] , p. 32, pi. iv., figs. 2-4 ;

pi. vii., figs. 23-27.
1887. Bhiptozauiitcs Goepperti, Schmalhausen, Mem. Com. Geol.,

vol. ii.. No. 4, pi. v., fig. 6.
1890. Cf. Naggerathiopsis spathulata and N. media, Feistmantel,

Mem. Geol. Surv., N.S. Wales, p. 154, pi. xxi.,

figs. 3-5.
1897. NceggeratJiiopsis Hislopi, Seward, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,

vol. liii., p. 322, pi. xxi., fig. 4&.

* Zeiller (02), p. 31. t Solms-Laubach (91), p. 110.

+ Krasser (00). § Arber (02).

II Zeiller (02), p. 32. M Ibid. (82), pi. xii., fig. 13 (02=), pi. xl.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 97

1894. Nccfjijcrathiopsis Hislopi, Kurtz, Eevist. Mus. de la Plata,

p. 15, pi. iii., figs. 3, 4 ; pi. iv., figs. 1-3.
1896. Nagfjcratliioiosis Hislopi, Zeiller, Bull. soc. geol. France,

vol. xxiv. [3], p. 372, figs. 16, 17, and pi. xviii.,

figs. 6-9.
1898. Nceggeratlnopsis Hislopi, Seward, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,

vol. liv., p. 93.
1900. 7 Noeggerathiopsis Hislopi, Potonie, Deutsch-Ostafrika,

Bd. vii., p. 7.
1902. 7 No&ggcrathiopsis Gocpperti, Arher, Qusivt. Journ. Geol. Soc,

vol. Iviii., p. 17, pi. i., figs. 1, 2.

Leaves broadly linear, varying considerably in size and shape,
traversed by numerous parallel veins exhibiting dichotomous branch-
ing, more especially in the basal portion of the lamina, but occasion-
ally also in other parts of the leaf. In the longer leaves the veins
follow a straight course through the greater part of the lamina, but
in the shorter and obovate leaves the veins tend to diverge towards
the edges in the upper part of the lamina. The epidermal cells have
rectilinear walls.

The Eussian fossils originally referred by Schmalhausen ■'• to
Bhiptozamites from strata which are said to be of Jurassic age, but
which have been more recently demonstrated by Zeiller f to be
Palgeozoic, are no doubt very closely allied to Noeggerathiopsis
hislopi. Bhiptozamites goepperti is recorded also from Eussian
Permian rocks by Schmalhausen, and the leaf figured in his pi. v.,
fig. 6 I can hardly be specifically distinguished from the smaller
forms of Noeggerathiopsis hislopi from Vereeniging. Feistmantel §
and Zeiller || have both drawn attention to the resemblance between
Bhiptozamites and Corclaites, and there can be little doubt that
Schmalhausen's plant should be placed in the Cordaitege and regarded
as generally identical with Noeggerathiopsis or Corclaites. Arber •
has described imperfect leaves from Austraha which, as he observes,
are probably identical with the Eussian type ; he notes the close
resemblance between Bunbury's species N. hislopi and N. goepperti,
but prefers to retain both specific names.

Plate XIII., fig. 4 (XXIV.).
Part of the torn lamina of a leaf, incomplete at both ends. The
leaf is traversed by slightly spreading and crowded veins which

* Schmalhausen (79). f Zeiller (9(3=). + Schmalhausen (87).

§ Feistmantel (90), p. 153. || Zeiller (96=), p. 475. •[ Arber (02), p. 17, pi. i.
7

'98 Annals of the Soiitli African Museum.

occasionally bifurcate. The lamina is curved so as to present a
convex surface; it extends distally into the sandstone, so that the
apparently triangular apex does not represent the actual termination
but merely the boundary of the exposed part of the specimen. This
leaf may be compared also with Eurypliyllum, as figured by Feist-
mantel from India.

Plate XIII., fig. 2 (XXI.).

Part of a leaf 12-5 cm. long and 4 cm. broad. The venation is not
very clearly shown, but the specimen is of interest on account of its
striking resemblance to a leaf of Cordaites.

Other specimens: Fragments occur on specimens xx., xxi., xxii.,
xxiv. One clearly preserved impression (xxi. 6) represents a broad
linear leaf like that shown in pi. xiii., fig. 2, but with a narrow basal
termination.

Plate XIII., fig. 3 (XXV.) (4 nat. size).

A torn leaf 10 cm. long, showing the original form of the lamina.
The slightly spreading veins appear to be rather farther apart than
those in the specimen shown in fig. 4, but this need not necessarily
indicate a specific difi^erence, as some at least of the finer ridges
in fig. 4 may represent hypodermal strands of mechanical tissue such
as are known to occur in the leaves of Cordaites.

Plate X., fig. 5 (XX.).

Part of a leaf showing the veins more clearly. The narrow end of
the fragment does not represent the actual apex, as the lamina
extends further into the rock. The veins are numerous and more
oblique to the margin than in the other figured specimens.

PLANT OF DOUBTFUL POSITION.
A. — Ehizome ok Eoot.

Plate XII., fig. 2 (XX.).

This imperfect specimen, represented natural size in the drawing,
may be a rhizome giving off numerous branched roots, but it is
impossible to speak with confidence as to its precise nature. It is
perhaps not improbable that the fossil may be part of the rhizome,

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 99

with roots, of Glossoptcris ; a comparison may be suggested with the
figure of Vertebraria [Glossoptcris) published by Bunbury."

5.— Stem.
On specimen xxi. occurs a flattened impression of a w^oody stem
55 cm, long and 4 cm. broad, showing a well-defined pear-shaped
branch- scar. In the absence of petrified woody tissue I am unable
to offer any opinion worthy of expression as to the affinity of the
fossil.

III.— CONCLUSION.

The plants from Worcester are unfortunately too few in number
and too fragmentary to enable one to make a definite statement as to
the age of the beds, but so far as the evidence goes it points to a close
resemblance of the flora with that which is more abundantly repre-
sented in the plants of the Vereeniging sandstones. I shall, therefore,
confine myself to the question of the age and correlation of the
Vereeniging species. It has been pointed out in the section of this
paper dealing with Bothrodcndron that the supposed occurrence of
European species of Lepidodendron, Calamites, and Pccopteris in
South African rocks is in all probability erroneous.

The European Permian and Coal-Measure species Sigillaria brardi
Brongn. is represented by satisfactory specimens obtained from the
Vereeniging rocks, and we ax'e now able to add a second example of
the Lycopodiales to the list of South African plants, but there is
absolutely no proof that the Northern Hemisphere Permo-Carboni-
ferous flora existed in Africa south of the Zambesi in Portuguese
East Africa.! Without attempting a complete survey of the literature
dealing with South African plants, which there is good reason for
. assigning to a Palaeozoic horizon, w^e may briefly consider the general
facies of the vegetation of which remnants have been recorded.
Leaving out of account such • fragments as cannot be satisfactorily
determined, we may regard the following types as a representative
series of the older vegetation of the Transvaal, Cape Colony, and other
districts. Numerous specimens of Glossoptcris have recently been
obtained from Zululand and in Natal this genus and other Palgeozoic
plants are known to occur. Potonie has also recently described a few
forms from Portuguese and German East Africa, but the greater
number of the plants mentioned in the following list are from the
neighbourhood of Johannesburg, Vereeniging, and other localities in
the Transvaal.

* Bunbury (Gl), pi. xi. t Zeiller (83).

100

Annals of the South African Museum.

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Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 101

The conclusion to be drawn from the Vereeniging plants is that
they belong to a flora which flourished in South Africa, India,
South America, and Austraha during some portion of the Permo-
Carboniferous epoch. On the whole, it would seem probable that
the age of the plant-beds corresponds most nearly with the Upper
Carboniferous period as represented in Europe. It is of necessity
•difficult to attempt to express the geological age or homotaxy of
South African beds in terms of the geological chronology of the
Northern Hemisphere, but the close correspondence of some of the
Vereeniging types with Indian and South American species points to
their correlation with the Karharbari beds of the Lower Gondwana
system. The occurrence of such types as Sigillaria, Bothrodendron,
and Psygmophyllum shows a closer correspondence between the
South African flora and that of the Northern Hemisphere than occurs
in the Indian vegetation ; we have evidence of an overlapping or
commingling of the northern and southern botanical provinces " in
South Africa and in South America that is not afforded by the Lower
•Gondwana floras of India and Australia.

* Zeiller (97).

102 Annals of the South African Museum.

lY.—WITTEBEBG SERIES.

I DO not propose to enter into a discussion as to the stratigraphy
of the Witteberg beds :" the numerous examples of S2nrophyto7i which
they have afforded do not, in my opinion, supply a clue to their
geological age, A small and obscure fragment of a Lepidodendroid
plant, which is the only recognisable and undoubted fossil plant
included in the collection, would be in accordance with the i-eference
of the series either to the Carboniferous or Devonian period. Con-
sidering the relation to the Witteberg series to the rocks containing
the species described in Part III. of this Memoir, it would seem
probable that they belong rather to the Devonian than to the
Carboniferous epoch.

LEPIDODENDEOID PLANT.

(53a) A small and obscure impression on a quartzose rock showing
crowded and spirally disposed projections. Too small and imperfect
to determine. From Eooiberg, Breede Eiver.

EOOTS (?)

The quartzose I'ocks in which the Sinrophyton occurs contain also
some radially disposed and comparatively deep grooves, which differ
from the ridges and grooves of Spirophyton in being straight and few
in number ; they probably represent roots which spread into the
sand from a central axis. The preservation is not sufficiently good
to enable one to hazard a suggestion as to the nature of the plant to
which they belonged, but they certainly differ from the typical Spiro-
phyton, and should not be included under that head.

(44a) A large block of quartzite with a funnel-shaped depression on
one face, the sides of which are marked by irregular deep grooves
which may have been formed by radially disposed roots.

(45a, 47a, 50a) A smaller specimen showing at one end half of a
conical elevation bearing radially arranged grooves ; on the face of
rock exposed in a longitudinal section through the apex of the conical
elevation one sees indications of a central line or axis, from which
iron-stained bands extend through the matrix. This specimen,.

* See Feistmantel (89) ; Annual Keport (99).

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 105

like 44a, 45a, and 47a, does not exhibit the typical S^nrojyhyton
characters.

Genus SPIROPHYTON, Hall.
(Probably of mechanical and not vegetable origin.)

Among the specimens from Cape Colony there are a few large
blocks of hard quartzose rock containing well-marked impressions of
the problematical fossil Spirophyton from the Witteberg sandstone,
1 mile N.E. of Touws Eiver Station, from Zout Kloof, 3 miles E.S.E.
of Ladismith and from the north bank of the Touws River at Letta's
Kraal.

The Reports of the South African Geological Commission contain
several references to the abundance of Spirophyton cauda-galli in
the Witteberg quartzites ; * it is mentioned as being particularly
abundant towards the top of this series, and is regarded as a
convenient and apparently trustworthy means of recognising the
Witteberg beds.

In 1842 Vanuxemf published a figure of a " fucoid," which he
described as occurring in great abundance in the so-called Cauda-
Galh Grit of the Ithaca group, Madison County. Vanuxem's fossil
was afterwards figured by Hall]: under the name Spirophyton cauda-
galli Van. as occurring in North American strata referred to the
Devonian period, and described as a plant consisting of a slender
axis bearing a thin and broad spirally disposed "phyllome." Hall,
as well as several other authors, compared the fossil with certain
recent Algae. The authors of the Palaeobotanical volume of Zittel's
Handhachder Palceontologie § include Spirophyton with other similar
forms in the group Alectorurideae ; this group comprises examples
ranging in age from Silurian to Tertiary strata. There can be little
doubt that the fossils referred to Schimper's genus Alectorurus \\ of
Silurian age, as well as those included in such genera as Canccllo-
phycus ^ and Taoimnis '•'* from Mesozoic strata, without mentioning^
others from Upper Palaeozoic | f and Tertiary rocks, might equally
well be designated Spirophyton. It is evident that Vanuxem's genus,
whatever its nature may be, is met with in sedimentary rocks of
almost all geological formations. Nathorst \ I speaks of the Alecto-
rurideae as occurring in such a position in sedimentary strata as must.

* Annual Reports (97), pp. 19, 56, 64; (98), pp. 16, 49, 61 ; (99), p. 35.
t Vanuxem (42), pp. 128, 177, figs. p. 128. + Hall (63).

§ Zittel (90), p. 54. |1 7Z;irf., fig. 43, p. 55. •[ i6ir/., p. 57.

** Heer (76), pi. xlviii. ft Lesqueieux (79), pi. A. \\ Nathorst, (86-). p. 45,

104 Annals of the South African Museum.

lead to the conclusion that, if they be organic, they must have lived
-on the spot M'here they occur as fossils. But as they are found in
deposits v^here they could have had no convenient support on which
to grow, the opinion to which he is driven is that Sjnrojihyton and
allied forms are of mechanical origin and do not represent Algae or
other organisms.

Potoni6-'= reproduces a figure of Spiroi)hyton cifeliense originally
published by Kayser f from Lower Devonian rocks ; he states that
by stirring sand in water he was able to produce an appearance like
that of the typical Spirophyton. In an exhaustive memoir byFuchs:^
Spirophyton and other problematical forms are discussed in detail ;
this author describes an Eocene specimen in the Pisa Museum
having a diameter of 40 cm. ; he deals also with Tertiary examples
from the Plysch and elsewhere. Reference is also made to the well-
known screw-like fossils from America § — the Devil's corkscrew or
Daimonelia, and Spiraxis, described by NewbeiTy, Barbour, James,
and others ; Fuchs expresses the opinion that these various fossils
are all of similar nature and do not represent impressions of plants.
He suggests that Spirophyton and similar markings may owe their
origin to some animal, probably a worm, which produced a spiral
cavity in sand or other sediment, and another comparison he makes
is with the spawn-bands (" Laichbander ") of certain nudibranchs
{e.g., Doris).

The examination of the Spirophyton specimens from South Africa
confirms my suspicion that this abundant " fossil " owes its origin to
mechanical causes. Spirophyton has so extended a geological range
that this fact alone makes one pause in describing it as a fossil alga ;
persistent types are well knowm to occur, but an organism with the
persistence of Spirophyton can only be recognised as such on con-
vincing evidence. The occurrence of this fossil in rocks, which are
in some instances almost destitute of undoubted oi-ganic remains, is
another fact to which some weight should be attached. But it is the
nature of the specimens themselves that furnishes the strongest
argument against the acceptance of Spirophyton as an organism.
The strong and prominent ridges curving outward from a central
point do not convey the impression of records that are likely to have
been left by the thallus of an alga in a bed of sandstone ; the occur-
rence of the fossils in a vertical position traversing several inches of
a quartzose rock is a fact easier of explanation on the mechanical
theory of their origin. My view is that these Witteberg Spiro-

* Potonie (99), p. 39. \ Kayser (72).

\ Fuchs (95), p. 410. S Newberry (8.5); James (95), &c.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 105

phytons have probably been formed by swirling water which has
left an impress in the form of obliquely striated and prominent
ridges (pi. xiv.) on the hardened sediment of an eddying stream
that flowed through the sand by a narrow vertical channel. I
ought to add that I have not made an extended examination of
Spirophytons from other localities, but as regards the South African
specimens my view is that they do not represent the remains of
plants.

Plate XIV., fig. 1 (57a).

The drawing shows the surface-view of a specimen, 13 cm. by

12 cm., in which the Spirophyton characters occur on different
levels of the rock, but with no apparent regularity. In the centre
{a) there is an approximately cylindrical and obliquely placed cast,
from which the curved ridges and grooves radiate over the surface
of the stone, sloping slightly downward from the central point.
This axis may well be the cast of a central channel in which the
swirling water passed or flowed through the sand. As shown in
the figure, the surface of the rock is very uneven ; at c several
prominent ridges are seen covered by numerous oblique secondary
ridges. Similar obliquely striated and prominent ribs are shown
also at 6 at a higher level. There is no trace of any carbonaceous
matter. The strongly marked and prominent ridges form a striking
feature, and cannot, I believe, be explained on the assumption that
they have been formed by the impress of a leaf-like organ.

Plate XIV., fig. 2 (12a).

View of a specimen, 12 cm. broad, showing a portion of a Splro-
phyton impression. The centre from which the curving ridges
spring was probably close to the left-hand end of the drawing,
where the surface of the rock stands at a slightly higher level. The
edge of the impression (right-hand side of the figure) is fairly well
defined, and forms a definite boundary between the Spirophyton
and the rock matrix. The surface is undulating, with occasional
broad curved folds which are traversed by numerous parallel ridges
less prominent than those shown in fig. 1. At d a few parallel ridges
are seen following a course oblique to the general trend of the
narrow ribs and grooves.

Other speciniois : 1. A specimen from i mile South of Ladismith,

13 cm. by 13 cm., showing a truncated prominence in the centre.

106 Annals of the South African Museum.

from which irregular ridges and grooves extend in double curves over
the face of the rock, forming a figure reminding one of the lines of
sparks given off from a rotating Catherine "Wheel ; surface features
more obscure than in the figured specimens. The depth of the
grooves and the prominence of the ridges are in themselves a^
weighty argument against the view that we have before us the
impression of an algal thallus.

3. From Worcester; a small specimen similar to that shown in
fig. 2 ; 403.

(107)

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Krasser, F.

(00) Die von W. A. Obrutsehew in China und Central Asien 1893-94 gesammel-
ten fossilen Pflanzen. Denksch. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixx.

KtTETZ, F.

(94) Contribuciones a la palffiophytologia Argentina. Rerist. J/((,s\ de la Plate,

vol. vi.
(03) Remarks upon Mr. E. A. Newell Arber's Communication. Quart. Jonrn.

Geol. Soc., vol. lix., p. 25.

Lapparent, a. de.

(00) Traite de Geologic. Paris, 1900.

LiNDLET, J., and W. Hutton.

(31-37) The Fossil Flora of Great Britain.

Lesqueredx, L.

(79) Atlas to the Coal Flora of Pennsylvania. Second Geol. Surv. of Penn-
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Lycett, J.

(79) A monograph of the British fossil Trigonise. Palccontographical Soc,
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Mackie, S. J.

(62) The " Dragon Tree " of the Kentish Rag. Geologist, vol. v., 1862, p. 401.

Mantell, G.

(33) The Geology of the S.E. of England. London, 1833.

McClelland, J.

(50) Report of the Geological Survey of India (1848-9).

McCoy, F.

(47) On the Fossil Botany and Zoology of the Rocks associated with the

Coal of Australia. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xx., p. 145.
(74) Prodromus of the Palaeontology of Victoria. Dec. 1-6. Melbourne and

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-Medlicott, H. B., and W. T. Blanford.

(93) Manual of the Geology of India (2nd ed.). Calcutta, 1893.

Moller, H.

(02) Bidrag till Bornholms fossila Flora. Lnnds Univ. Araskrift., vol. 38,
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JVIORRIS, J.

(45) In Count Strzelecki's "Physical Description of New South Wales, &c."

p. 245. London, 1845.
,(54) A Catalogue of British Fossils (2nd ed.1. London, 1845.

112 Annals of the Soutli African Museum.

MUECHISON, E. I., E DE VeKNEUIL, & DE CoMTE AleX. DE KeYSEELING.

(45) Geologie de la Enssie d'Europe. London and Paris, 1845.

Nathorst, a. G.

(78) Om Floran i Skanes Kolfoiande Bildningar. Floran vid Bjuf. Hiift 1^
Sverifj. Geol. Unders, 1878.

(78'') Beiti-iige znr fossilen Flora Schwedens. Stuttgart, 1878.

(79) Ibid. Floran vid Bjuf. Hiift 2.

(81) On spar af nagra everteberade djur M. M. och deras paleontologiska
betydelse. K. Sveni<k. Vet. Akad. Hand., vol. xviii., No. 7.

(86) Om Floran i Skanes Kolforande Bildningar. Floran vid Bjuf. Sverig.
Geol. Unders., 1886.

(86=) Nouvelles observations sur des traces d'animaux. A'. Sven.sk. Vetensk.-
Akad. Hand., vol. xxi.

(90) Beitrage zur Mesozoischen Flora Japans. Denksclir. k. Ak. Wiss. U'ien,
vol. Ivii., p. 43.

(94) Zur fossilen Flora der Polarlander. Th. i. Lief. 1. K. Svensk. Vet.

Akad. Hand., vol. xxvi.
(97) Zur fossilen Flora der Polarlander. Th. i. Lief. 2 : Zur Mesozoischen

Flora Spitzbergens. Ibid., vol. xxx.
(02) Beitrage zur Kenntniss einiger Mesozoischen Cycadophyten. Ibid.,

vol. xxxvi., No. 4.
(02==) Zur Fossilien Flora der Polarliinder. Th. i. Lief. 3. Ibid., vol. xxxvi.,

No. 3.

Neumaye, M.

(87) Erdgeschichte, vol. ii. Leipziij, 1887.

(82) See Holub and Neumayr.

Newbeeey, J. S.

(85) Descriptions of some peculiar screw-like fossils from the Chemung rocks.
Ann. N. York Acad. Nat. Sci., III., p. 217.

(88) Ehffitic Plants from Honduras. Ainer. Journ. Sci., vol. xxxvi., p. 342.

(91) The Flora of the Great Falls Coal-field, Montana. Amer. Journ. Sci.,
vol. xli., p. 191.

Newton, E. T., and J. .J. H. Teall.

(97) Notes on a Collection of Rocks and Fossils from Franz Josef Land, made
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Oldham, T., and J. Mokris.

(63) Fossil Flora of the Gondwana System. Vol. i., pt. 1 : Fossil Flora of the
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POTONIE, H.

(93) Die Flora der Eothliegenden von Thiiringen. Abli. k. i^'eusx. Geol.
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(99) Lehrbuch der Pflanzenpalseontologie. Berlin, 1899.

(00) Fossile Plianzen aus Deutsch- und Portugiescisch Ostafrika. Dcutsch-
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Eaciborski, M.

(91) Ueber die Osmundaceen und Schizeeaceen der Juraformation. Engler'f^
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(94) Flora Kopalna ogniotrwalych Glinek Krakowskich. Pamiet. Mat. przy.
Akad. Umiejetnd^ci.

Eatte, F.

(88) Notes on some Australian Fossils. Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S. Wales, vol. ii.,

p. 137.
(88^) Additional evidence on Fossil Salisburite from Australia. Ibid., vol. i.,.
p. 1078.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 113

Eenault, B.

(81-85) Cours de botanique fossile. Paris, 1881-85.

EOEMER, F. A.

(39) Die Versteinetungen des norddeutsehen Oolithen-Gebirges. Ein Nachtr.ig.
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Rogers, A. W., and E. H. L. Schwarz.

(01) Eeport on parts of the Uitenhage and Port Elizabeth divisions. Ann Bep.
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Sandberger, F. v.

(90) Ueber SteinkohleiiFormation und Rothlieges des im Sehwarzwald und
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Sapoeta, Le Marquis de.

(73) Paleontologie Francaise, Scr. ii. : Vegetans. Plantes .Inrassiques,

vol. i. : Algues, Eqnisetacees. Characees, Fougeres. Farh, 1873.
(75) Ihid., vol. ii. : Cyeadees.
(84) Ihid., vol. iii. : Coniferes.

(91) Ibid., vol. iv. : Types proangiospermiques, et supplement final.

(93) Revue des travaux de paleontologie vegetale parus en France dans le cours
des annees 1889-92. Bee. Gen. Bot., vol. v., 1893.

(94) Flore fossile du Portugal. Direct, trav. tjeol. Portugal, Lisbon, ls94.

SCHENK, A.

(67) Die fossile Flora der Grenzschichten der Keupers and Lias Frankens.

Wieshadcn, 1867.
(71) Die fossilen PHanzen der Wernsdorfer Schichten in der Nordkarpathen.

Palceontogrupldca , vol. xix., 1871, p. 1.
(75) Zur Flora der nordwestdeutschen Wealdenformation. Pnhnnitoiiraidtica,

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(83) Pdanzliche Versteinerungen (Richthofen's " China," vol. iv.).
(87) Fossile Pflanzen aus der Albour,skette. Bihl. bot. Uldirorni und Htcnlein,

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SCHIMPEE, W. P.

(69-74) Traite de paleontologie vegetale.

ScHiMPER, W. P., and A. Mougeot.

(44) Monographie des plantes fossiles du gr^s bigarre des Vosges. Leipziq
1844.

ScHiMPER, W. P., and A. Schenk.
(90) See Zittel.

ScHiMPER, W. P., and J. Kochlin-Sohlumbeeger.

(62) Les vegetaux fossiles du terrain de transition des Vosges. Straxuburri, 1862.

Schmalhausen, J.

(79) Beitriige zur Jura-Flora Russlands. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petcrsh.

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(87) Die Pflanzenreste der Artinskisehen und Permischen Ablagerungen im

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Schwarz, E. H. L.

(98) See Annual Reports (98), p. 51.

Sell.^rds, E. H.

(00) A new genus of Ferns from the Permian of Kansas. Kansa.'s Univ. Quart.,
vol. ix., p. 179.

114 Annals of tlie South African Museum.

Seward, A. C.

(94) Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of Geology, British
Museum (Nat. Hist.). The Wealden Flora, pt. i.

(95) Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of Geology, British
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(96) Notes on the Geological history of Monocotyledons. Ainials Bot., vol. x.,
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(97) On the leaves of Bcnnettiteit. Proc. Phil. Soc. Cambridge, vol. ix., pt. v.,
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(98) Appendix to Dr. Hatch's paper — A Geological Survey of the Witswaters-
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(98) Fossil Plants for Students of Botany and Geology, vol. i. Caiiihrid()e,
1898.

(00) Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of Geology, British
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(00^) Notes on some Jurassic Plants in the Manchester Museum. Mem. and
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(00') La Flore Wealdienne de Bernissart. Mem. il/a.s'. d'hi>it nat. P.elg.,
vol. i.

(02) Article Palseobotany (Mesozoic), Eneijclopiedia Brittanica, vol. xxxi.,
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Seward, A. C, and E. Dale.

(01) On the structure and affinities of Dipterix, with notes on the geological
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Seward, A. C, and S. 0. Ford.

(03) The Anatomy of Todea, with notes on the Geological history and
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Seward, A. C, and J. Gowan.

(00) The Maidenhair Tree (Ginkgo hiloha L.). Ann. of Botany, vol. xiv., p. 109.

Sharpe, D.

(56) Description of fossils from the Secondary rocks of Sunday River and
Zwartkop River, South Africa. Trans. Geol. Soc, vol. vii. (ii.), p. 193.

Shirley, J.

(98) Additions to the Fossil Flora of Queensland. Dep. Mines; Geol. Surv.
Bull., No. 7. Brisbane, 1898.

Solms-Laubach, Graf zu.

(91) Fossil Botany (English translation). O.vford, 1891.

Solms-Laubach, Graf zu, and G. Steinmann.

(99) Beitriige zur Geologic und Palseontologie von Siidamerika. Neues Jahrb.
Min. Beilageband, xii., 1899, p. 593.

Stokes and Webb.

(24) Descriptions of some Fossil Vegetables of the Tilgate Forest in Sussex.
(The authors' names do not appear in the title of this paper.) Trans.
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Stow, G. W.

(71) On some points of South African Geology. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,
vol. xxvii., p. 28.

Stur, D.

(75) Die Culm Flora. Ahh. l\-l-. Geol. Peichs., vol. viii,

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 115

SZAJNOCHA, L.

(88) Ueber fossile Pflanzenreste aus Cacheuta in den Argentinischen Eepublik.

Sitzh. k. Akad. Wua. Wien, vol. xcvii. Ahtli. 1, p. 219.
(91) Uber einige Carbone Pfianzanieste aus der Argentinischen Eepublik.

Sith. /,-. Akad. Wiss. Wieu, vol. c. Ahth. 1, p. 203.

Tate, E.

(67) On the Secondary Fossils from South Africa. Quart. Juurn. Gcol. Soc,
vol. xxiii., 18(57, p. 139.

Tenison-Woods, J. E.

(83) On the Fossil Flora of the Coal Deposits of Australia. Proc. Linn. Soc,
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Unger, F.

(64) Eeise der Oesterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde. Geologischer
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Vanuxem, L.

(42) Natural History of New York. Part III.

Velenovsky, J.

(85) Die Gvmnospermem der Bohmischen Kreideformation. Piar)., 1885.

(88) Die Fame der Bohmischen Kreideformation. Abh. k. bohm. Ges. Wins.
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Ward, L. F.

(95) The Potomac Formation. Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv., 1895.

(96) Some Analogies in the Lower Cretaceous of Europe and America. Ann.
Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv., 1896.

(99) The Cretaceous Formation of the Black Hills as indicated by fossil plants.

77.,^. Geol. Surv., 1899.
(00) Status of the older Mesozoic Floras of the United States. U.S. Geol.

Surv., 1900.

Weiss, E.

(69) Fossile Flora der jiingsten Steinkohlenformation und des Eothhegenden
im Saar-Eheim Gebiete. Bonn., 1869-72.

White, C. D. „ . i.

(89) Carboniferous glaciation in the Southern and Eastern Hemispheres, with
notes on the Gloasopteris Flora. Amer. Geol., vol. iii., p. 299.

YOKOYAMA, M.

(89) Jurassic Plants from Kaga, Hida, and Echizen. Journ. Coll. Sci. Japan,
vol. iii.

(94) Mesozoic Plants from Kozuke, Kii, Awa, and Toza. Ibid., vol. vii.,
pt. 3.

Zeiller, E.

(82) Examen de le flore fossile des Couches de Charbon du Tong-King. Ann.
Mines, vol. ii. [viii.] , p. 299.

(83) Note sur la flore der bassin houiller de Tete. Ann. Mines, vol. iv. [viii.],
p. 594.

(95) Note sur la flore fossile des gisements honillers de Eio Grande do sul.
Bull. Soc. gt'ol. France, vol. xxiii., p. 601.

(96) Etude sur quelque Plantes fossiles . . . de Environs de Johannesburg.
Soc. geol. France [iii.], vol. xxiv., p. 349.

il6 Annals of tJie SoiitJi African Museum.

(96=) Eemarques sur la flore fossile cle I'Altai. Bull. Soc. g4ol. France,
vol. xxiv. [3], p. 466.

(97) Les Provinces botaniqnes de la fin des Temps primaries. Rev. Gen. ScL,
1897.

(98) Sur la decouverte, par M. Amalitzky, de Glossoi^eriii dans le Permien
Superieur de Eussie. Bull. Soc. hot. France, vol. xlv., p. 392.

(00) Elements de Paleobotanique. Paris, 1900.

(02) Observations sur quelques plantes fossiles des Lower Gondwanas.

Falccontoloqia Indica.
(02=) Flore fossile des Gites de Charbon du Tonkin (Atlas). Paris, 1902.

ZiGNO, A. DE.

(56) Flora fossilis formationis Oolithicse, vols i. and ii., Padova, 1856.

ZiTTEL, K. A.

(90) Handbuch der Palseontologie. Abth. ii., Schimper, W. P., and A. Schenk.
Munich and I/Ctp^ir/, 1890-1.

(117)

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate I.

On;/c}iio2isi!< inniitcUi (Brongn.).

1. Natural size (428c). White River, Duiibrodie (Geelhoiitboom)

2. X 1^ (391c).

3. X 2^(4070).

4. X 2 (401c).

Plate II.

CUuUiplilehix browiiiaiia (Dunk.).

,^ 1. Natural size (343c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout's 1\.
1". X 4

2. Natural size (344c).
2(/. X 4

3. X 3 (364c).

4. Natural size (342c).
4«. X 3
il>. x4
6. X 1^ (361c).

Tccnioptcrh sp.

5. Natural size (172d). Two miles east of Herbertsdale
5rt. X U (U)3d).

Sphenoptcrh Jittoiii Sew.

;■. 7. Natural size (249c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout's E.

7a. X 3

7/>. X 2

S. X 2 (376c).

8a. X 4 ,,

118 Annals of the South African Museum.

Plate III.

Zamitoi recta (Tate).

Fig. 1. Natural size (257c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout's E.
„ lrt.x2(258c).
„ 2. Natural size (288c).
.. 3. „ (A).

Pl.\te IV.

NiUsonia tatci sp. nov.

Fi ff.l 1

.-, j^ Natural size (291c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout's E.

Cycadolcim jenkinaiana (Tate).

Fig. 3. Natural size (315c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout's E.
„ 4. ,, (280c).

„ 5. x3 (319c).

„ 6. Natural size (311c). ,, ,,

Plate V.
Onycliiojisis mantclli (Brongn.).

Fig. 1. Natural size.
(Type-specimen of Tate ; Museum of Geological Society of London, No. 11,114.)

Bciistedtid sp.
Fig. 2. Natural size (292c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout's E.

Zamites rubidgei (Tate).
Fig. 3. Natural size.
(Type-specimen of Tate ; Geol. Soc. Museum, No. 11,109.)

Zamites morrisii (Tate).
Fig. 4. Natural size.
(Type-specimen of Tate; Geol. Soc. Museum, No. 11,108.)

Zamites africana (Tate).
Fig. 5. Natural size.
(Type-specimen of Tate; Geol. Soc. Museum, No. 11,110.)

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 119

Plate VI.

Coiiites sp. a.

Fig. 1. Natural size (2.530). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout's R.
„ 1((. X -5 ,, ,, ,,

,, 3. Natural size ('2980). ,, ,,

Conites sp. /3.

Fig. 2. Natural size (310c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout's R.
„ 2a. X 2i

Araiicaritc.'^ rogerd sp. nov.
Fig. 4. Natural size (298c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout's R.

„ 6. ,, (29-5c).

„ 7. „ (300e).

Zaiidte.s recta (Tate).

Fig. 8. Natural size (298c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout's R.
, 9. „ (328c).

, 10. Considerably enlarged («). ,, ,,

, 11. X 1* (342c).

, 12. Natural size (2SGc). ,, „

BracJiyplnjUuDi sp.

Fig. 13. Natural size (299c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout's R.
„ IS. X 3 (348c).

Planta incertcE sedin.
Fig. 14. Natural size (332c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout's R.

Ta.vites sp.
Fig. 1-5. Natural size (182d). Herbertsdale.

Cladojihlehix dentieulata (Brongn.) forma atherstonei.

Fig. 16. Natural size (170d). Herbertsdale.
„ 17. xli

120 Annals of the South African Museum.

Thinnfcldia odontoptcroidcs (Morr.).
Fig. 1. Natural size (21e). Kenigha River.

Stenopteris eloixjatd (Carr.).
Fig. 2. Natural size (21e). Kenigha River.
„ 3. ,, (B). Stormberg.

,, 3a.. „ (B).

,, 3rt. Ultimate segment enlarged.

Calliptcridiinii stoniihcrncm^c sp. nov.
Fig. 4. Pinnules enlarged (x 2) (10). Kenigha River.

,, 5. Apex of frond (31e). ,,

Figs. 0, 6ff. Natural size (39e). ,,

Fig. Gfl. Pinnule enlarged (x 2).

Thinnfddia odontoptcroidcs (Morr.).
Fig. 7. Natural size (477d). ^laclear village.
Figs. 8, 8f/. Natural size (45e). Edward's Hope, Matatiele.

Plate VIII.

Thinnfeldia rhomhoulalis Ett.
Fig. 1. and a fragment of Stenopteris elongata (Carr.) (C). Stormberj

Callipteridiiim. storinbcrocnsc sp. nov.
Fig. 2. Natural size (4(3e). Edward's Hope, Matatiele.

Baiera storiidicriioitiia sp. nov.
Fig. 3. Natural size (x).

Tccniopteiis carrntJiersi (Ten. -Woods).
Fig. 4. Natural size (1). Kenigha River.
„ 5. „ (14e).

„ 6. „ (497d).

Thinnfeldia odontopteroides (Morr.).

Fig. 7. Natural size (22e). Kenigha River.
„ 8. ,, (d). Cyphergat.

Fossil Floras of Caj^r Colony. 121

Plate IX.

]'Il<riii<i>j)si.i cl<ill(l(lt(( (MOIT.).

FiR. 1. Natmal size (C). CypherKnt

St<ictijiiipitii.< S|). (cf. Siilu-iidlcjii'' rhictUn, Gein.).
FiRs. -2, -la. Niitural size (VI). Kenigha Eiver.

Stn>hilUc'< .sp.
FiK. H. Niitmiil size (4H(kl and 4<t-Kl). Tina Drift.

('Iiin}]>tni.-i rKiiciitii (Can'.).
Fi^. 4. Natural size (C). Cyphei<j;at.

SchLiitictira hrdx.^cn sp. nov.
YiiX. •'). Nat.nial size (308d). Matatiele village.
„ (;. ,, (487(1). Tina Drift.

TUiniijvUUa o(h>iitoplcr,>i<lcs (Mon.).
Figs. 7, S. Magnified frajinients of cuticle showini; stomata, ttc.

l>li<riii<;>j>si.-: clin,<J<ll<t (MoiT.).

Fij^. 9. Natural size (d). Cypher>;at.
,, 10. ,, (()9). Molteno.

Flatk X.

Seitrniitcridiiiiii nilidiiiii Feist.
Figs. 1. 1((, 1''. Pinnate frond (XXII.). Vereeniging.
Fi". 1<( Pinnule approximately natural size {a in fig. 1).

„ Ih. ., „ -, H' M )•

•2. IJasal portion of frond (XXVI.). Yereeniging.

tlliissniilcri-'t UntiniiiiiKt Drongn. var. tiiKjiixtiffiUn.
Fig. :i. Natural size (XXII.). Vereeniging.

(il,)^.'«)jilci-is hiiiinii'tiiti var. iiitlicti.
Fig. 4. Natural size (XXII ). Vereeniging.

Fig. 5. Natural size (XX.). Vereeniging.

122 Annals of tho South African Museum.

Plate XI.

]>othio(h'iidroii lexlii sp. nov.
Fig. 1. Natural size (XXI.). Vereeniginc;.
,, Irt. Scar slightly enlarged.
,, l/>. Portion h of tig. 1 slightly enlarged.
,; 4. Natural size (B).
Figs. 5 and fi. Natural size (XX.). Vereeniging.

Tliiiiii/ddia udaliioptcroidcs (Morr.).
Fig. 2. Natural size (44e). Edward's Hope, Matatiele.

Stciiopterin cluiujata (Carr.).
Fig. :-». Natural size ((i). Kenigha Eiver.

Plate XII.

Piij/Hmopliylhim Iddxtoiil sp. nov.
Fig. 1. Natural size (XXIII.). Vereeniging.

Glossiiptcris ?
,, 2. ?Ehizome and roots (XX.). ,,

Plate XIII.

(ll(hf.<(>j>ti'ri^ hrniniidiiii var. iii<Hiui.
Fig. 1. Secondary veins (x '2) (Z). Worcester Station.

Nd'liiicrdtliiojisix ]iish>pi (Bnnl).).

Fig. 2. Natural size.
,, 3. Imperfect leaf, natural size (XXV.). Vereeniging.
,. 4. „ ,, (XXIV.).

<iaii(niiiiiijitcris ci/iiojitcroidcs Feist.
Fig. ;■). Natural size (A). Vereeniging.

Plate XIV.

SpiropJnjtitn.

Fig. 1. Letta's Kraal, Worcester division.
,, 2. Zout Kloof, 3 miles E. of Ladismith.

Ann S. Afr. Mus.Vol,4.

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PI. XIV

E. Wilson, Camtritlge

Spirophyton.

(123)

II. — On an almost licrfect skeleton of Pareiasaurus serridens Oioen.
—By E." Bkoom, M.D., B.Sc, C.M.Z.S.

(Plates XV., XVI.)

Me. a.. W. Rogers and Mr. B. H. L. Schwarz, of the Geological
Commission of Cape Colony, have been fortunate in obtaining on
the farm of Hoogeveld, Lot A, near Knoflock's Fontein, Van der
Byl's Kraal, in the Goiiph, an almost perfect skeleton of Pareiasaurus
serridens. The skeleton was to a large extent exposed, and had
been known for years to some of the neighbouring farmers, and one
or two of the bones are known to have been removed. All the
portions of the skeleton that could be discovered were carefully
gathered and packed ; and while on a short holiday to Cape
Town recently I was requested by Mr. Eogers to examine the
remains.

When all the fragments had been arranged, cleared of matrix, and
joined together, it was found that we had an almost perfect skeleton
of a Pareiasaurus. The skull is almost complete, having only lost
the internasal process of the premaxillary, some fragments of the
palate, and a few small bits chipped off from the cranial bones.
Unfortunately it is much distoi'ted. In the frontal, parietal, and post-
parietal regions the distortion is slight, but the snout is very badly
twisted to the left. Both mandibles are in position and closed on
the upper jaw. The right lower jaw is fairly straight, but the left
has its anterior fifth bent right back, so as to have its anterior part
almost in a line with the right jaw. The right temporal region
is much flattened out, while the left is pushed in above, and bent
out again below, and twisted well forwards. The palate is fairly
complete, but is crushed in towards the right side. The left half of
the prevomer and the greater part of the pterygoid and ectopterygoid
are well shown — the ectopterygoid showing some very well-
preserved teeth. A portion of the right hyoid arch is seen.

The vertebrae are all present from the atlas to the 28th inclusive.
10

124 Annals of the Soutli African Museum.

At this point a number, possibly three, are missing. We have then
a series of nine more — probably the 32nd to the 40th — and finally a
very small isolated caudal vertebra, possibly the 47th.

The whole shoulder girdle is practically complete, including the
interclavicle and clavicles. Of the right limb the humerus, radius,
and ulna are almost perfect. The left humerus is missing and the
left radius and ulna considerably weathered. K considerable
number of phalangeal bones have been found, but as they are
detached it is impossible to say to which digits they belong.

The pelvis is well preserved, only a few small fragments being
missing. The right hind limb has the femur, tibia, fibula, and large
tarsal bone in almost perfect preservation, while the bones of the left
limb, though in very fair condition, are somewhat weathered. Two
toes have been found side by side with the bones but little displaced.
These are believed to be the 2nd and 3rd toes of the left foot.

Owing to the crushed condition of the skull and to the fact that
only very few of the sutures can be distinctly made out, it seems
unnecessary to give any lengthy description of it, especially as it
reveals few previously unknown anatomical features.

With regard to the species of the skeleton there may be a little
doubt, as indeed is the case with almost all Karroo fossil reptilian
remains, owing to the various ways in which the specimens may be
crushed. Four species of Pareiasaurus have been described—
PareiasauriLS serriclens, and P. hoynhicUns, by Owen, and P. haiyii, and
P. rassouzoi by Seeley.'^' Of these P. haini is represented by an
almost complete skeleton. The type of P. serriclens was a very
badly crushed skull, which unfortunately has been lost, only a cast
of it and a fragment of the lower jaw being now left for purposes of
comparison. P. bombidens is represented by an imperfect anterior
portion of a skull. Doubt has been expressed as to whether
P. bombidens is really distinct from P. serridens, and as the type
of the latter is now lost it is difficult to settle the question. Seeley t
described the skull and portions of the skeleton of a specimen which
he referred to P. bombidens pi-ovisionally. P. russomvi is only
known by a fragment of the jaws. I have compared the skull of the
present specimen with the cast of P. serridens, and its general
proportions agree so closely as to leave little doubt that the specimen
belongs to the same species. Unfortunately the surface of the

* " Further observations on Parciasauni^," Phil. Trans. 1892. For convenience
referred to hereafter as " II."

t " On PareiaHduru.'i boiiihklens Owen, &c.," Phil. Trans., 1888. For conveni-
ence referred to hereafter as " I."

An almost Perfect Skeleton of Pareiasaurus serridens 125

original type has either been badly weathered or imperfectly cleared
•of matrix, and in the cast it is impossible to tell what represents
bone and what matrix, so that one can only compare the larger
features. The present specimen is certainly distinct from P. haini,
and probably distinct from P. bombidens.

In the present paper, while giving a description of the hmb bones,
vertebrae, and to some extent of the skull, I shall refrain from
dealing at length with the question of the affinities of the genus in
the hope that I may have an opportunity of examining a well-
preserved skull and thus be able to settle one or two points of
dispute in the anatomy before dealing with the affinities.

The Skull.

The skull differs from that of P. bombidens Ow., apparently in the
greater development of the "cheeks," and from P. baud Seeley, in
the greater prominence of the bony bosses. As these bosses are
well shown in this skull their arrangement will be described in detail,
as it will be of use for comparison with future specimens.

Though a little difference can be detected in the relative degrees
of development of the tubercles and bosses on the two sides, the
arrangement is practically bilaterally symmetrical. Above each
orbit are three well-developed protuberances. The anterior one is
rounded and prominent ; the middle one much smaller ; and the
posterior very large but not greatly elevated. This third pro-
tuberance passes inwards towards the middle line almost half-way
from the margin of the orbit. Near the front of its inner end is
a small narrow tubercle. A little way behind the nostrils are a pair
of very prominent bosses about -OeSm. apart. A little tubercle lies
behind each, and another at the outer side. Between the anterior
supraorbital boss and the nostril lie a pair of moderate-sized pro-
tuberances forming part of a ridge that extends outwards from
the nasal boss. In the posterior part of the skull the large " cheek "
has its posterior border protected by a series of four large and two
smaller bosses. The two upper lie close together and are probably
both situated on the post-temporal, or as it is more usually, though
erroneously called, the " epiotic " bone. The inner is of moderate
size, but the outer very large and prominent. Below the large outer
tuberosity are two other large oval bosses. These are probably
situated on the " supratemporal," or, as it may perhaps be better
called, the prosquamosal bone. Under the second of this pair is a
small tubercle. At the lower angle of the cheek are two large oval

126 Annals of the South African Miiscum.

protuberances, the posterior of which forms the angle ; and the
anterior one is close in front of the other. A little in front of the
anterior one is a third, much smaller, tubercle. Between the large
post-temporal tubercle and the upper and posterior part of the orbit
is an irregular double ridge near the middle of which there are four
tubercles of not very large size — two on the upper and two on the
lower portions of the ridge. There are a number of smaller
tubercles here and there, but they do not seem to be bilaterally
symmetrical. It is probable that a tubercle occurred on the
internasal process. As in the other species of Pareiasaurus two
very well developed bony processes are developed on the lower sides
of the mandibles.

In view of the fact that Elginia is almost certainly closely allied
to Pareiasaurus, it is interesting to compare the situations of the
bony tubercles in the latter with the positions of the horns in the
former. Though all the horns in Elginia do not correspond in
position with the tubercles of Pareiasnrus the most important almost
certainly do. Thus, above each orbit in Elginia are three horns,
apparently occupying the same situations as the three supraorbital
bosses in Pareiasaurus. In the nasal region are two small horns
almost certainly corresponding to the two nasal tubercles in the South
African form. Posteriorly there are two horns in the "su.pra-
occipital " region in Elginia. The homologues of these are probably
absent in Pareiasaurus ; but the two post-temporal bosses of this
animal are most probably the homologues of the large posterior horn
and the little accessory horn in Elginia. The horn on the " supra-
temporal " bone is probably the homologue of one of the two
tubercles met with in the southern form — it is impossible to say
which. "While the three horns at the lower angle of the cheek in
Elginia are most probably homologous with the three bosses at the
angle of the cheek in Pareiasaurus.

The following are some of the principal measurements of the
skull :—

From a point l^etween the nasal tubercles to the back

part of the skull in the middle line 275mm.

Distance between the points of the nasal tubercles 65mm.

Length from angle of cheek to top of large post-
temporal boss 280mm.

Length of the lower jaw (allowing for distortion) 337mm.

The teeth of upper jaw are almost all shown, and number 14 on
each side. The front teeth are much higher than long, and have all

An almost Perfect Skeleton of Pareiasaui'us serridens 127

■apparently 7 cusps. The posterior teeth — at least from the 7th tooth
— are longer than they are high, and have 9 cusps. The front teeth
have the cusps arranged as follows : — 3 subequal on the top followed
on each side by another, and considerably further down by a second.
Whether there may be another very small pair making 9 altogether
is not evident. The posterior teeth have 5 subequal cusps arranged
round the top, followed on each side at a little distance by a larger
cusp and then by a second large cusp, making 9 altogether. None
■of the teeth show any appearance like that figured by Seeley in the
teeth of P. russouioi.

The following are some of the principal tooth measurements : —

The 7th upper tooth measures in length 16mm.

,, 8th ,, ,, ,, „ height 15mm.

M 2nd „ ,, ,, „ length 15mm.

,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, height 21mm.

The VERTEBR.E.

There are 20 presacral vertebrae, 2 sacral, and probably 30 caudal
vertebrae. In Seeley's first paper on Pareiasaurus he gives the
number of presacral and sacral vertebras in P. bombidens as 18
and 2, and definitely states that " no bone is missing from any
part of the column." In his second paper, in describing a second
specimen of P. bombidens he says, " 19 presacral vertebrae are
preserved." In P. baini there are stated to be 18 presacral
vertebrae.

The various vertebr® do not differ very greatly from those of
P. baini.

The centrum of the atlas, though distinct from the axis, is so
closely united to it that there was probably very little movement if
any between the two bones. The arch of the atlas, of which a small
portion remains, was probably very small, I find no evidence of any
ribs having arisen from the atlas. The axis is represented only by
the body. It has given articulation to a fairly strong two-headed
rib. The lower articular surface is near the middle of the body, the
other on a level with its top. A small intercentrum has lain between
the atlas and axis and a larger intercentrum between the axis and
the 3rd cervical vertebra.

The 3rd, 4th, and 5th cervicals resemble each other fairly closely.
The body of each has two articular surfaces for each rib, the lower

128 Annals of the South African Museum.

low down on the centrum, the upper in the 3rd and 4th between the
lower and the pre-zygapophyses, and in the 5th considerably nearer
the zygapophysis. The zygapophyses are comparatively small, so that
these cervical vertebrae are nearly twice as high as they are broad.
Intercentra have lain between each pair of vertebrae .

In the 6th vertebra the two articulations for the head of the Y\h
become united, and in all the succeeding presacral vertebrae there
is only a single, though usually very extensive, articular surface
for the head of the rib. On the articular surface becoming
single the upper part becomes very much more strongly developed
and projects well outwards from a point a little below and behind
the prezygapophysis.

On passing backwards the zygapophyses become much more
strongly developed. The width between the points of the prezyga-
pophyses of the anterior vertebrae is as follows approximately : —
2nd -OTOm. ; 3rd -OSOm. ; 4th -OgOm. ; 5th -OOOm. ; 6th -lOOm. ;
7th •130m.; 8th •135m.

Seeley figures (I. plate 17) a restoration of a cervical vertebra of
P. bombidens, but he does not say which of the cervical vertebrae it
is intended to represent. It does not bear much resemblance to any
of the vertebrae in the present skeleton. Whereas Seeley represents
the body as considerably more than half the depth of the whole
vertebra, in all the upper vertebrae, except of course the atlas and
possibly the axis, of which the spine is lost, the arch is very con-
siderably higher than the body is deep. Thus in the 5th vertebra
the whole height is •200m., while the body only is •075m. ; and in
the 6th vertebra the height is •210m., while the body is •090m.

The vertebrae from the 9th to the 18th inclusive, resemble one
another very closely, only varying a little in the relative size of the
parts.

Seeley's restoration of a dorsal vertebra (I. plate 18) is very unlike
any of the dorsal vertebrae of Pareiasaurus serridens either in struc-
ture or proportions. In his later paper (II. p. 320) he admits his
error in making two articulations for the head of the rib instead of
only one.

The following are the measurements of the 11th vertebra which
may be taken as typical of the series. Height •193m. ; height of
centrum •075m. ; width at transverse process •215m. ; width at
postzygapophysis •165m. The very deep lateral process which gives
articulation to the rib has an articular surface measuring •113m. in
length. Its lower end arises from a little below the level of the
middle of the centrum. The postzygapophyseal surfaces look down-

An almost Perfect Skeleton of Pareiasaurus serridens. 129

wards and outwards and slightly backwards. The prezygapophysis
is united to a large extent with the transverse process.

On passing backwards the height of the vertebras is slightly
increased, the 18th vertebra measuring •220m., and the body
•080m., while the large articulation for the rib becomes less
developed, and at the 18th vertebra has an articular surface
measuring only •080iti. The vertebra, however, is larger across
the postzygapophyses (•215m.), but owing to the smaller size of
the ribs it only measures •lOOm. across the transverse processes.

In the 19th and 20th vertebrae the articulations for the ribs are
even smaller than in the 18th, but the vertebrge otherwise closely
resemble the 18th.

Intercentra have apparently been present between all the dorsal
vertebrae.

The sacrum consists of two vertebrae, the 21st and 22nd of the
series. Seeley in his first paper on Pareiasaurus says of the sacrum
in P. homhidcns (p. 84) : " Two vertebrge are anchylosed together in
the sacral region, but only the first contributes to the support of the
pelvis." In his second paper, while he states that there are 19 pre-
sacral vertebrae in his second specimen of P. bombidens, he makes no
reference to the sacrum, but in P. baini he found no fewer than four
sacral vertebrge. These four, however, he divides as follows : the
first a sacro-lumbar, the second a true sacral, and the last two sacro-
caudal. This explanation is, probably at least, in part correct. In
Pareiasaurus serridens the two sacral vertebree are anchylosed
together, and each gives support to the ilium. The pleura-
pophysis of the first sacral is of enormous size and somewhat
similar to that figured in P. bombidens. From its articulation with
the body of the vertebra to its lowest point it measures •200m. It
gives a very large articulation to the ilium, measuring •225m. in
length and -OSOm. in breadth. The second sacral rib is com-
paratively small and articulates with the ilium behind the upper
part of the 1st sacral rib. It is possible that the 20th vertebra, the
last of the dorso-lumbar series, had a rib which lay inside of the
iliac crest and may even have been attached to the ilium by liga-
ment, but as the body has been freely movable on the body of the
sacral vertebra, this vertebra cannot in P. serridens be regarded a&
anything but a dorso-lumbar. The 23rd vertebra has also been in
no way fixed to the sacrum, so that, even though it may have had a
rib which approached the ilium, it cannot be regarded as a sacral
vertebra. It may therefore be taken as established that Pareiasaurus
has two true sacral vertebrge, but that in some species, e.g., P. bainiy

130 Annals of the South African Miisemn.

the last dorso-lumbar and the first caudal may to some extent aid
the true sacral vertebrae in the support of the ilium. The first sacral
vertebra in P. serridens corresponds to the second of the four sacral
vertebrge described by Seeley in P. haini.

The upper caudal vertebrae have unfortunately lost the spines, so
that the heights are uncertain. So far as preserved, they do not
differ greatly from the one figured by Seeley (I. plate 18), and agree
pretty closely Wxih. those figured and described in P. haini (II. 1892).
Intercentra probably occur as far as the fifth caudal, while about
here chevrons begin to be developed. Long chevrons are developed
to those caudal vertebrae which I believe to be the 32nd to the 40th,
and even the little caudal vertebra from near the point of the tail,
and which may be the 47th, has a well-developed chevron.

The Shoulder Girdle.

The shoulder girdle is in almost perfect preservation, but it so
closely resembles that of P. haini already figured and described by
Seeley that a detailed description is unnecessary, while the shape of
the different elements will be much more readily understood from
the figures given than from any verbal description. Seeley, in his
restoration, places the scapula in an almost horizontal position with
the precoracoid above the coracoid, and the interclavicle directed
mainly downwards. By fitting the head of the humerus accurately
in the glenoid cavity it can readily be demonstrated that the position
in which Seeley places the shoulder girdle is quite erroneous. In
the restoration given in Plate XVI. the humerus is accurately so
fitted, and it will at once be seen that the scapula must have been
in an almost upright position.

The coracoid in the skeleton of P. haini has apparently lost nearly
the whole of its lower half. In the figure I have given of the
shoulder girdle the margins of the precoracoid and coracoid are
drawn from the bones of the right side, which are well preserved,
and if the coracoid in the skeleton of P. haini be completed, as in
the present specimen, the very great resemblance between the two
will be manifest. Seeley (II. p. 355) says "the coracoid appears to
have formed a wide flattened base upon which the weight of the
shoulder girdle was supported." Surely the weight of the shoulder
girdle rested on the humerus, and the great strength of the lower
part of the scapula and the large glenoid articulation are just such
as one would expect in such a heavy-bodied animal.

An almost Perfect Skeleton of Pareiasaurus serridens. 131

The structure of the glenoid cavity is remarkable. It consists of
an irregular concavity formed by the scapula and coracoid, and
whereas in most reptiles both recent and extinct the articulation is
a fairly regular hollow, here really two cavities are formed by a
vertical dividing ridge. The larger or main concavity includes the
whole of the coracoid part of the articulation, and the posterior
two-thirds of the scapular, while the anterior one-third of the
scapular articulation forms the lesser concavity. The head of the
humerus has its articular surface divided by a shallow groove, into
which the ridge of the glenoid cavity fits. As a result of the
complexity of this joint, the movements of the humerus must have
been limited to those in a vertical direction and to rotatory move-
ments. There can have been little or no antero-posterior movement.

The sutures between the precoracoid, the coracoid, and the scapula
are almost obliterated, though here and there they can be distinctly
made out. The precoracoid almost certainly forms no part of the
glenoid cavity.

The clavicles, interclavicle, and the cleithra are very similar to
those in P. baini. The clavicle fits into an irregular hollow groove
in the front of the lateral process of the interclavicle.

The Humerus.

The right humerus is in almost perfect condition, only a very
small fragment of the outer edge of the lower part being lost. It
agrees pretty closely with the humerus of P. baini, though at first
sight this would not appear to be the case on comparing the specimen
with either Seeley's figure, or with the original specimen in the
British Museum. Seeley, in a note (II. p. 360), says that the
continuity between the upper and lower ends of the humerus was
lost while the specimen was being cleared of matrix, and that the
two ends were placed together, to the best of his belief, as they were
in the rock, but that it is impossible to be certain that the original
contact was as it is drawn. When the humerus of P. baini, as fixed
together, is compared with this perfect humerus, it at once becomes
evident that the top end has been rotated about 70° out of its true
position ; and that whereas in the P. bai)ii skeleton, as set up and
figured, the two ends of the humerus are nearly in the same plane,
in reality they ought to be nearly at right angles. The figures in
Plate XV. show the humerus in various positions. It will be seen that
the bone has a distinct entepicondylar foramen. The lower end of

132

Annals of the South African Museum.

the humerus, when compared with that of P. haini, is seen to differ
in having a much less pronounced ridge above the outer condyle on
the back of the bone. Otherwise they agree closely.

The Eadius and Ulna,

The radius and ulna in this skeleton of Pareiasaurus serricUns
differ so greatly from those described and figured in P. haini that,
had they been found alone, they might very readily have been referred
to a new genus. In the ulna of P. baini the most striking character-
istic is the exceedingly well-developed olecranon process which clasps
round the articular surface of the humerus behind. The ulna of this
skeleton, though it has the upper end well developed, does not form
a distinct socket for the humerus. The upper end of the bone shows
no sign of fracture, and there does not even appear to have been an
epiphysis. The contours of the bone will be better understood from
the drawing. In the drawing a small process which lies to the outer
side of the head of the radius has been restored, having been injured
while the bone was being developed.

The radius, when compared with that of P. haini, differs almost as
much as the ulna. As the ulna and radius were found together,
there is no possibility of any error either as to the radius being right
or left, or as to which is the upper end. The upper end has an
articular surface which forms a broad, irregular, oval, shallow^
concavity. The ovoid surface is broader at the outer than the
inner side. The lower end of the bone forms an irregular triangular
articulation, one angle of the triangle being directed inwards. Above
the lower articulation the back of the bone is distinctly hollowed out.
A small inward process is formed just above the inner angle of the
articulation, and a little above it on the front of the bone is a
muscular depression. A distinct knob is found a little above the
lower articulation near the middle of the front of the bone.

A considerable number of isolated phalanges and metacarpals have
been found, but without any indications as to which digits they
belong to.

Pelvis.

The pelvis is almost complete and very little crushed. The-
appearance it presents is therefore very different from that in the
skeleton of P. haini, described and figured by Seeley. Each side
consists of an ilium, pubis, and ischium. As the ilium lies almost

An almost Perfect Skeleton of Pareiasaurus semdens. 133

in the same plane as the pubis and ischium, the two sides when
together and in contact witli the sacral ribs form a large irregular V.

The ilium resembles fairly closely the ilium in the skeleton of
P. boiiii. The crest is directed considerably outwards in front.
Appreciably more than half of the acetabulum is formed by the
ilium, and there is a prominent muscular ridge above the articu-
lation, as in P. haini. The ischium forms a little more than two-
thirds of the lower part of the pelvis. In the drawing a dotted line
shows what is believed to be the division between the ischium and
the pubis. The ischium forms about -llOm. of the symphysis. Its
posterior border then passes upwards, backwards, and outwards for
a distance of about •200m., where it forms a well-marked tuberosity.
With the exception of the large thickening, which forms the inferior
and posterior border of the acetabulum, the surfaces of the ischium
are moderately flat. The pubis forms about one-sixth of the
acetabulum. Immediately below the articulation with the ilium
the pubis broadens out to form an enormously thick pelvic brim.
This anterior portion passes almost directly downwards, and forms
a broad, flattened tuberosity which is about "OSOm. from the surface
of the main part of the pubis. This peculiarly thickened and bent-
down lip of the pubis resembles to some extent the corresponding
structure in P. haini. In the present skeleton it has the appearance
of being a distinct ossicle — a pre-pubis, but I am of opinion that it
is merely a portion of the pubis. Immediately behind this lip is the
pubic foramen, which passes upwards behind the acetabulum and
opens on the inside immediately below the ilio-pubic suture at a
point about -QGom. behind its anterior end. The symphysis is
exceeding strong, measming •230m. in length, and "OSSm. in
thickness at its middle. In front the pubes form near the middle
line a thin little anterior expansion.

This well-preserved specimen settles beyond dispute one or two
points which Seeley has raised in his discussion of the pelvis of
P. haini. The pubis does not in the slightest degree extend on the
inner face of the ilium, nor does it form any articulation with the
sacral ribs as Seeley thinks possible in P. haini ; while there is no
indication, as Seeley believes there is in P. haini, of a "median
ventral ossification or a backward prolongation of pubes " preventing
the ischia from taking part in the median symphysis, and it is
manifest that Seeley has been misled by the crushed appearance of
the specimen he studied.

The following are some of the principal measurements of the
pelvis : —

134 Annals of the SoiitJi African Museum.

Greatest length of the ilium SQlm.

Length of part of pubis -215^1 .

Ischium from posterior end of iliac suture to symphysis ... -SQOm.
Ischium from the point where the ihum, pubis, and ischium

meet, to the tuberosity •215m.

Ischial tuberosity to the anterior part of symphysis -SiOm.

Height of the acetabulum -IGTm.

Width of the acetabulum -ISSm.

Greatest length of the pelvis -GlSm.

The Femur.

The femur is in a very fine state of preservation, the only portion
that shows any evidence of crushing is the inner condyle — a ridge
above this condyle in the drawing being due to the crushing. The
femora in the skeleton of P. baini are considerably crushed, but
the general proportions when the effects of crushing are allowed for
are very similar. The two main points of difference are in the shape
of the head and of the small trochanter. In P. baini the upper
articulation at its inner side looks almost directly inwards, but in
P. serridens no part of the articular surface looks inwards, the line
of the inner side of the bone being only slightly curved. The
small trochanter in P. baini is directed outwards over the con-
cavity which lies at the back of the upper part of the bone. In
P. serridens it is directed backwards and inwards, and is a more
slender process than in the other species. In the crushed femur
which has been referred to Proixifims the small trochanter is very
similar to that in P. serridens, though in Propappus the femur is
very much more slender.

A very prominent muscular impression is seen near the middle
of the front of the bone about the level of the union of the upper
and middle thirds.

The following are the principal measurements of the femur : — •

Greatest length of the femur •416m.

Width from articular surface to the lower end of great

trochanter •228m.

Width from great trochanter to small trochanter •170m.

Greatest width of the condyles •200m.

Length from top of the femur to upper border of articular

surface of outer condyle •340m.

An almost Perfect Skeleton of Pareiasaurus serridens. 135

The Tibia and Fibula.

The tibia and fibula are perfect. If allowance be made for a
slight degree of crushing in the tibia of the described skeleton of
P. haini, no appreciable difference can be observed between it and
the tibia of the present skeleton. The tibia measures in greatest
length •256m., and the upper end is •153m. in greatest breadth. The
lower end is •120m. broad.

The fibula, which is entire, measures •258m., or a shade more
than the tibia. It is a moderately straight bone, expanded at each
end, and so similar are the two ends that there is some doubt as to
which is the upper and which the lower. The one end is rather
larger than the other, and it is probably the larger end that is the
lower. If in P. haini the part of the fibula preserved is the lower
end, as believed, then it is moderately certain that it is the larger end
that is the lower. The supposed lower end measures •082m. in
width, and the upper end -OTOm.

The Large Tarsal Element.

The large tarsal element is very similar to that found in P. haini.
A large foramen appears to enter near the middle of the front of the
bone just underneath the articulation for the fibula, and to come out
behind about the centre of the bone. This bone probably is the
united tibiale, intermedium, and fibulare.

Concluding Observations.

In considering the peculiarities of the limb bones of Pareiasaurus,
it is unfortunate that practically nothing is known of the limb bones
of those primitive reptiles that seem to be most nearly related to
Pareiasaurus, such as Elginia, Pariotichus, Pantylus and Chilonyx ;
and those primitive reptiles in which the limb bones are known, such
as Procolophon, the Anomodonts, the Theriodonts, and the Pelyco-
saurians, are probably not very nearly related to it.

The vertebras of Pareiasaurus differ greatly from those of the
Anomodonts and the Theriodonts, and do not resemble very much
those of Pelycosaurians. There is, however, a distinct resemblance
seen in the vertebrae of ProcolopJion, though the vertebrae in
Procoloplion differ in being notochordal.

The shoulder girdle of Pareiasaurus is probably essentially similar

136 Annals of the South African Museum.

to that of the Labyrinthodonts, in its elements. The Labyrinthodont
girdle consists of the three large dermal elements — the interclavicle
iind the two clavicles — with, above the clavicles, a pair of delicate
splint-like bones. These are sometimes called the scapulae, but are
doubtless the cleithra. Then there is on each side usually a single
■cartilage bone. This most probably represents the scapula, but may
be the eoracoid. It is probable that in the Labyrinthodonts there
was a cartilaginous precoracoid, such as is met with in the lower
Batrachians of to-day. In Eryops, where the girdle is well ossified,
we apparently have an ossified precoracoid. In most of the
primitive reptiles in which the girdle is well ossified, there is
found an ossified precoracoid, and we have a girdle essentially
similar to that found in Pareiasaurus. In Procoloplion there is
apparently no cleithrum, but there is a distinct precoracoid. The
scapula, however, differs greatly from that in Pareiasaurus, and
resembles somewhat that of Palceohatteria. The clavicle lies along
the whole of its anterior border. In Palceohatteria the precoracoid
is unossified. In the scapula of Procolophon there is no acromion,
therein differing greatly from that of Pareiasaurus. In Oudenodon
and Lystrosaurus the shoulder girdle resembles that of Pareiasaurus
very considerably, though in Oudenodon, but probably not in
Lystrosaurus, the precoracoid forms part of the glenoid cavity. In
Ictidosuchus there is no acromion. In the Pelycosaurian shoulder
girdle the condition is essentially similar to that of Pareiasaurus,
though there is probably no cleithrum.

The humerus of Pareiasaurus belongs to a type found with
modifications in most of the early reptilian groups. The greatest
resemblance is found in the Anomodont humerus. In Procolophon
the humerus differs very greatly, though it agrees in having an
entepicondylar foramen. In the Theriodonts as the humerus is
lengthened out in all the known examples, any great resemblances
in type are obscured. In the Pelycosaurians the humerus is a
modification of the same type that is found in Pareiasaurus. In
the Labyrinthodont genera, Euchirosaurus and Stereorhachis, we
have other modification of the same type.

It will be seen that those characters of the shoulder girdle and
humerus which have placed Pareiasaurus in the same order or
division as the Theriodonts and their close allies, the Anomodonts,
are characters which are possessed, more or less, in common by
almost all primitive reptiles, and by forms which, as judged by the
cranial characters, are not very nearly related.

The Pareiasaurian pelvis, though bearing some superficial resem-

An almost Perfect Skeleton of Pareiasaurus serridens. 137

blance to that of the Anomodonts, is essentially very dissimilar,
inasmuch as the Anomodonts have a small though distinct obturator
foramen, and some of the Theriodonts have a large obturator
foramen, while in Pareiasaurics there is merely a pubic foramen.
In P>vcolop]io}i also there is a pubic foramen, but the type of pelvis
differs considerably, as in it the pubis and ischium are plate-like bones
held together by cartilage.

The femur of Pareiasaurus differs considerably from that in
Procolophon, and resembles, at least superficially, rather that of
the Anomodonts. The femur in the Pelycosaurians is apparently
of a type somewhat similar to that of Pareiasaurus, as are also the
tibia and fibula. In Procolophon the tibia and fibula also bear some
resemblance to those bones in Pareiasaurus.

In Procolophon the tibiale is united with the intermedium, and
there is a distinct fibulare. If the fibulare were also united there
would be produced a proximal tarsal bone such as is found in
Pareiasaurus.

In conclusion, I must express my indebtedness to Mr. Eogers and
Mr. Schwarz for the care they have taken in collecting the fragments,
and to Miss M. Wilman for the great assistance she has given me in
the development of the specimen.

(138)

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate XV.

ac, acromion; cl., cleithrum ; co., coracoid ; f.a., articulation for fibula;
ilium; is., ischium; p.co., precoraeoid ; pu., pubis; t.a., articulation for tibia.

Fig.

1. Outer view of left scapula, coracoid, precoraeoid, and cleithrum.

2. Inner view of right humerus.

3. Anterior view of right humerus.

4. Posterior view of right humerus.

5. Outer view of right humerus.

6. Upper view of right humerus.

7. Lower view of right humerus.

8. Front view of right radius.

9. Back view of right radius.

10. Outer view of right ulna.

11. Front view of right ulna.

12. Outer view of right pelvic bones.

13. Back view of lower pelvic bones of the right side.

14. Front view of lower pelvic bones of the right side.
1.5. Front view of right femur.

16. Back view of right femur.

17. Inner view of right femur.

18. Front view of right tibia.

19. Back view of right tibia.

20. Outer view of right tibia.

21. Inner view of right fibula.

22. Back view of right fibula.

23. Front view of proximal tarsal bone.

24. Upper view of proximal tarsal bone.

All figures are x 'loS.

Plate XVI.

Restoration of PandasauntA serridens Ow. About ^ nat. size.

(The small dermal ossicles above the vertebrae have, been omitted in order that the

vertebrae may be more distinctly seen.)

Ann, S. Air. Mus.VoL IV.

7 ^- -^' 9.

Pai^eiasaurus semdens, Oweru.

"ore' Lvmh Bones-

Pl.XV

/"' 13.

23.

19 20

Pareiasaums semdens. Owew. — Svaob Lvnh Bones

Ann S Afr Mus Vol IV

PI XVI

Restoration of Pareiasaurw serriden;

U^c-^ ■ ■ VB aiout.

(139)

III. — On the Structure of the Shoulder Girdle in Lystrosaurus. —
By E. Beoom, M.D., B.Sc, C.M.Z.S.

In only a very few of the Anomodonts is the structure of the shoulder
girdle at present known. Owen described and figured (Cat. S. Af.
Eept., 1876) a portion of the scapula, the coracoid, and the imperfect
precoracoid of a small Dicynodont, and also a large Dicynodont
scapula. In 1880 (Q.J.G.S.) he figured the fairly good scapula and
sternum of " Platyjjodosaurus " (= Oudenodon). Seeley, in 1888 (Phil.
Trans.), described and figured the very imperfect remains of a small
Dicynodont reptile, which show the relations of the sternum cora-
coid and precoracoids to the interclavicle. Though Seeley makes
this specimen the type of a new genus (Keirognathus), there is
very little doubt that Lydekker (B. M. Cat. Foss. Kept., vol. 4, 1890)
is correct in regarding the remains as those of a small or young
Dicynodon. The scapula, coracoid, precoracoid, and sternum of
Oudenodon, have recently been described by myself (P. Z. S. 1901).
Hitherto, however, nothing has been known of the shoulder girdle
of Lystrosaurus {— PtychognatJms, Owen, — Ptychosiagum, Lyd.),
except an imperfect scapula of the Indian species — if, indeed, the
Indian species belongs to the genus.

In the collection of the South African Museum is a small slab
showing a series of vertebrae with a sternum, the two clavicles, inter-
clavicle, portions of the right coracoid and precoracoid, and the
greater part of the right scapula of a species of Lystrosaurus. A
second specimen shows in good condition both scapulae and portions
of the left coracoid and precoracoid of a larger animal and possibly
a different species of Lystrosaurus.

The sternum is large and flat and does not differ very greatly from
that in Oudenodon, though considerably larger proportionally. It is
moderately square, with the anterior and the two lateral angles
truncated. Its lateral and antero-lateral sides articulate with the
coracoids and precoracoids ; and the anterior end of the bone most
probably articulates with the interclavicle.

The clavicles are well developed and only shghtly curved. They
11

140

Annals of the South. African Museum.

meet each other in the middle Kne, and hoth articulate with the small
interclavicle which, to some extent, is fitted in between them. From
their median union the clavicles pass first backwards and outwards,
and then somewhat more directly outwards. The outer ends of the
bones are missing.

The interclavicle is very much smaller than that known in any
other Anomodont. In Dicynoclon it has a long median process,
somewhat resembling that in Procolojjhon, though considerably
smaller. In a small as yet undescribed Endothiodont allied to

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 1. — Left scapula of Lystrosaurus sp. ? x •45.

Fig. 2. — Sternum, clavicles, interclavicle, precoracoid and portion of coracoid of
Lystrosaiints sp. ? x "52.

ac. acromion; cl., clavicle; co., coracoid; id., interclavicle; pen., notch for
precoracoid foramen; j'-c^)-, precoracoid; at., sternum.

Pristerodon the interclavicle is a median broad plate only a little
smaller than the sternum. In Lystrosaurus we find it as a small
triangular bone which fits in front in between the inner ends of the
clavicles, and behind articulates apparently with the front of the
sternum. From the posterior border, which is rounded, the bone
passes forwards and markedly downwards, forming a prominent
median boss, a,nd it is this anterior part that articulates with the
clavicles.

Striictare of the Shoulder Girdle in Lystrosaui'us . 141

The precoracoid in general resembles that bone in Oudenodon.
It articulates with the coracoid, the sternum, and the scapula. It
is a moderately thin, flat bone. Its outer side is very deeply notched
— the notch forming with the scapula a large precoracoidal foramen.
The precoracoid probably forms no part of the glenoid cavity.

The coracoid is not well preserved in either of the specimens. In
the first specimen only a small part of the inner border is preserved.
In the other specimen, however, the greater part of the bone is seen,
but it appears to be considerably distorted, so that I have thought it
unwise to figure it. The outer and anterior parts of the bone probably
agree fairly closely with those parts in the coracoid of Oudenodon,
but the inner and posterior half of the bone differs considerably owing
to its being twisted to articulate with the posterior part of the outer
side of the sternum instead of with the anterior and outer side
as in Oudenodon.

The scapula bears a close resemblance to that bone in Oudenodon
and Dicynodon. The upper part of the blade is broad and moderately
flat from side to side. A little below the middle of the bone there is
in front a well-developed acromion process. It may be described as
a triangular plate which on passing forwards is directed slightly
inwards from the plane of the general surface of the scapula. The
lower part of the scapula is considerably broader than in Oudeno-
don. The posterior part of the lower end forms probably half of
the large glenoid cavity. The anterior expansion of the lower end
passes further forward than the acromion and forms a long articula-
tion with the precoracoid. It is notched to form part of the
precoracoidal foramen.

The shoulder girdle in Lj/strosaurus is interesting as a specialised
variety of the Anomodont type. Among both mammals and reptiles
we find instances of the remarkable modifications in the shoulder
girdle that may follow the adoption of a purely aquatic life. Thus in
the Pythonomorpha the clavicles and interclavicle become quite rudi-
mentary or entirely lost, and in the Whales the clavicles disappear.
In the Plesiosaurians both the clavicles and interclavicle become
greatly reduced and the interclavicle may disappear. In the Ichthyo-
saurians, though the clavicles are moderately well developed, the
interclavicle is usually small.

It would therefore seem probable that the reduction of the inter-
clavicles, the increase in size of the sternum, and the associated
shifting backwards of the coracoid and precoracoid have been
brought about by the aquatic habits of Lystrosaurus.

( 142

IV. — On Evidence of a New Species of Titanosuchus (T. cloetei).
—By E. Broom, M.D., B.Sc, C.M.Z.S.

In the collection of the South African Museum is the front portion
of the left mandible of a large Theriodont reptile. It was presented
to the Museum many years ago, by Mr. Justice Cloete, and the
locality at which it was obtained is noted as the " Gamka Eiver."
The specimen has been so beautifully weathered that though all
the matrix is gone the bone is still in perfect preservation. The
remains of four incisors, the canine, and four molars are preserved,
though unfortunately the crowns of all the teeth are lost. The jaw
and teeth agree in their general features so closely with those of the
type of Titanosuchus ferox that there is little doubt the two specimens
belong to the same genus, though the difference in size is such that
the specimen most probably belongs to a new species, which I
propose to call Titanosuchus cloetei. Owen, with his usual thorough-
ness, gives detailed measurements of the larger teeth in T. ferox,
and the difference in the two species can be best appreciated by
contrasting the dental measurements.

T. ferox. T. cloetei.

1st incisor Imperfect. 21mm. x 14 mm.

Interval between i. 1 & i. 2 10 mm. 10 mm.

2nd incisor 21mm. x 15 mm. 18 mm. x 13'5 mm.

Interval between i. 2 & i. 3 10 mm. 11 mm.

3rd incisor 20 mm. x 12 mm. 20 mm. x 14 mm.

Interval between i. 3 & i. 4 18 mm. 8 mm.

4th incisor 23 mm. x 17 mm. 18 mm. x 14 mm.

Interval between i. 4 & c. Not given. 9 mm.

Canine 50 mm. x 35 mm. 30 mm. x 26 mm.

In T. cloetei the four molars occupy a space of 40 mm., and each
root is practically round and measures about 8 mm. in diameter.

From the above measurements it will be seen that the incisors in
T. cloetei are appreciably smaller, and that the canine is much

On Evidence of a New Species of Titanosuchus. 143

smaller and rounder. Another difference is in the arrangement
of the anterior molars. In T. fcrox the line of the molars is
much on the inside of the large canine, but in T. cloetei a line
drawn along the inner sides of the molars also forms a tangent ta
the canine. The front of the jaw is also very much squarer in the
smaller species, owing to the canine being relatively further forward.
If a line be drawn across the front of the jaw at right angles to the
symphysis, the back of the canine lies -067 m. from the line and the
back of the 4th molar -116 m.

The symphysis has a transverse diameter of "043 m., and a vertical
diameter (somewhat imperfect) of about -080 m.

I have pleasure in naming the species after the donor, who has
presented some interesting fossils to the Museum.

(144)

V. — On the Presetice of a 'pair of Distinct Prevomers in Titanosuchus.
—By E. Bboom, M.D., B.Sc, C.M.Z.S.

Mr. a. W. Eogers and Mr. E. H. L. Schwarz, of the Geological
Commission, recently obtained in the Gouph, near Van der Byl's
Kraal, the anterior part of the skull of a species of Titanosuchus —
most probably the type species T. ferox Owen.* It is in a sandstone
matrix, and the bones are not in a good condition for developing.
Portions of the 10 upper incisors are shown, but in no case is the
complete crown present. The greater part of the right canine is
seen, but only the impression of the left. The premaxillary bones,
though somewhat chipped on the surface, are fairly complete. A
distinct suture exists between the two, and each forms half of the
well-developed internasal process. The anterior nares, though imper-
fectly preserved, are seen to be long and narrow. The whole snout,
so far as preserved, is much flatter than is the case of any other
known Theriodont except Tapmocephalus, if the latter should prove
to be such.

The most interesting part of the specimen is the fractured surface,
showing an oblique section across the anterior part of the palate.
There is here seen no evidence of a secondary palate, but in place of
it are two very large prevomers. The anterior palatal region is thus
seen to be essentially similar to that in Tapinoccphalus. As there
are openings of considerable width between the maxillary bones and
the prevomers, it is not improbable that the internal nares are here,
and that no secondary palate was foi^med even further back than the
part shown.

The presence of the pair of large prevomers in Titanosuchus shows
that we have here an important link in the evolution of a most
interesting region of the mammalian skull. Until comparatively
recently it has been the universally accepted opinion among com-
parative anatomists, that the pair of bones found in the anterior

* The specimen was lying in the river that runs through Knoflock's Fontein, but
there is a doubt as to whether it originally came from the rocks on that farm or
from Klipbanks Fontein under the Nieuweveld escarpment.

Presence of a Pair of Distinct Prevomers in Titanosuchus.

145

palatal region of most reptiles and batrachians are together homolo-
gous with the vomer of the mammals. Till 1884 I am not aware of
this opinion having ever been called in question. In that year, how-
ever, Bland- Sutton " advanced the opinion that the mammalian
vomer is homologous with the so-called " parasphenoid " of batra-
chians. In 1885 W. K. Parker f in dealing with the development of
the Insectivore skull, makes use of expressions which seem to indicate
that doubt had arisen in his mind as to whether the so-called
" vomers " of lizards and snakes are really true vomers.

In 18951: I endeavoured to show that the so-called " vomers" of
lizards and snakes are really homologous with the dumli-bell bone of
Ornithorlujnckus, both being developed as a pair of splints to
Jacobson's cartilages.

Since then numerous facts have been brought forward all pointing
to the conclusion that the mammalian vomer is the homologue of
the median bone which supports the base of the cranium in batra-
chians and most reptiles, and which was named by Huxley the
"parasphenoid," and that the bones which had been called " vomers"
in the lower forms are entirely different in their morphological
situation, and that they are represented in mammals by the dumb-
bell bone of Ornithorhyiichus, and by a little median bone in the nose
of Miniopterus. For these anterior elements I proposed in 1895 the
name of prevomers. The whole question has recently been fully
treated in a paper read before the Linnean Society, N.S.W. (Oct.,
1902). §

The most conclusive evidence in favour of the truth of this position
is that derived from palaeontology. The mammals we know are
derived from the Theriodonts : the Theriodonts probably from a
more primitive Theriodont type, such as Titanosuckns : these latter
from a form something like Pareiasaurns : the Pareiasaurus prob-
ably from a more primitive type allied to Procolophon : which latter
is not very far removed from the Microsaurian Labyrinthodonts.

If we look at the evolution of the prevomers in each type it becomes
at once manifest that the old view is erroneous.

In the Labyrinthodonts, as in other batrachians, in the front of the

* J. Blaud-Sutton, " Obseiv. on the Parasphenoid, the Vomer, and the Palate
pterygoid arcade," P.Z.S., 1884.

f W. K. Parker, " On the Structure and Development of the Skull in the Mam-
malia," Phil. Trans., 1885.

+ K. Broom, " On the Homology of the Palatine Process in the Mammalian Pre-
maxillary," P.L.S., N.S.W. , June, 1895.

§ R. Broom, " On the Mammalian and Reptilian Vomerine Bones," P.L.S.
N.S.W., Oct., 1902.

146 Annals of the SoiUh African Musemu.

palate, internal to the nasal openings, lie a pair of large prevomers.
These are undoubtedly the homologues of the very similar bones in
the front of the palate of Procoloj^hon, and, as the palate in Pareia-
saurus is essentially similar to that in Procolophon, also of the
paired elements in Pareiasaurus. In Tajnnocephalus , and in Titano-
suchus as we now know, there is also a pair of large bones in the
anterior palatal region, and there can be no doubt that these bones,
though no longer flattened out as in the earlier types, are the true
homologues of the Labyrinthodont pair. In the primitive Therio-
donts of the Lycosuchus type I have evidence to show, which will
appear later, that there is also a fairly well-developed pair of pre-
vomers. On reaching the higher Theriodonts, such as Gomplio-
gnathus, we find, as I pointed out in 1897," a distinct pair of small
prevomers, and these are precisely in the position of the two splints
which go to form the dumb-bell bone in Ornithorhynchus.

It is thus manifest that the prevomer of Ornithorhynchus is the
homologue of the prevomers of the Labyrinthodont.

The evolution of the vomer has not yet been so clearly made out.
We know, however, that there is a well-developed and very mammal-
like true vomer in Gompliognathus and some other higher Therio-
donts. We also find a true vomer in the Dicynodonts, and as these
are descendants of the earlier Theriodonts, doubtless a true vomer
will be found in the primitive Theriodonts. Nothing is known of the
posterior palatal region of Tapinocephalus or Titanosuchus, nor of
the deeper parts of the palate in Pareiasaiirus, but a distinct though
small true vomer occurs in Procolophon, which is doubtless the
homologue of the so-called " parasphenoid " in the Labyrinthodonts.

* R. Broom, "On the Occurrence of an Apparently Distinct Prevomer in Gom-
phognathus," Journ. Anat. & Phys., Jan., 1897.

(147)

VI. — On Some New Primitive Theriodonts in the Soutli African
MnscAim.—By E. Broom, M.D., B.Sc, C.M.Z.S.

(Plates XVII., XVIII.)

A.T the request of the director, Mr. W. L. Sclater, I recently made
an examination of a series of reptilian fossils that had been for many
years in the South African Museum, but which had never l)een
critically examined. The most interesting of the specimens are
imperfect portions of five skulls of primitive Theriodonts. These
are not only important as belonging to three new genera, but from
their throwing much new light on the structure of this interesting
group of fossil reptiles.

SCYLACOSAUEUS SCLATERI, g. et sp. nov.

The best preserved of the specimens is the anterior two-thirds of
the skull of a moderate-sized reptile. The lower jaw is absent and
the skull broken across immediately behind the orbits. All the
anterior portion of the skull, however, is in fair preservation, and
thovigh the matrix is exceedingly hard the specimen has been suffi-
ciently developed to show most of the details of structure.

In its general proportions the skull is distinctly fox-like, the snout
being long and narrow. The nostrils are practically terminal and
have been separated by the ascending processes of the premaxillaries.
The orbits are round, and are directed upwards and outwards and
slightly forwards.

The nasal bones are practically perfect. They are long and
narrow, and are rather broader in front than behind. Laterally
they articulate with the premaxillaries and the maxillaries ; and
posteriorly with the frontals and prefrontals.

The premaxillaries are rather small. Each supports six incisor
teeth. The outer border of each nostril is formed by a process of
the premaxillary which passes up between the maxillary and the

148

Annals of the South African Museum.

nasal, while each premaxillary forms half of the slender inter-nasal
process.

The maxillary is a large bone which forms about three-fourths of
the lateral wall of the preorbital portion of the skull. In front, the
maxillary overlaps the premaxillary to such an extent that the suture
appears near the front of the fourth incisor. Posteriorly the maxillary
articulates with the prefrontal, lachrymal, and jugal. There is no
trace of a secondary palate, the palatine bone forming a suture with
the maxillary along a line a little to the inside of the molar teeth.

Each frontal bone is about four times as long as broad. It is
difficult to be quite certain how much of the supraorbital border is
formed by the frontal, but apparently only a comparatively small
part. Posteriorly the frontal articulates with the post- frontal and
to a very small extent with the parietal.

The prefrontal is of moderate size. It forms a long suture with
the anterior part of the frontal, and also articulates with the nasal,
the maxillary, and the lachrymal.

The lachrymal is an irregular four-sided bone about two-thirds the
size of the prefrontal. It articulates with the prefrontal, the maxil-
lary, and the jugal. The lachrymal canal does not appear outside
the orbit.

Only a small portion of the parietals is present, but it is manifest
that the parietal region is considerably wider proportionally than in
either Lycosuchus (1) or Ictidosuchus (2), and that the parietal
foramen must be somewhat further back than in Lycosuchus.

Distinct post-frontal and post-orbital bones are present. The
former is somewhat triangular in shape and forms a considerable
portion of the upper and posterior margin of the orbit. Posteriorly
it meets the parietal, and separates the frontal from the post-orbital.
The post-orbital is a small bone lying behind the post-frontal, forming
part of the post-orbital arch and the anterior border of the temporal
fossa.

The palate is fairly well preserved and is quite unlike that of the
higher Theriodonts, such as Galesaurus or Cynognathus. In the
typical Theriodonts the palate is essentially mammalian in structure.
A well-developed secondary palate is formed by the maxillary and
palatine bones carrying the internal nares back beyond the region of
the teeth, while a median vomer divides the nares. Between the
naso-palatine canals in front lie (Gomphognathus) a pair of bones
which I believe represent the dumbbell-shaped bone of Ornitho-
rhynchus and the paired so-called " vomers "of reptiles generally,
and which I have named "prevomers" (3). In Scylacosaurus, on the

Some New rrimitive Thcriodonts. 149

other hand, there is no trace of a secondary palate, the internal
nares being situated in the anterior palatal region, and the general
arrangement of the bones being essentially similar to that found in
Sphenodon.

The prevomers (" vomers " of most avithors) are a pair of elongated
bones which in front separate the internal nares, and posteriorly
form part of the hard palate. The anterior part of each articulates
with the short palatine process of the premaxillary. Towards the
posterior part of the internal nares each prevomer becomes flattened
into a thin vertical plate, but on reaching the posterior border of the
nasal passage each bone becomes flattened out transversely and
forms a large part of the hard palate. This posterior part of the
prevomer articulates laterally with the palatine and posteriorly with
the pterygoid bones.

The palatines lie between the posterior part of the prevomers and
the maxillaries, and form about two-thirds of the hard palate. If a
transverse section were made a short distance behind the posterior
border of the internal nares the hard palate would be seen to have
the foi'm of an arch, forming almost a complete semicircle. The
lower margins of the maxillary bones are comparatively thin and are
supported by the palatine bones being closely articulated alongside.
From this articulation the palatines pass upwards and inwards to
meet the prevomers and backwards to meet the pterygoids and the
transpalatines.

Each pterygoid may be described as consisting of three parts : an
anterior portion lying between the palatines and the prevomers ; a
transverse portion which meets the transpalatine ; and a posterior
portion, not present in the specimen, which was doubtless continued
to meet the quadrate. The anterior portion is in front about as
broad as the prevomer, but on passing backwards it gradually
becomes broader till the transverse portion is formed. A large oval
vacuity is present on each side bounded by the pterygoids and
palatines internally and by the transpalatine externally. On the
plane of the transverse processes of the pterygoids an oval vacuity
is present in the middle line between the two pterygoids. From
near the sides of this median vacuity there pass forwards and out-
wards on each side a row of very small teeth.

The transpalatine or ectopterygoid is a comparatively slender bone
which articulates in front with the palatine, the jugal, and apparently
with the maxillary. On passing backwards it meets and supports the
transverse process of the pterygoid.

The dentition of Scylacosaurus is particularly interesting. Each

150 Annals of the SoiitJi African. Museum.

premaxillary supports six incisors, but they are so badly preserved
that it is impossible to give any description of their characters. So
far as preserved each tooth is practically round without serrations.
The first tw^o teeth are moderately small ; the next three much
larger, and the sixth incisor very small. The maxillary bone
gives support to ten teeth (possibly eleven), but it is a little difficult
to classify them in terms of the mammalian nomenclature. Near
the front of the bone is a large tooth that might very readily be
looked upon as the canine, but this is not the most anterior tooth of
the maxillary. In front of it is a very minute pointed tooth, fairly
well preserved, on both sides of the skull. It is difficult to believe
that this minute tooth is the homologue of the mammalian canine
and the large tooth behind it the homologue of the mammalian first
premolar, though this is undoubtedly possible ; and as it seems much
more probable that the large tooth is the homologue of the mam-
malian canine, the small tooth may be referred to as the first canine,
and the large one as the second canine. Only the bases of the two
canines are preserved, but it seems not improbable that the posterior
margin of the large canine at least was serrated. Behind the second
canine there is present in the bone a third tooth about equal in size
to the second canine. This is manifestly a young tooth and may be
regarded as the third canine. . Behind this third canine are seven
small simple subequal molars. The dental formula of Scylacosaurus
would thus appear to be for the upper jaw : incisors 6, canines 3,
molars 7.

The following are some of the principal measurements of the
specimen : —

Greatest length of nasals 65 mm.

Greatest length of frontals 50

Distance between the orbits 25

Depth of maxillary bone 33

"Width of transverse processes of pterygoids 49
Length from internal nares to transverse pro-
cess of pterygoids 61

Length of 6 incisors 20

Diastema between sixth incisor and first

canine 8'5

Antero - posterior and transverse measure-
ments of second canine 8 and 6

Distance from front of second canine to back

of last molar 42

Sovie Neiv Primitive TJieriodonts. 151

The specimen was presented to the museum by Mr. D. Arnot, and
was obtained at Colesberg.

IcTIDOSAUKUS ANGUSTICEPS, g. et Sp. nov.

The specimen which I have made the type of this new genus and
species is the imperfect snout with lower jaw of a medium-sized
reptile. The left side of the specimen is but imperfectly cleared of
the very hard matrix, and the right side is very badly weathered.
The weathering, however, has been the means of displaying prac-
tically the entire dentition of both jaws. The snout is considerably
deeper than broad, even when the effects of crushing are allowed
for ; and the nostrils are practically terminal.

The nasal bones are fairly well preserved. Posteriorly they are
comparatively narrow, but become broader near the front end. The
general relations of the nasals to the maxillaries and premaxillaries
are very similar to those seen in Scylacosaurus.

The premaxillary and maxillary bones so far as preserved differ
from those bones in Scylacosaurus only in being much deeper.

The lower jaw is badly preserved. It is rather slender, but a little
behind the canine it is considerably deepened to accommodate the
large upper canine.

The dentition resembles very considerably that of Scylacosaurus.
The incisors, however, are five in number, of which the first four are
of moderate size and the fifth small. In the maxillary there is a
large pointed canine with a serrated posterior border. In front of
this large canine and very close to it is a minute additional canine.
The small canine is the first of the maxillary teeth and is doubtless
the homologue of the first canine in Scylacosaurus, while the large
canine is no doubt the homologue of the second canine in that genus.
In the type specimen there is no evidence of a third canine, but in a
second very imperfect specimen, which undoubtedly belongs to the
same genus and most probably to the same species, there is evidence
of there having been another canine. The molars are probably 9
in number. Eight are undoubtedly present, but the last molar on the
left side, as judged by its distance from the canine, is most probably
a ninth. The molars are all comparatively small and subequal. In
the lower jaw there are three long pointed incisors, one large pointed
canine, and apparently 9 molars. The dental formula of Ictido-
saurus would thus appear to be : —

.5 2 (or 3 ?) 9 ^ 32 ? 34

152 Annals of the South African Museum.

The following are some of the principal measurements : —

Width of nasal behind 14 mm.

Width of nasal in front 18

Depth of maxillary 46

Length of incisor series 21

Diastema between is and c^ 9

From front of c^ to back of m9 46

Height of upper c^ 32

The type specimen was presented to the museum in 1881 by Mr.
J. R. Joubert, and was obtained near Beaufort West.

SCYMNOSAUKUS FEROX, g. et Sp. nOV.

The imperfect snout which has been made the type of this new
genus has evidently belonged to a reptile about the size of a Hyaena,
and which with the exception of Titanosuchus is the largest primitive
Theriodont at present known. The snout has been broken across
behind the third molar, and has been again split longitudinally through
the roots of the teeth, so that the specimen only consists of the
alveolar margins of the maxillary and premaxillary bones with the
teeth and the front portion of the lower jaw. The longitudinal
fracture reveals the structure' of the anterior part of the palate.

Each premaxillary bone has 5 incisors. Posteriorly the bones
are overlapped by the maxillaries. Internally they form large sutures
with the pre vomers.

Each maxillary supports 1 large canine and 3 small molars, and
shows evidence of there having been an additional canine lost.
The maxillary forms with the palatine a longitudinal suture a little
inside of the roots of the molars. There is no secondary palate.

The internal nares are long, kidney-shaped openings lying internal
to the large canines. Internally they are bounded by the prevomers
and the palatines.

The prevomers are very much broader than in Scylacosaurus, but
only form a small part of the hard palate. They articulate behind
with both the pterygoids and the palatines.

The palatines articulate with the maxillaries in a similar manner to
that found in Scylacosaui-us. Near the posterior border of the
internal nares, however, the outer border of the palatine forms a
prominent ridge. I can find no evidence of teeth on the palatines.

Of the pterygoids only the anterior part is preserved. They fit in
between the two palatines and articulate in front with the prevomers.

So))ie Ncno Primitive Theriodonts. 153

The two form a median ridge which passes up from the middle of the
palate. The upper sides of the pterygoids are considerahly overlapped
by the palatines, so that the pterygoids appear smaller when viewed
from above (fig. 9) than they really are (fig. 8).

The teeth are fairly well preserved, and owing to the manner in
which the snout is broken across one is enabled to observe the structure
and relations of the roots of the teeth.

There are on each side 5 well-developed upper incisors. The
crowns are for the most part badly preserved, but each tooth, though
on section moderately round, has a distinct posterior edge and a less
marked anterior border. In the third, fourth, and fifth teeth there are
distinct serrations along the posterior edge. The third and fourth
incisors are very considerably larger and the second slightly larger
than the first and fifth. The fifth incisor is somewhat flatter than
the others. The fracture across the roots of the teeth reveals, at a
distance of from 18 mm. to 25 mm. above the alveolar margin, remains
of teeth of an earlier set in front of the roots of the first, second, and
third incisors. These are small portions of the roots of teeth smaller
than those of the succeeding set, which are not shed, but become
imbedded in the bone, and doubtless in course of time absorbed.

The first of the maxillary teeth is a very large canine. Directly
outside of the root the fracture displays on the left side, at a distance
of 45 mm. from the alveolar border, the remains of the root of a small
canine of the earlier set, while immediately behind the large canine
there is seen on both sides the remains of a second large canine which
is being invaded by bony tissue. On the right side there remains
only the shell of the root, the cavity being almost filled wath spongy
bone. Though this large canine tooth has disappeared with the ex-
ception of the remains of its root, it must be a younger tooth than the
first molar, as the root of the first molar is partly excavated to
accommodate it.

The molars number 3 on each side, and there appear to have been
only 3. They are simple pointed teeth, considerably flattened and
with serrated posterior borders. There is no indication of any succes-
sional molars.

The following are some of the principal measurements : —

Length of 5 upper incisors 63 mm.

Length of canine about 20

Length of 3 molars 29

Total length of dental series 134

Width of snout in region of canines 105

154 Annals oj the SoiitJi African Museum.

Nothing, unfortunately, is known of the locahty of the specimen.

Lycosuchus mackayi, sp. nov.

This new species is represented by an imperfect maxilla and one or
two other very imperfect fragments of a skull. As displayed, the maxilla
is split longitudinally and shows 2 large canines and a small molar.
There is no evidence of any other teeth. The front one of the two
canines is of large size and is serrated both in front and behind. The
second canine, which is immature and has probably not yet cut the
gum, is also serrated both in front and behind. The little molar is
too imperfect to admit of description. In its general structui-e and
in the number of teeth this maxillary bone agrees fairly closely with
that of LycosucMis vanderrieti (1), which I recently described, from
the Karroo beds lying to the east of Beaufort West. L. mackayi is
an animal at least a half larger than L. vanderrieti, as will be seen
from the table of comparative measurements given below, and con-
sidering that the type of L. mackayi is probably immature. In
L. vanderrieti no serrations are to be seen on the front of the second
canine, but as the point is lost it is impossible to say whether it may
not have been similar to that in L. mackayi.

L. mackayi. L. vanderrieti.

Length of maxilla about 165 mm. 107 mm.

Depth of maxilla about 67 56

Front of first canine to back of

molar 48 39

The specimen was sent from East London many years ago by
Mr. G. McKay, the discoverer of the little Endothiodont reptile
named by Huxley Pristerodon McKay i. As a curious instance of
the way in which bones of different animals are sometimes found
mixed together in the Karroo beds, it may be mentioned that in the
same piece of stone which exhibits the maxillary of Lycosuchus
mackayi there is seen almost alongside of it the almost complete but
very badly crushed skull of a medium-sized Oudenodon.

On the Affinities of the Primitive Theriodonts.

Though the three genera Scylacosaurus, Ictidosaurus, and
Scymnosaurus resemble the typical Theriodonts considerably in
their dentition, the structure of the palate is so strikingly different
that it became necessary to place them in a distinct Order or Sub-

Some Krtr Primitive Thcriodonts. 155

order ; and in a paper recently read before the South African Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science (4) I proposed to form a new
Order— Therocephaha — ^for their reception.

Besides the three new genera described above, which may be taken
as typical of the new order, there are a number of others which are
apparently more or less closely allied and which evidently belong to
the same order.

^lurosaurus, Oivcn, is fairly closely allied to Scylacosaurus.
Seeley had the palate of the type specimen partly cleared of matrix,
but he does not seem to have realised that the type of palate is, as I
pointed out a few years ago (5), quite unlike that of the Theriodonts
proper. So far as can be made out, the palate is essentially similar
to that of Scylacosaurus, though there is a very much greater develop-
ment of small palatal teeth. In the restoration which Seeley gives
of ^lurosaurus (6), owing to his having mistaken an incrustation of
lime for bone, he places the articulation for the lower jaw below the
back of the orbit. Doubtless the posterior part of the skull in
-3^]lurosaurus is very similar to that in Ictidosuchus and Lyco-
suchus.

Ictidosuchus (2), in which the skull and a number of other bones
of the skeleton are known, is, like iElurosaurus, a near ally of
Scylacosaurus. The palate in the type is so imperfect that when
describing the specimen I did not think it safe to say more than
that " there is no distinct secondary palate." When the crushed
fragments are viewed in the light of the fairly complete palate of
Scylacosaurus, it is at once apparent that the palate of Ictidosuchus
has been essentially similar.

Lycosuchus (1), which is known by an almost perfect skull, is
most probably also a Therocephalian. Unfortunately the palate is
unknown, but the structure of the lower jaw, arches, and dentition
render it fairly certain that Lycosuchus belongs to this new order.

Titanosuchus is doubtless closely allied to Scymnosaurus. It has,
as I have shown (7), a pair of large prevomers, and the position of
the internal nares renders it evident that this genus of Owen's
belongs to the Therocephalia.

Gorgonops (8) differs from all the other Therocephalian genera in
having the temporal fossae roofed, but in most points the resem-
blances to the typical Therocephalians are so marked as to render it
not improbable that it should be placed in the same group. The
presence of the minute canine in front of the large one is almost
exactly similar to what we find in Ictidosaurus and Scylacosaurus.
The internal nares are situated near the front of the palate, and are

12

156

Annals of the South African Mnscwit.

separated l^y the prevomers, which are here, however, anchylosed
The palatines practically meet in the middle line, so that the
Therocephalian type is somewhat modilied.

Ehopalodon and Deuterosaurus are very imperfectly known, but
in a number of respects they show affinities with the typical Thero-
cephalians, and it is not improbable that they are aberrant modifica-
tions of the same type.

Excluding, however, for the present the genera Gorgonops,
Ehopalodon, and Deuterosaurus, whose affinities are doubtful, the
following may be given as the general characters of the Therocephalia
in contradistinction to those of the Theriodontia : —

THEllOC'iPHALIA.

Canines 1, 2, or 3 ; molars

simple.
Palate, a modification of the

Ehynchocephalian type ; often

bearing teeth.
Quadrate well developed.
Occiput with single condyle ?
Pineal foramen large.
Angular and surangular large,

forming large part of lower

jaw.
Scapula without distinct acromion.
Precoracoid foramen entirely in

precoracoid bone (Ictido-

suchus).

Theriodontia.
Canines single (rarely 2 ?) molars

usually cuspid.
A secondary palate formed as in

Mammals.

(Quadrate rudimentary.
Occiput with two condyles.
Pineal foramen small or absent.
Angular and surangular small

— lower jaw formed almost

entirely by dentary.
Scapula with an acromion.
Precoracoid foramen between the

scapula and precoracoid

(Cynognathus).

The position of a number of Owen's genera must for the present
remain uncertain. Cynosuchus, Cynochampsa, and Tigrisuchus are
only known by very fragmentary remains, but they not improbably
belong to the Therocephalia. Lycosaurus, according to Seeley (6),
has a typically Theriodont palate, and thus probably belongs to the
Theriodontia, and Cynodraco may also belong to the higher order,
but until further remains are discovered it will be impossible to
decide definitely.

(157)

REFERENCES TO LITERATURE.

(1) E. Broom. " On an Almost Perfect Skull of a New Primitive

Theriodont (LycosucJius vanderneti)," Tr. S. Af. Phil.
Soc, vol. xiv., part 2, 1903.

(2) E. Broom. " On Ictidosuchus j^rimcevus," Tr. S. Af. Phil.

Soc, vol. xi., part 3, 1900.

(3) E. Broom. "On the Mammalian and Eeptilian Vomerine

Bones," Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1902, part 4.

(1) E. Broom. " On the Classification of the Theriodonts and

their Allies," Eep. S. Af. Ass. Adv. Sc, 1903.

(5) E. Broom. " On the Structm-e of the Palate in Dicynodon

and its Allies," Tr. S. Af. Phil. Soc, vol. xi., part 3, 1900.

(6) H. G. Seeley. " On the Therosuchia," Phil. Trans., 1895.

(7) E. Broom. " On the Presence of a Pair of Distinct Prevomers

in Titanosuchus," Ann. S. Af. Mus., vol. iv., page 144.

(8) E. Owen. Cat. Fossil Eept. of S. Africa in British Museum,

1876.

( 158 )

KEFEEENCES TO PLATES.

Plate XVII.
Fig.

1. Skull of S)'j/l(icosaui-ns -:clatcrl, from above, x -72.

2. ,, ,, ,, from below, x -72.

3. Side view of skull of Scijlacosaurus sclateri. x -72.

4. Side view of skull of Ictidomtiridf augusticeps. X"72.

5. Eestoration of palate of Scijlacomurua xclateri. x •4.5. Mx, maxilla ; Pa,

palatine; Pmx, premaxilla ; P.N., posterior nares ; Pt, pterygoid;
P.Vo., prevomer; T.P., transpalatine or ectopterygoid.

Plate XVIII.

6. Side view of portion of snout of Scijinnosaurus fcrox. x -9.

7. Front of lower jaw, and upper teeth of Scymnosaurns fero.r. x -5. i', i-, /3,

i**, (5, the five incisors ; c, canine ; ?«', m', m^, the three molars.

8. Eestoration of palate of Sci/mnosauru)^ ferox. x "28. Mx, maxilla; Pa,

palatine; Pmx, premaxilla; P.N., posterior nares; Pt, pterygoid;
P.Vo., prevomer.

9. The i-elations of the bones of the front of the palate as shown in the transverse

fracture through the roots of the teeth, x -5.
10. Fractured maxillary bone of Lycosuchiis maclidyi. x •72.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.IV.

PI. XVII,

r*!

-^..

Yi6. 1 .

V. s-

Yi6 4

T'Vo.

Wesfc.NewTaan litli .

Pi^s 1,2, 3, & 5 Scylacosaur-us sclaLeri
Figs 4 Ictidosaurus angusticeps.

Ann.S.Afr Mus.Vol.lV.

PI. XVIII

^^

Fio'.

J

'¥'

\]

®

Pig, 9,

\

y^'

'^-

il-B.del.

F16.IO.

West, Newman litTi .

Figs 6,7,8&9 Scymnosaurus ferox.
Fig. 10 Lycosuchus mackayi.

( 159 )

VII. — On a neio Beptile (Proterosuchus fergusi) from the Karoo
Beds of Tarkastad, South Africa.~Bj E. Broom, M.D., B.Sc,
C.M.Z.S.

(Plate XIX.)

Some years ago there was discovered in an alluvial deposit on the
farm of Wheatlands, in the district of Tarkastad, the badly weathered
skull of a moderate-sized reptile. Though the fossil was not found
in situ, there can be no doubt it came from the rocks in the neigh-
bourhood. For some time the skull has been in the possession
of Dr. John Fergus, of Tarkastad, but at my suggestion he has pre-
sented it to the South African Museum, and I am thus enabled to
give a description of it.

The specimen has apparently originally consisted of the anterior
four-fifths of the skull embedded in a sandstone matrix, but as the
result of weathering practically all the facial bones have disappeared,
and all that remains of the external bones are portions of the maxillaries
bearing a number of teeth, portions of the premaxillaries, consider-
able portions of the lower jaws, and the impressions of a number of
the other facial bones. A horizontal fracture along the palate
reveals almost the whole of the palatal bones in a very satisfactory
state of preservation.

Though the skull differs very greatly from that of any animal
hitherto found in the Karoo beds, it bears considerable resemblance
to that of Ornithosuchus tooodtcardi, found in the Triassic beds of
Elgin, Scotland. The South African animal, however, besides
having been more than twice as large, has differed from the Scots
form in a number of important characters. In the new form, as in
Ornithosuchus, the skull is very narrow in front and moderately
broad posteriorly. The lower jaws are of considerable size. In
front they are very much flattened, and on passing backwards each
is slightly rotated outwards, so that the upper border of the posterior
half is directed as much outwards as upwards. The orbits are
large, and in front of each is a moderately large oval antorbital
vacuity.

160 Annals of the South African Museum.

The maxillary, so far as can be judged from the remains and
impressions, appears to agree fairly closely with that in Ornitho-
siichus. In this new form, however, it is better developed pos-
teriorly, and passes backwards as far as the back of the orbit. It
bears a series of large teeth. From the extremely weathered condi-
tion of the bone it is difficult to be certain of the arrangement of the
teeth. There seem, however, to be 10 large, well-developed teeth in
a regular series, and between these there seems to be a series of
immature teeth. Then, at the base of the teeth of the first series,
there are indications of the tips of a series of replacing teeth. If
this interpretation be correct, each maxilla has probably had a series
of 18 or 20 teeth — mature and immature teeth alternating. The
immature teeth have distinct sockets, but in the old teeth the roots
seem to be united with the bone.

The jugal forms the lower border of the orbit. It rests on the
maxilla, and in front passes forwards between the lachrymal and the
maxilla almost to the antorbital vacuity.

Above the impression of the maxilla on the right side is the greater
part of the impression of the nasal. This has evidently been a fairly
large bone.

Only a very fragmentary portion of the premaxillary remains.

The palate, which fortunately is fairly well preserved, is of very
great interest. Though a modification of the Khynchocephalian
type, the palate differs very considerably from that of any other form
hitherto described.

In front, articulating with the premaxillaries, are a pair of elon-
gated prevomers. (These are the bones usually referred to as
vomers, but which I have elsewhere shown are not homologous with
the mammalian vomer.) They appear to articulate with each other
in front, but for the greater part of their length they are not in con-
tact. Each prevomer is considerably expanded posteriorly, and to a
less degree in front, but is very slender in the middle. Along the
inner side of each is a row of small teeth. Behind, each gives articu-
lation to the pterygoid and palatine bones.

The internal nares are very elongated openings lying between the
prevomers and the maxillae. Each is a little longer than the pre-
vomer, and its posterior part lies between the maxilla and the
anterior part of the palatine.

The palatines, though a little larger than the prevomers, are much
smaller than in most reptilian skulls. From where each palatine
articulates with the maxillary a short, slender process extends for-
wards, upwards, and inw^ards to meet the prevomer, and forms the

On a Ncio Reptile (Proterosuchus fergusi). 161

inner border of the posterior part of the internal nasal opening. A
long, slender process is also sent backwards. This rests on the
pterygoid, and when the palate is viewed from below the pterygoid
almost completely hides the posterior process of the palatine. The
palatine thus appears in fig. 3 as much smaller than it really is.
There is no evidence of any teeth on the palatines.

The pterygoids are unusually large, and form by far the greater
part of the palate. Each may be described as consisting of three
parts : a long, broad anterior part which meets the prevomers and
articulates laterally with the palatines, a broad, well-developed trans-
verse process which meets the transpalatine, and there has doubtless
been a posterior process which met the quadrate. The pterygoids
are remarkable for the fact that they do not meet each other in the
middle line. Along the inner border of each is a row of small teeth
followed by a number of other rows of smaller teeth. Along the line
which may be considered to divide the anterior from the lateral pro-
cess are also two or three rows of small teeth, while the posterior
border of the lateral process is armed by a number of moderate-sized
teeth. The anterior part of each pterygoid is strengthened by a
longitudinal vertical plate (see fig. 4).

The transpalatine or ectopterygoid is a moderate-sized element.
It is not very well preserved, but is probably as restored in tig. 3.
It to a considerable extent lies behind the lateral process of the
pterygoid. Between it, the pterygoid, the palatine, and the maxilla,
is a large suborbital vacuity.

A transverse section near the middle of the palate is shown in
fig. 4. The most noteworthy feature is the presence of a true median
vomer (the " parasphenoid " of most authors). In transverse section
it closely resembles the mammahan vomer, and has evidently sup-
ported a median cartilaginous septum.

The lower jaws are badly preserved, yet it is possible from the
remains to gain a fairly good idea of their structure. There are only
one or two slight fragments of the dentaries remaining — the largest
fragment being seen in fig. 1. Behind the dentary there has evi-
dently been a very large surangular, but little more than the impres-
sion remains on either side. This large surangular has apparently
formed almost the whole of the outer surface for the posterior half
of the jaw. It has articulated with the coronoid above, with the
splenial below, and with the angular a little to the inside of the
lower border. Thei^e has evidently been no large fenestra in the jaw.
The coronoid is well developed. Internally it articulates with the
angular and with the splenial. The angular is fairly well preserved

162 Annals of the South African Museum.

on the left side. It is much smaller than the surangular, and is
almost entirely confined to the inner side of the jaw. The splenial
is very well developed and fairly well preserved. It forms the inner
side of the jaw in front of the coronoid and the angular. The
articular is not preserved.

For this new type I have proposed the name Protewsuchus fcrgusi.

Affinities of Protcrosuchus.

Proterosuchus differs so very greatly from any form hitherto dis-
covered that it is a little difficult to decide as to its affinities, and the
difficulty is made the greater by the very imperfect condition of the
remains. There are four reptilian orders with which it shows more
or less affinity, viz., the Crocodiha, the Dinosauria, the Pterosauria,
and the Ehynchocephalia. It is highly probable that the Crocodiles,
the Dinosaurs, and the Pterodactyles are all descendants of Ehyn-
chocephalian ancestors, and the early forms of each order so much
resemble each other, and also the Rhynchocephalians, that it is often
a matter of great difficulty to say to which of the four orders an early
genercxlised type really belongs. Were only the exterior of the skull
of Proterosuchus known, one might readily agree to place it some-
where near Ornithosuchus in the Parasuchia or other division of the
early Crocodiles, but the structure of the palate and the lower jaw
shows that the affinities are more with the early Ehynchocephalians.
In all known Crocodilians, Dinosaurs, and Pterodactyles teeth, if
present, are confined to the margins of the jaws, and never appear on
the pre vomers or pterygoids. Among Ehynchocephalians, on the
other hand, teeth are usually present on the prevomers and pala-
tines, and often also on the pterygoids. In the most primitive
Ehynchocephalians — -Palaeohatteria and Proterosaurus — the palate
is very imperfectly known ; but in Procolophon, which is moderately
nearly allied to Palaeohatteria, the palate has a number of teeth on
each prevomer, and two rows of small teeth on each pterygoid. On
the palatines in Procolophon, on the other hand, there are no teeth.
Though Procolophon is not very nearly allied to Proterosuchus, it is
interesting to observe that in general type the palates are essentially
similar in the two. In Procolophon there are no teeth along the
external pterygoid process, but in Dimetrodon a row of teeth is seen
very much as in Proterosuchus ; and the Pareiasaurians, though
farther removed from the Ehynchocephalians, frequently retain this
row of teeth along the pterygoid process, e.g., Pareiasaurus and
Pariotichus. It would thus appear that the palate of Proterosuchus

On a Neiv Rcvtilc (Proterosuchus fergusi). 163

is very similar to that which probably occurred in the primitive
Ehynchocephalians.

The lower jaw^ also more closely resembles the Ehynchocephalian
type than it does that of the other orders. The structure of the
lower jaw is only fully known in Procolophon among the early types,
but so far as preserved the mandible of Proterosuchus is essentially
similar to that in Procolophon.

We may therefore conclude, on the present evidence, that Pro-
terosuchus is a primitive Ehynchocephalian which shows a consider-
able degree of specialisation along the line which gave rise to the
early Crocodiles and Dinosaurs.

KEFEEENCES TO PLATE XIX.

A. antorbital vacuity ; An. angular : Co. coronoid ; D. dentary ; Ju. jugal ; La.
lachrymal; Mx. maxilla; Na. nasal; 0. orbit; Pa. palatine; Pmx. premaxilla ;
P.N. posterior nares; Pt. pterygoid; Pvo. prevomer; Sa. surangular ; Sp. splenial ;
T.P. transpalatine ; Vo. vomer.

Fig. 1. Side view of skull of Proterosuchus fergiisi x •45.

Fig. 2. Upper side of the bones of the palate of Proterosuchus f erg usi x '45.

Fig. 3. Restoration of the palate of Proterosuchus fergusi x -45.

Fig. 4. Trans, section of the palate at the point marked by an arrow in fig. 3
x -6.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.IV.

PI. XIX.

R. Broom del-

West,Newmanlith.

Protsrosuclius fergiisi.

( 165 )

VIII. -Bmchiopoda from tJie Bokkeveld Bech. By F. E. C. Eeed,
M.A., F.G.S.

(Plates XX.-XXIII.)

Introductory Remarks.

The specimens of BrachiopocTa which are here descrihed are mostly
in a poor state of preservation and in the condition of casts or
impressions. There is considerable variation in the nature of the
rock-matrix which contains them, but in the majority of cases it
is of an arenaceous character. Several distinct beds and lithological
horizons are I'epresented, but as to any difference in age there is
no striking evidence from the Brachiopoda, and the general state-
ment that the whole facies is certainly Devonian is alone safe.

The following is a list of the species represented in the collection
W'hich has been submitted to me, and described in detail below : —

Liufjula aff. densa Hall,
sp.
■•'OrhiculokJea bainv.(Morns and Sharpe).
Stroplieodonta cf. concinna (Morris and Sharpe).
Strophonella sp.
■■'- Orthothetes sulivani (Morris and Sharpe).
Chonetes falklandicus (Morris and Sharpe).
,, cf. coronatus Conrad.
''' ,, cf. arcci Ulnch.
atf'. Hctujcr Hall.
Or this sp. ?

13

166 Annals of the South African Museum.

Rhynclionclla {Caviarotachia) sp.
Bcnsselaria sp. o.
sp. /3.
? sp.
Trigeria atf. ijaudryi Oehlert.
'■■Crj/jJtonella haini (Sharpe).

sp. ?
'■■Spinfer orbignyi'^ovvis and Sharpe.
,, cf. ]}eclroanus Hartt.
,, ceres sp. no v.

'''■Sjnrifer sp. a.

,, {Reticularia ?) sp. /3.
Amhoccelia umhonata (Conrad).
Betzia cf. adricni (De Verneuil).
Bhynchosinra ? cf. silveti (Ulrich).
■■'LeptocoRlia flahellites (Conrad).
Vitulina jMstidosa (Hall).

The species marked with an asterisk are represented in Bain's.
Collection in the Museum of the Geological Society, London, and
amongst them the following were described and figured by Sharpe
in 1856," as the accompanying hst indicates : —

Sjnrifcr antarcticus = Sp. orhignyi.

,, orbignii = .S'^;. orbignyi.

Orthis palmata = Lcptocoelia flabellitcs.

Terebratula bainii = Cryptonella baini.ji'

Strophomena baimi = Orthothetes sulivani.

,, sulivani = Orthothetes stdivani.

Chonetes sp. ind. = Chonctes cf. coronatus.

,, sp. ind. = ? Chonetes cf. coronatus.

,, " Larger species " = Chonetes cf. arcei Ulrich.

Orb'icula bainii = Orbiculoidea bainij '

A careful comparison of the new specimens with these types has-
been made by the author, and in the second column the revised
nomenclature and identifications are given.

* Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii., pp. 206-210, pi. xxvi.

Bracliloporla from the Bokkeveld Beds. 167

Ordee ATREMATA.

Family LINGULID^.

LINGULx\ aff. DENSA Hall.

(Plate XX., figs. 1, 2.)

There are some specimens of the genus Lingula from the " Top
of Hottentots' Kloof" (No. 120) and also from "above 3rd Sand-
stone, up-side of tunnel-siding, Hex Eiver Pass " (Nos. 123, 124).
The two specimens from the latter locality represent the cast and
impression of a brachial valve, while that from the former is merely
the impression of a pedicle valve. In shape the shell is somewhat
obovate, widening a little anteriorly and subtruncate in front ; the
length is about one and a half times the greatest breadth ; the beak
of the pedicle valve is moderately pointed, the sides meeting at an
angle of about 80° ; the brachial valve has a regularly rounded
umbonal margin, the beak being quite inconspicuous. The surface
of both valves is marked by fine concentric stria.

Dimensions. — (No. 123) Brachial valve. Length 15'5 mm. ; width
(at front end) 10-5 mm. ; width (near beak) 8-5 mm.

Affinities. — This species appears to be very closely allied to
L. densa Hall,* of the Hamilton Group in North America, and to
L. manni Hall,t of the Corniferous Limestone. Ulrich l compares
his Bolivian species L. coheni with L. densa Hall, but it appears to
be of a more oval shape than these from Cape Colony.

Localities.— {No. 120) Top of Hottentots' Kloof. (Nos. 123, 124)
Above 3rd Sandstone, up-side of tunnel-siding, Hex Eiver Pass.

LINGULA sp.

(Plate XX., fig. 3.)

There is one imperfect valve of a species of Lingula (No. 121)
which seems to be distinct from that allied to L. densa Hall. The
shape is broadly oval, the greatest width being across the middle ;

* Hall, Palseont. N.Y., vol. iv., 18G7, p. 11, pi. ii., figs. 10, 11.

t Hall, ibid., p. 6, pi. ii., fig. 3.

\ Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Miner., Arc, Beil. Bd. viii., 1893, p. 82, t. v., fig. 11.

168 Annals of the South African Museum.

the beak is moderately pointed, and the lateral slopes are inclined at
about 75-80° ; the surface is concentrically striated.

Dimensions. — Length 13*5 mm. ; width 12 mm.

Locality. — (No. 121) Top of Hottentots' Kloof.

Order NEOTREMATA.
Family DISCINID^.

OEBICULOIDEA BAINI (Morris and Sharpe).
(Plate XX., figs. 4, 5.)

1846. Orbicnla Bainii, Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc, vol. ii., p. 277, pi. x., fig. 5.
1856. Orbicula Bainii, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii.,

p. 210, pi. xxvi., figs. 20-23.
1893. Discina Baini, Von Ammon, Zeitschr. Gesell. Erdkiinde

Berlin, Bd. xxviii., p. 359, fig. 4.
1897. Orhiculoidea baini, Schuchert, Syn. Amer. Foss. Brach.

(Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 87), p. 277.

This species was first described from the Falkland Islands by
Morris and Sharpe, and subsequently from South Africa by Sharpe.
Eecently Von Ammon has described it from Matto Grosso, Brazil.
The shape of the examples (Nos. 158, 159) in the present collection
is circular ; the brachial valve is moderately conical, being elevated
to a height equal to about one-third the diameter ; the beak is
excentric, being distant about one-third or one-fourth the diameter
from the posterior border. The pedicle valve is slightly concave ;
the pedicle opening is large, oval, and depressed, and is connected by
a narrow slit with the posterior margin, from which it is distant
about one-third or one-fourth the diameter of the shell.

Dimensions. — Diameter 20-24 mm.

Affinities. — In the allied species Orb. humilis Hall," from the
Marcellus-Hamilton beds of North America the beak of the brachial
valve is more subcentral. Kayser + describes a species as Orb. cf.
humilis Hall, from the Argentine Devonian.

Localities. — (No. 158) North of Whupperthal. (No. 159) Gamka
Poort.

* Hall, Palffiont. N.Y., vol. iv., 18G7, p. IG, pi. ii., fig. 18.

t Kayser, Zeitschr. deut. Geol. Gesell., Bd. xlix., 1897, p. 302.

Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. 169

Oeder protremata.

Family STKOPHOMENID^.

STEOPHEODONTA cf. CONCINNA (Morris and Sharpe).

(Plate XX., fig. 6.)

There is one specimen (No. 131) of the pedicle valve of a small
species of Stropheodonta from Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres, which is of a
transversely semi-elliptical shape, about one and a half times as wide
as long, with the hinge-line equal to the greatest width of the shell
and the cardinal angles slightly pointed. The convexity of the shell
is very slight, and the cardinal angles are flattened. The surface is
covered with fine radiating striae (only well seen in this cast near
the margins) numbering about 120 round the edges; the beak is
small and rises a little above the hinge-line, the teeth are stout
but small; there is a small median septum extending from the
beak for about one-third the length of the valve ; there are weak
dental lamellaB diverging at right angles and bordering the flabellate
diductor impressions. The hinge-area is narrow and linear. No
marginal spines are visible.

Dimensions. — Length 13 mm. ; width 18 mm.

Affinities. — In shape, ornamentation, and internal characters this
shell resembles Orthis concinna Morris and Sharpe * from the Falk-
land Islands. It is less transverse than Chonetes falklandicus Morris
and Shax'pe, which has also a different ornamentation. The American
form Stropheodonta perplana Conrad,! from the Upper Helderberg-
Chemung Groups of North America and the Devonian of Brazil
seems to be very similar in internal and external characters.

Locality. — (No. 131) Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres.

STEOPHONELLA sp.
(Plate XX., fig. 7.)

There is an imperfect internal cast of a brachial valve (No. 128)
from Gydo Pass, Ceres, with the hinge-area of the pedicle valve
attached, which appears to be referable to the genus StropJwnella.

* Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Jourii. Geol. Soc, vol. ii. , 184G, p. 275, pi. x.,
fig. 2a, h.

t Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Soc. Philadelphia, viii., 1842, p. 257, pi. xiv., fig. 11.

\ Clarke, Palseoz. Faunas of Para, Brazil (Archiv. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
vol. X., 1899), English edit., 1900, p. 87.

170 Annals of the South African Muscmn.

The characters are the following : —

Shell transversely semi-elliptical, broader than long, slightly
convex in middle, flattened laterally. Hinge-line equal to greatest
width of shell. Hinge-area of pedicle valve narrow, triangular,
inclined. Brachial valve with large quadrilobate cardinal process
and deep dental sockets. Hinge-line finely crenulated. Low, broad ,
short median septum. Surface ornamented with 100-120 straight,
much flattened weak ribs, faint near cardinal angles ; the intervening
fine striae are marked by minute pores or tubular openings communi-
cating with pustulose elevations on the interior ; the pustules are
smaller and more elongated towards the margins.

Dimensions. — Length -)- 25 mm. (probably about 30 mm., for the
anterior margin is imperfect) ; width about 46-50 mm.

Affinities. — This shell closely resembles Hall's species Strophonella
ampla,^' from the Upper Helderberg of North America, particularly
in the manner of its pustulation. The form described by Ulrich f as
Stropliomcna sp. /3 from the Devonian of Bolivia is possibly identical.

Locality. — (No. 128) Gydo Pass, Ceres.

OETHOTHETES SULIVANI (Morris and Sharpe).
(Plate XX., fig. 8.)

1846. Orthis Sulivani, Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,

ii., p. 275, pi. X., fig. 1.
1856. Stropho')nena Sullivani, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2,

vol. vii., p. 209, pi. xxvi., figs. 18, 19.
? 1856. Strophomcna Baimi, Sharpe, ibid., p. 208, pi. xxvi., figs. 13,

17.

This species was first described from the Falkland Islands, but
subsequently from Cape Colony. The species Strophomena hainii is
without much doubt identical. I have carefully examined and com-
pared the South African types of both species in the Museum of the
Geological Society, and the slight d]fi"erences seem only due to the
method and state of preservation of the shells. Sharpe says that
in Sir. hainii the ribs increase by insertion, but the specimens show
that they also clearly increase by bifurcation exactly as in Orth.
sulivani, figured by the same author. In both species the number

• Hall and Clarke, Palsont. N.Y., vol. viii., pt. 2, 1893, p. 293, pi. xii., figs.
13-15.

t Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beil. Bd. viii., 1893, p. 70, t. iv., fig. 24.

Bracliiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. 171

of ribs varies from 110 to 130 on the margin, and though they
appear a httle coarser in Ortli. sulivani, this is apparently only
due to the state of preservation. The mode of increase is precisely
similar, and the faint sinus noticed by Sharpe in Str. bainii is also
clearly developed in his figured specimens of Orth. sulivani.

Affinities. — This species is closely allied or perhaps identical with
Orth. agassizi Hartt," from the Devonian of Brazil, and may not be
specifically distinct from Ulrich's Orthothetes sp. « t from the
Huamampampa Sandstone (Devonian) of Bolivia. It is also a near
relative of Orth. chemungensis Conrad, | from the Chemung Group
of North America. The widespread Orth. umhraculum Von Buch,
also shows considerable affinity.

Localities. — (No. 157) Uitkomst, Ceres (slab crowded with
examples of this species). (No. 113) ditto. (No. 210) Gydo Pass,
€eres. (No. 212) Wolvaart's Farm, near Ceres Village.

Family PEODUCTID^.

CHONETES FALKLANDICUS Morris and Sharpe.
(Plate XX., figs. 9, 10.)

1846. Chonetes falklandica, Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc, ii., p. 274, pi. x., fig. 4.
1893. Chonetes falklandica, Von Ammon, Zeitschr. Gesell. f.

Erdkiinde, Berlin, Bd. xxviii., p. 360, fig, 5, a, b.
1897. Chonetes falklandicus, Schuchert, Syn. Amer. Foss. Brach.

(Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 87), p. 173.

The description given by Morris and Sharpe of this species is as
follows: "Transversely semi-oval; upper valve convex, with a
slight mesial depression ; lower valve rather concave ; surface
covered with fine bifurcating rays, crossed by a few concentric lines
of growth. Hinge-area linear, of the breadth of the shell ; hinge-
line furnished with fine spines. Width ^ inch ; length ^ inch."

There is one shghtly distorted and imperfect impression of a
pedicle valve and the internal cast of another on the same rock-

* Kathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., i., 1874, p. 248, pi. ix., figs. 3, 4, 10,
16, 17, 23, 2.5, 26, 28-30.

t Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beil. Bd. viii., 1893, p. 76, t. iv., fig. 30.

+ Hall and Clarke, Palffiont. N.Y., vol. viii., pt. 1, 1892, p. 255, pi. x., fig. 9,
pi. xi.a, fig. 14.

172 Annals of the South African Museum.

specimen (No. 136). There are 5-6 cardinal spines on each side,,
their bases only in most cases being preserved. The surface is-
covered by fine closely set ribs, increasing by bifurcation and inter-
calation to about 130-140 round the margin. The pedicle valve has
a triangular inclined hinge-area.

Another larger specimen (No. 127), probably belonging to the
same species, consists of the internal cast of a pedicle valve with
submucronate angles, a median septum about one-third the length of
the valve, strong flabellate diductor impressions, and the surface
covered with punctae betweeii the fine ribs, which seem to be similar
to those in No. 136. There is no median depression in the valve as
Morris and Sharpe describe.

These specimens, however, may both be referred without much
doubt to Ch. falklandicus, and they are very closely allied if not.
identical with Ch. comstocki Hartt,* as Von Ammon {ojJ. cit.) has
remarked of this species. The European form Cli. sarcinulat^is
belongs also to the same group. It seems questionable if Kayser's
Ch. falklandicus f from Argentina is rightly identified.

Dimensions. — (No. 127) Length 17 mm. ; width 32 mm. (No. 136}
Length 11 mm.; width 21 mm.

Localities. — (No. 136) Near Ceres Village, along the Valsch Elver.
(No. 127) Hartebeeste Kraal, Ceres.

CHONETES cf. COEONATUS Conrad.

(Plate XX., figs. 11, 12 ; Plate XXI., figs. 1, 2.)

Amongst the numerous species in this collection referable to-
the genus Chonetes there is one which seems to resemble closely
Conrad's Ch. coronatus of the Hamilton Group. There are specimens
(Nos. 112, 118) showing internal casts of both the brachial and
pedicle valves. The shell is transverse or semi-elliptical in shape, a
little wider than long, with a straight hinge-line equal to or rather
less than the greatest width of the shell, and the cardinal angles are
rectangular or slightly rounded. The pedicle valve is moderately
convex with a shallow undefined median longitudinal depression,
and the lateral angles somewhat flattened ; the beak rises above the
hinge-line and is slightly incurved ; the hinge-area is narrow, inclined
and triangular, with the foramen partly occupied by the prominent
cardinal process of the brachial valve. The brachial valve is flattened

• Eathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc, i., 1874, p. '250, pi. ix., tigs. 5, 14, 18,.
19, 31.

t Kayser Zeitschr. deut. Geol. GeselL, xlix., p. 299, t. x., tig. '2.

Brachiopoda from the Bokkcveld Beds. 173-

or weakly concave. The surface of the casts shows radiating fine
ribs, 70-80 in number near the margin, increasing by bifurcation and
rarely by intercalation. The characteristic lines of punctae in the
grooves between them are most strongly marked near the margin.

The interior of the pedicle valve shows strong triangular teeth,
and a thin low longitudinal septum extending about a third the
length of the valve. The brachial valve possesses a prominent,
strong grooved cardinal process and deep dental sockets, and the
impressions of the adductor muscles are well marked. The strong
punctae near the margin are conspicuous.

Dimensions. — Pedicle valve, length 14 mm., width 18 mm. ;.
brachial valve, length 11 mm., width 16 mm.

Afflnities. — It is probable that the specimens figured by Sharpe ''■'-
as "Chonetes sp. ind." from Warm Bokkeveld are identical with this
form. The description and figures given by Hall t of Conrad's
species Ch. coronatus agree very closely.

Localities. — (No. 112) Boschluis Kloof, below 1st Sandstone.
(No. 118) ditto. ? (No. 215) Fossiliferous or 1st Sandstone, north
of homestead, Uitkomst. ? (No. 220) ditto.

CHONETES cf. AECEI Ulrich.
(Plate XXL, fig. 3.)

There is one cast (No. 129) of a brachial valve in a nodule from an
unknown locality which is identical with the specimens from Warm
Bokkeveld (now in the Museum of the Geological Society) mentioned
by Sharpe I as " the larger specimens of Chonetes ? " and occurring
in a ferruginous nodule. This specimen (No. 129) shows a flat
brachial valve of a transverse semi-elliptical shape ; the hinge-line
is equal to the greatest breadth, and the cardinal angles are
rectangular. The surface of the valve is ornamented by straight
low rounded ribs of somewhat irregular size increasing by bifurcation
and intercalation to the number of 70-80 round the margin. Between
them are regular rows of pustules, best preserved on the posterior
two-thirds of the shell. The valve seems to be slightly concave near
the middle, and to have traces of cardinal spines along the hinge-line.

Ulrich's § species Ch. arcei from the Devonian of Bolivia appears

* Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii., pi. xxvi., tig. 14 ( ? figs. 1-3, IG),
p. 209.

t Hall, Palseont. N.Y., vol. iv., 1867, p. 1S3, pi. xxi., figs. 9-12.

\ Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii., p. 210.

§ Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beil. Bd. viii., IH'.JS, p. 77, t. iv., figs. 35, 30.

174 Annals of the South African Museum.

to bear a very close resemblance to this specimen, but it is described
as having only 50-60 ribs on the surface.

On the nodule in the Geological Society's Museum holding the
iDrachial valve, there is a pedicle valve almost in contact and of the
same relative size, and therefore probably belonging to the same
species and individual. It is gently convex, and has a small beak
rising a little above the hinge-line ; there is an elongated hinge-area,
a pair of large diductors, and a faint median septum. The surface
is coarsely punctate near the margin, as in Gh. of. coronatus, and
the cardinal line is furnished with a few slender spines.

As Ulrich has remarked, the pustulate surface of the casts is
noticeable in several species of Chonetes, such as Ch. bretzi Schnur,"
and was referred to by Kayser. f

Dimensions. — Length (No. 129) 20 mm. ; width (No. 129) 32 mm.

Locality. — (No. 129) " Locality unknown."

CHONETES atf. SETIGER Hall.
(Plate XXL, figs. 1, 5.)

There is a small group of about half a dozen examples of a species
of Chonetes on a rock-specimen (No. 126) from Witzenberg Valley,
Ceres. The shell of this form is small, semi-elliptical, not quite as
long as wide ; the hinge-line is straight, and equal to the widest part
of the shell ; the cardinal angles are rather less than right angles.
The pedicle valve is gently convex, but flattened towards the cardinal
angles; the beak is small and pointed, scarcely rising above the hinge-
line, which bears 3-4 spines on each side. There is a weak median
depression down the centre. The teeth are small, and there is a
low median septum extending nearly half the length of the valve.
The surface is marked by straight radiating rather strong subangular
ribs increasing by bifurcation and intercalation near the margin to
about 35-40, and crossed by fine concentric striae. In the weak
median depression there are four ribs. The brachial valve is
flattened to slightly concave ; the beak is very small and incon-
spicuous, and there are 2-3 concentric wrinklings near the lateral
angles.

Dimensions. — Length 8 mm. ; width 10 mm.

Affinities. — The species which seem most closely allied to this form

* Schnur, Palseontographica. iii., 1854, p. 243, t. xlv., fig. 7 d.
t Kayser, Zeitschr. dent. Geol. Gesell., xxiii , 1S71, p. G3G.

Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. 175

are Ch. setiger, Hall/- Ch. lepidm Hall.f (in which there is a median
sinus in the pedicle valve), and Ch. scitidiis Hall.]: It appears that
the first-mentioned bears the nearest resemblance. All occur in the
Devonian (Marcellus-Chemung) of North America.

Localities.— (No. 126) Witzenberg Valley, Ceres. ?(No. 125)
Gamka Poort.

Family OETHID^.

ORTHIS sp.?
(Plate XXL, fig. 6.)

There are several imperfect valves of a small brachiopod re-
sembling Orthis on a slab of rock (No. 132) crowded with Cryptonclla
haini. The shell is convex and subcircular, with a curved hinge-
line. The beak of the pedicle valve is rather prominent and in-
curved. The brachial valve (10 mm. long) is less convex than the
pedicle valve, and has a small inconspicuous beak, and there is
a,pparently a faint median depression near the anterior margin. The
surface is marked by 20-30 simple angular ribs curving upwards
a little near the cardinal angles, and sepai'ated by strong grooves
equal in width to the ribs.

Affinities. — This imperfectly known brachiopod seems to resemble
Orthis (Dalmauella) IcpidiLS Hall,§ of the Hamilton Group of North
America, and may be compared with Ulrich's Orthis sp. /3 |1 from
the Devonian of Bohvia.

Locality. — (No. 132) Kloof north-west of homestead on Laken
Vley, Ceres.

Oedek TELOTREMATA.

Family EHYNCHONELLID^.

EHYNCHONELLA (CAMAROTCECHIA) sp.

(Plate XXL, fig. 7.)

There is one cast of a transversely oval pedicle valve of a small
brachiopod associated with a multitude of Lcptocaelia JlahclUtes on a

* Hall, Palseont., X.Y., vol. iv., 1807, p. 129, pi. xxii., figs. 1-5.

t Ibid., p. 132, pi. xxii., figs. 12, 13.

+ Ibid., p. 130, pi. xxii., figs. 6-11.

§ Ibid., p. 40, pi. vi., fig. 1.

II Uhich, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beil. Bd. viii., 1893, p. 77, t. iv., fig. 21.

176 Annals of the South African Museum.

large slab (No. 221) from Gamka Poort which must be referred to
a species of Bliynchonella {Gamarotcecliia). It is convex from back
to front with a strong incurved beak and only a very faintly indicated
median sinus. The surface is ornamented with about 18 simple low
ribs of which four lie in the sinus. The muscular impressions in
the beak are strongly developed, and the teeth are rather widely
separated.

Dimensions. — Length 8 mm. ; width 11 mm.

Affinities. — This form may be allied to Bh. implexa Sow.* from the
Middle Devonian of England, and there are some American species
{Bh. horsfordi Hall, and Bh. sappho Hall) f from the Upper Helder-
berg and Hamilton Groups which seem to bear some resemblance
to it.

Localitii.—{^o. 221) Gamka Poort.

Family CENTKONELLID^.

EENSSELiEEIA sp. «.
(Plate XXL, fig. 8.)

On one block of sandstone (No. 149) there are the internal casts-
of two brachial valves of a species of a large plicated brachiopod
which must be referred to BcnssclcBria or some allied genus. The
valves are rather imperfect along their anterior margins, but are
apparently of suborbicular shape ; they are gently convex, the
greatest convexity being just in front of the small inconspicuous
beak, the hinge-line is regularly curved, and the surface of the shell
is ornamented with 30-40 simple, straight, radiating, low, rounded
and equal ribs separated by narrower grooves. There is a thick
elevated hinge-plate, notched anteriorly and swollen and bilobed
posteriorly; a broad rounded ridge continued forwards into a thin
vertical septum lies in front of it, extending about one-fourth the
length of the valve. The bases of the crura are seen, but their
course and length cannot be determined.

Dimensions. — Length about 30 mm. ; width about 32 mm.

Affinities. — As far as the structure of the hinge-apparatus and
interior can be made out it agrees with that of Bensselceria, the
bilobation of the hinge-plate being well- shown in some North

* Davidson, Brit. Foss. Biach., vol. iii., p. 67, pi. xiv., figs. 7-10.
t Hall, PaliBont. N.Y., vol. iv., 1867, pp. 339, 340, pi. liv.

Brachiopoda jrom the Bokkeveld Beds. 177

American forms. The shape is rather more subcircular than usual
in members of the genus, but the young of B. ovoides (Eaton) from
the Oriskany Sandstone* have such a form. The simple radial
ornamentation of the surface is met with in several allied genera of
this family {Bensselaria, Beachia); and externally the shell much
resembles Beachia siiessana Hall,-f but the infolding of the margins
is not visible.

Locality.— {l<io. 149) Assegai Bosch, Eoode Berg, Ladismith.

EENSSEL^RIA sp. /5.
(Plate XXI., fig. 9.)

A nearly perfect cast of the interior of both valves of another
species of Bensselaria (No. 156) comes from Gydo Pass, Ceres.
This shell has an elongated oval shape, is biconvex, with the
pedicle valve rather deeper than the brachial and furnished with
a prominent incurved beak, and there is a trace of a faint narrow
median depression along it. The teeth are strong and supported
by short dental plates ; the diductor muscular impressions are
narrow, elongated and slightly divergent. The surface is marked
by 20-24 low weak ribs, strongest near the margins, and the two
bordering the weak sinus are continued with equal strength to the
beak and have three shorter ribs between them. The brachial valve
has no median fold or sinus, and the ribs are uniform. The dental
sockets are deep ; the hinge-plate is elevated and cleft down the
middle into ti-iangular halves, and slender crura are attached to
the inner angles. The marks of the adductors are closely placed
and lie just in front of the hinge-plate, and there is a short low
septum anterior to them.

Dimensions. — Length 16 mm. ; width 12 mm.

Affinities. — This brachiopod externally somewhat resembles Tere-
bratula oliviani De Yern.l from the European Devonian, but the
internal structure shows it belongs to Bensselceria, and it appears to
be similar to B. cumhcrlandus Hall,|; from the Oriskany Sandstone
•of North America.

Locality. — (No. 156) Gydo Pass, Ceres.

* Hall, PalfEont. N.Y., vol. iii., 1859, p. 4-56, pi. civ., figs. 1-4, pi. ev., ligs. 1-6.

t Ibid., p. 459, pi. cvii., figs. 1-15.

\ De Veineuil, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, ii., 1845, p. 470, pi. xiv., lig. 10 a-d.

I Hall, Palffiont. N.Y., vol. iii., 18.59, p. 464, pi. cviii., fig. 1.

178 Annals of the South African Museum.

EENSSELyERIA sp. ?
(Plate XXI., fig. 10.)

There is one imperfect impression of the exterior of a brachial
valve (No. 152) of a large plicated brachiopod, apparently referable
to BensselcBria, but differing in details of the ribbing from any of
those above described.

In shape it is longitudinally oval and generally flattened, but
slightly convex near the small inconspicuous beak which does not
rise above the curved hinge-line. The surface is marked by about
30 straight, simple, low and rounded ribs of subequal size, radiating
from the beak and separated by narrow furrows. Near the beak
each rib is divided by a longitudinal furrow extending about a
quarter of its length. Four or five rather strong concentric growth-
ridges are noticeable.

Dimensions. — Length about 35 mm. ; width about 30 mm.

Affinities. — The peculiar subdivision of the ribs near their origin
characterises this form, but it is impossible with this single example
to determine whether it should be referred to Bensselceria, Trigeria,
or Scaj^hocoelia.

Locality. — (No. 152) " Unknown."

TEIGERIA aff. GAUDRYI Oehlert.
(Plate XXL, figs. 11, 12.)

There are two specimens in this collection from an " unknown
locality" (Nos. 150 and 151), in a soft greenish-grey marly and
micaceous mudstone (like No. 153 from Gydo Pass, Ceres), which
represent respectively the external and internal casts of brachial
valves belonging to the same species and perhaps the same indi-
vidual. One (No. 150) shows a very weakly convex subcircular
valve with an inconspicuous beak and curved hinge-line, and the
surface ornamented with 28-30 simple, straight, radiating, low and
rounded ribs of regular size, decreasing only slightly in size near the
cardinal angles ; narrow deep straight furrows separate them, and
they are crossed by a fine regular concentric lineation. There are
also two or three stronger concentric growth-lines.

In the internal cast (No. 151) the number and character of the
ribs agree with the external cast, and there is one distinctly median
groove (but not larger in size than the rest) in front of the slightly
elevated closely placed and elongated impression of the adductors.

BmcJiiopoda from the Bokkevcld Beds. 179'

The hinge-plate is deeply notched or cleft in front, and the long
crura begin on each side in front of the dental sockets.

Dimensions. — (No. 151) Length 16 mm. ; width 18 mm.

A ffiyiities.— The shape of the shell, character of the ribbing, and
internal characters, so far as they can be made out, agree closely
with Betzia (Trigeria) gaudryi Oehlert,"'= which occm-s in the
Devonian of the West of France and in the Oriskany Sandstone of
North America. I The number of the ribs in the latter, however, is
rather greater.

Localities. — (Nos. 150, 151) " Unknown."

Family TEEEBEATULID.E.

CRYPTONELLA BAINI (Sharpe).

(Plate XXII., figs. 1, 2.)

1856. Tcrehratula Bainii, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii.,
p. 208, pi. xxvi., figs. 11, 12.

It is possible, by piecing together the evidence from various
imperfect specimens in this collection, to determine the generic
position of this species. The internal structure is well shown in
several of the specimens, though the loop is not preserved. We
may observe the muscular impressions, vascular sinuses, and curved
dental plates in the pedicle valve, while in the brachial valve the
hinge-plate and muscular impressions can be distinguished as agree-
ing in the main with Crypt. 2)lanirostra Hall,| to which our species
is very closely allied. It is probable that Ulrich's species Meristella
riskoivski Ulrich,§ from the Devonian of Bolivia, is a member
of this genus, for it apparently bears a great resemblance to the
Cape form and deserves comparison with it.

Localities. — (Nos. 132, 133, 134) Kloof north-west of homestead
on Laken Vley, Ceres.

* Oehlert, Bull. Soc. Et. Scient. Angers, 1883, p. 1, pi. i., figs. 1-11; pi. ii.,
figs. 1-6; and ibid., 188,5, p. 1. figs. 1-19.

t Hall and Clarke, Palasont. N.Y., vol. viii. (1893), pt. ii., p. '2G5, pi. Ixxv.,
figs. 6, 7.

I Hall, Pal. N.Y., vol. vii., pt. ii. (1893), p. 287, pi. Ixxx., figs. 5-10.

§ Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beil. Bd. viii., 1893, p. 64, t. iv., figs. 16-18.

180 Annals of the South African Museum.

CRYPTONELLA sp. ?
(Plate XXII., fig. 3.)

With the species known as Cryptonella haini there is found
.associated another smaller and somewhat different form (No. 132),
but it does not seem probable that it represents merely the young
•or a variety. This smaller form is of a longitudinally oval shape,
moderately convex, with a pedicle valve somewhat ridged along the
middle. The beak is prominent and pointed, and the dental plates
.are small. The surface would be smooth but for faint concentric
striae.

In shape this species is relatively more elongated than Crypt,
haini, and the ridged pedicle valve recalls Centronella glansfagea
Hall,''' from the Oriskany and Corniferous Groups of America. It
is impossible to decide whether it should be referred to Centronella
or Cryptonella, but it somewhat resembles pre-adult individuals of
Crypt, planirostra, Hall.f

Dimensions. — Length 10-11 mm. ; width 7-8 mm.

Locality. — -(No. 132) Kloof north-west of homestead on Laken
Yley, Ceres.

Family SPIEIFEEID^.

SPIRIFER OEBIGNYI, Morris and Sharpe.
(Plate XXIL, fig. 4.)

1846. Spirifera Orhignii, Morris and Sharpe, Quart. .Tourn. Geol.

Soc, vol. ii., p. 276, pi. xi., fig. 3 a h c.
1856. Spirifcr antarcticus, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2.,

vol. vii., p. 206, pi. xxvi., figs. 1, 2, 5.
1856. Spirifcr Orhignii, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2., vol. vii.,

p. 207, pi. xxvi., figs. 3, 4, 6.
1893. Spirifcr Chuquisaca, Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Bail.

Bd. viii., p. 65, t. iv., figs. 19, 20 ci^c.
? 1897. Spirifcr antarcticus, Kayser, Zeitschr. deut. Geol. GeselL,

xlix., p. 297, t. ix., figs. 1-4.

This species is exceedingly common in the collection, and is by
ar the most abundant form of Spirifcr. After a careful examination

* Hall, ralffiont. N.Y., vol. iv., p. 399, pi. Ixi.a, figs. 1-21.
t Ibid., p. 39o, pi. Ixi., figs. 9-27.

Brachiopoda from the Bokkcveld Beds. 181

of the original specimens of -S^;. antarcticus and Sp. orbiijivji from
Cape Colonj^ described and figured by Sharpe * in 1856, I am con-
vinced that they all l)elong to one species (with perhaps the exception
of the one figm-ed op. cit., pi. xxvi., fig. 6), the apparent differences,
such as the height of the hinge-area, being not constant and in
most cases due to the state of preservation. The number of ribs
in those specimens figured by Sharpe as Sp. antarcticus is only 16,
and those near the cardinal angles are very faint ; but in Morris
and Sharpe's f desci'iption of the type from the Falkland Islands,
the number is stated to be 20-24 ; in none of the South African
specimens which resemble this species in most other respects
does the number exceed 18, and it is generally 16 and sometimes
only 12. The specimens from Cape Colony figured by Sharpe as
Sj). orhignyi resemble in all respects those ascribed by him to
Sp. antarcticus from the same region; one {op. cit., pi. xxvi., fig. 3)
has 18-20 ribs on the pedicle valve, but the last three on each side
are faint. Morris and Sharpe {op. cit.) stated that Sp. orhignyi
possessed about 20 rounded imbricated ribs. The height of the
hinge-area and all other features are identical with those specimens
referred by Sharpe to Sp. antarcticus from Cape Colony.

It seems therefore advisable to refer all these South African forms
to the same species, and as in number and character of the ribs and
sinus they agree best with Sp. orhignyi as originally described by
•Morris and Sharpe, they may safely be ascribed to this species, the
typical Falkland Sp. antarcticus having too many ribs, and the ribs
also being sharp instead of rounded, and the sinus on the pedicle
valve angulated. The opinion, however, that the original Sp.
orhignyi of the Falkland Islands may prove to be only a variety of
the original Sp. antarcticus from the same locality cannot be com-
pletely abandoned ; and if this turns out to be the case the latter
name has the priority. The species from South Africa called by Von
Buch Sp. capensis,\ or that from South America called by D'Orbigny
Sp. holiviensis,% may be identical with Sharpe's species, but we know
too little about them for certainty, and the figures of the types are
poor. Kayser |j holds the view that Sp. antarcticus and Sj). orhignyi

* Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii., pi. xxvi., figs. 1, 2, 5, p. 206 {Sp.
autarcticua); and pi. xxvi., figs. 3, 4, 6, p. 207 (Sp. Orhignyi).

t Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. ii., 184(3, p. 276, pi. xi., fig. 2.

+ Von Buch, Biiren-Insel, p. 12, fig. 1.

S D'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Amerique Meridionalc (1842), vol. iii., Palteont.,
p. 37, pi. ii., figs. 'J.

jl Kayser, Zeitschr. dcut. Geol. Gesell., xlix., 18'J7, p. 207, t. ix., fiys. 1-4.
14

182 AiDials of the South African Museum.

are one and the same species, and that Uh'ich's /Sp. chuquisaca from
the Devonian of BoHvia, and Von Ammon's Sp. vogeli from Brazil,
are also specifically identical with it. Some of Kayser's figured
specimens {op. cit., figs. 1, 2) show only 10 ribs, while one (fig. 3)
shows 18 ribs much closer together with narrower interspaces, the
former resembling Von Ammon's Si^. vogeli, and one of Sharpe's
Cape specimens (Sharpe, oj;. cit. pi. xxvi., fig. 6) referred to Sp.
orhignyi ; and they probably represent a distinct species or variety
for which the name Sp. vogeli may be retained.

In the figures given by Morris and Sharpe of Sp. orhignyi {op. cit.,
pi. xi., fig. 3 a 6 c) there are only 14-16 ribs delineated, though the
number is stated in the text to be " about 20." In our present
specimens from Cape Colony there are from 12-20, but generally only
16 ribs even in the largest specimens ; those with the smallest number
being mostly of small size and presumably young individuals. In
all of them the ribs are rounded, with the interspaces not so wide,
and towards the cardinal region the ribs are faint and low ; the
hinge-area is always triangular, vertical, and high, being in some
cases about one-third the length of the shell ; the cardinal angles are
pointed and acute ; the shell is about twice as wide as long or some-
times a little less ; the sinus on the pedicle valve is rounded, and the
cori'esponding fold on the brachial valve shows in the casts a median
sUt representing a septum.

The types of Sharpe's Cape specimens of Sp. antarcticus and
Sp. orhignyi in the Museum of the Geological Society, occur
intermixed on the same blocks of sandstone and are quite in-
separable.

A closely allied form is Sj). murchisoni Castelnau," (= Sp. arrectus
Hall f ) of the Oriskany Sandstone, as a comparison with a large
series of North American Devonian specimens indicates.

Dimensions. — The largest specimens in this collection attain a
width of 60-70 mm., and a length of 40-45 mm.

Localities.— (Ho. 147) North of Montagu. (No. 154) Just north
of Stink Fontein, Ceres. (No. 219) Fossiliferous or 1st Sandstone,
north of homestead, Uitkomst. (No. 220) Ditto. (No. 218) Ditto.
(No. 217) Ditto. (No. 216) Ditto. (No. 215) Ditto. (No. 119)
Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres. (No. 155) Gydo Pass, Ceres. ? (No. Ill)
Fossiliferous or 1st Sandstone, near Klein Straat Siding.

* Castelnau, Essai Syst. Silur. Amer. Septentr. 1843, p. 41, pi. xii., figs. 1, 2.
I Hall, Talseont. N.Y., vol. iii., 1859, p. 422, pi. xcvii., figs. 1, 2.

Brachiopoda from the Bokkcvcld Beds. 183

SPIEIFER cf. PEDEOANUS Hartt.
(Plate XXII., fig. 5.)

There are some specimens in the present collection which may be
separated from Sp. orhignyi, and appear to be comparable to Sp.
pedroanns Hartt,''- from the Devonian of Brazil. One specimen
(No. 160) collected " three miles S.E. of Triangle " may be taken as a
typical pedicle valve. In shape it is transversely subfusiform, being
twice as wide as long ; the cardinal angles are acutely pointed ; the
shell is widest along the hinge-line ; the hinge-area is triangular,
vertical, and in height only about one-fifth the length of the shell ;
the beak is moderate ; the median sinus is rounded and deep, but
increases only slightly in width towards the front ; there are 20-22
regular rounded ribs on each side separated by rounded narrower
interspaces ; the rib on each side of the sinus is slightly larger and
more prominent than the rest. The teeth are short, strong, and
divergent ; the diductor impressions are strong but rather small.

The casts of brachial valves which may be referred to this form
have a narrow prominent median fold increasing less rapidly in
width towards the front than in typical examples of Sp. orhignyi.
The number of ribs approaches that of the types of Sp. antarcticus
from the Falkland Islands, but in the latter the ribs are sharp
instead of rounded, the sinus is angular and the hinge-area higher.

The characters of Sp. pedroanus Hartt, from Brazil appear to
agree rather closely with this form, which is certainly separable from
Sp. orhignyi and the other species occurring at the Cape. Eathbun
{op. cit.) describes Sp. pedroanus as possessing 10-16 simple rounded
plications, those bordering the sinus on the pedicle valve being some-
times slightly larger than the others. Clarke f suggests that it is
allied to Sp. mucronatus Conrad, and a comparison of the Cape
specimens with examples of the latter species supports this view.

Dimensions. — (No. 160) Length 23 mm. ; width 46 mm.

Localities. — (No. 160) Three miles south-east of Triangle. (No.
215) Fossiliferous 1st Sandstone, north of homestead, Uitkomst.
(No. 220) Ditto. (No. 219) Ditto. (No. 155) Gydo Pass, Ceres.
(No. 140) Witzenberg Valley, Ceres. ? (No. 154) Just north of
Stinkfontein, Ceres.

* Eathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc. i., 1874, p. 237, pi. viii., figs. 1-9, 13, 14,
16, 20.

t Clarke, Palieoz. Faunas of Para, Brazil (Archiv. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
vol. X., 1899), English edit., 1900, p. 88.

184 Annals of the South African Museum.

SPIEIFEE CEEES sp. nov.
(Plate XXII., figs. 6, 1 ; Plate XXII., fig. 1.)

There is one type of Spirifer (Nos. 148, 144, 141, 145, 143) which
differs from any hitherto described, and appears referable to a new
species. The description of this form is as follows : —

Shape transversely elliptical, biconvex ; cardinal angles rounded.
Pedicle valve with large prominent beak ; high and vertical hinge-
area ; large, deep, slightly angulated median sinus, with 4-6 large
slightly angulated prominent ribs on each side, straight and strong
near sinus but slightly curved and weaker near cardinal region.
Interpleural grooves as strong, deep and wide as ribs.

Brachial valve with narrow hinge-area, median rounded prominent
fold increasing in width rather rapidly towards front, and 4-6 ribs
similar to those on pedicle valve on each side of it.

Interior of pedicle valve shows pair of stout teeth and strong
muscular impressions.

Fold of brachial valve shows trace of low median septum extend-
ing about two-thirds its length.

Dimensions. — Length 45-60 mm. ; w^idth 80-100 mm.

Ajfinities.—lA-ie&e large specimens differ from Sio. orbignyi in their
shape and in the smaller number and the angulation of the ribs. Sp.
hawkinsi '^'- appears to be too transverse and mucronate. The most
closely allied species seem to be Sj). (Delthyris) raricosta Conrad, f
and Sj). duodenarius Hall,j both of which occur in the Upper
Helderberg of North America. .S^j. macrothyris Hall,^ from the
same beds, has much less prominent ribs.

The name Sp. ceres is proposed for this new form.

Loccdities. — (Nos. 148, 144) South-east of Triangle, just below 2nd
Sandstone. (Nos. 141, 145) Slang Fontein, Ceres. (No. 143) North-
west of Lady Grey, near Worcester.

SPIEIFEE sp. a.

(Plate XXIIL, figs. 2, 3.)

There is a form of Spirifer from Gamka Poort (No. 146) which is
closely allied to that which I have compared with Sp. pedroanus

* Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. ii., 1846, p. '27G, pi. xi.,
fig. 1.

t Hall, Palteont. N.Y., vol. iv., 1807, p. 192, pi. xxvii., figs. 80-34.
: Ibid., p. 189, pi. xxvii., figs. 13-1(5; pi. xxviii. figs. 24-33.
§ Ibid., p. 202, pi. XXX., figs. 10-20.

i

Brachiopoda from the Bokkcveld Beds. 185

Hartt, but differs in its somewhat greater length and narrower sub-
angular ribs. It appears to be less transversely extended and the
cardinal angles less acutely pointed. As in other respects it appears
indistinguishable it may not perhaps constitute more than a variety.
It bears much resemblance in shape to Sj). medialis Hall," as well
as to Sp. mucronatus Conrad, ! and has the subangular sinus on the
pedicle valve limited by stronger plicatioiis as in the latter species.

Specimens of this form occur in the Bain Collection on the blocks
of sandstone with Sp). orbignyi, from which they ai'e easily dis-
tinguished by the more numerous and narrower plications, the sub-
angular sinus with its stronger bordering ribs in the pedicle valve,
and the narrower more slowly expanding and more elevated fold in
the brachial valve.

Dimensions. — Pedicle valve (No. 146), Length 25 mm. ; width
42 mm.

Localities.— (No. 146) Gamka Poort. (No. 109) Ditto.

SPIPJFEK (RETICULAEIA?) sp. /I
(Plate XXIII., fig. 4.)

There is one large cast (No. 139) of a nearly perfect pedicle valve
which is characterised by its smooth non-plicated surface. The
valve is of a transversely semi-elliptical shape with rounded cardinal
angles ; the beak is prominent and tall ; the hinge-area is high and
nearly vertical ; a deep broad smooth rounded sinus with slightly
raised margins runs down the iniddle. The surface is devoid of ribs,
and smooth except for the strong impressions of the diductor and
adductor muscles and the so-called "ovarian" pittings on each side
of the beak.

Dimensions. — Length 30 mm. ; width 45 mm.

Affinities. — The shape, sinus, and height of the beak and hinge-
area recall Sp. orbignyi, but the absence of ribs easily distinguishes
it. The American form Sp. Icevis Hall,.'!: from the Portage Group,
agrees in the shape, smooth surface, and median sinus, but the beak
is not so prominent nor the hinge-area so high.

Sp. nudus Dav.,? from the English Middle Devonian, has also a
general resemblance, and has as large a beak and hinge-area.

Locality. — (No. 139) Uitkomst, Ceres.

* Hall, Palaeont. N.Y., vol. iv., 18G7, p. 227, pi. xxxviii., figs. 1-25.

t Ibid., p. 216, pi. xxxiv., figs. 1-23.

\ Ibid., p. 239, pi. xxxix.

§ Davidson, Mon. Brit. Foss. Brach., vol. iii. , p. 38, pi. iv., fig. 17.

186 Annals of the South African Museum.

AMBOCCELIA UMBONATA (Conrad).
(Plate XXIII., fig. 5.)

1842. Or this umbonata, Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

viii., p. 264, pi. xiv., fig. 4.

1843. Orthis nucleus, Hall, Geol. New York; Eep. Fourth District,

p. 180, fig. 8.
1846. OrtMs umbonata, Eouault, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., ser. 2, iv.,

p. 322, pi. iii., fig. 8.
1857. Orthis iimbojiata, Hall, Tenth Eep. N.Y. State Cab. Nat.

Hist., p. 167, figs. 1-3.
1860. Amboccelia umbonata, Hall, Thirteenth Eep. N.Y. State Cab.

Nat. Hist., p. 71.
1867. Amboccelia 2imbonata, Hall, Palgeont. New York, vol. iv.,

p. 259, pi. xliv., figs. 7-8.
1887. Amboccelia umbonata, Oehlert, Bull. Soc. Et. Scient. Angers,

p. 6, pi. v., figs. 11-16.
1889. Amboccelia umbonata, Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells,

Mem. Kentucky Geol. Surv., p. 86, pi. xvii., figs.

25, 26.
1893. Amboccelia umboimta. Hall and Clarke, Palaeont. N.Y., vol.

viii., pt. ii., pi. xxix., fig. 17 ; pi. xxxix., figs. 4-9.
1895. Martinia umbonata, Herrick, Geol. Ohio, vii., pi. xx.,

fig. 3.
1897. Amboccelia umbonata, Schuchert, Syn. Amer. Foss. Brach.

(Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 87), p. 141.

This well-marked species is represented in the collection by two
pedicle valves, one of which (No. 130) is an internal cast showing
the beak, muscular impressions, and hinge apparatus. The charac-
teristic features of the exterior are also well preserved, and I have
compared them with typical examples of A. umbonata from the
Hamilton Group of North America without detecting any points of
difference. Though this species has not been recorded previously
from South Africa, it has been found in Western France by Eouault
and Oehlert.

Dimensions. — Length 10 mm.

Localities.— C^o. 130) Slang Fontein, Ceres. (No. 137) Gydo Pass,
Ceres. ? (No. 211) Uitkomst, Ceres,

Brachiopocla from the. BokJceveld Beds. 187

Family ATHYEID^.

EETZIA cf. ADEIENI De Verneuil.

(Plate XXIII., figs. 6, 7.)

In Bain's Collection in the Museum of the Geological Society there
is one specimen of a plicated terebratuliform shell labelled ^' Atrypa
{fide Salter)," but no mention of it appears in Sharpe's description of
the Cape brachiopods in this collection.

There are several examples of a similar form (Nos. 153, 138) in the
present collection, but none in a very good state of preservation.
One fairly good cast of a pedicle valve (No. 153) from Gydo Pass,
Ceres, is of an elongated oval form with a strongly incurved beak on
each side of which are the narrow dental plates. The surface is
ornamented with 18-20 simple straight rounded ribs. In another
crushed and slightly distorted specimen (No. 138) of a rather
broader shape there are about 20-24 similar ribs, with fine concentric
striation visible.

These specimens closely resemble Retzia adrieni ■'• De Vern. from
the Lower Devonian, B. ijrominula Eoemer,t from the Middle
Devonian of Europe, and Trigeria rjucrangeri De Verneuil,]; from
the Devonian of Asturias and North America.

No. 153 agrees best with B. prominula in shape, but the latter is
stated to have 20-21 ribs. B. adrieni has only 17-20, but it is
generally less elongated and more subcircular. T. guerangeri has
22-24 ribs and much the same form as B. adrieni.

Our material is insufficient and too imperfectly preserved to decide
wnthout a doubt the true position of these specimens (Nos. 153, 138,
&c.), but the same uncertainty is attached to the allied form Betzia?
wardiana Hartt,§ from the Devonian of Bolivia, and on the whole
it cannot be denied that they stand nearest to Betzia adrieni.

* De Verneuil, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 2, ii. (184.5), p. 471, pi. xiv.,
fig. 10 a-d. Schnur, Palffiontographica, v. (18-54), p. 184, pi. xxv., fig. 3 a-c.
Oehlert, Ann. Sc. Geol., xix. (1886), p, 24, pi. ii., figs. 11-19. Hall and Clarke,
Palseont. N.Y., vol. viii., pt. 2, p. 10.3, pi. 1., figs. 1-9.

t Eoemer, Ehein. Uebergangsgeb. (1844), p. 06, pi. v., fig. 3 a-c.

\ De Verneuil, Deser. Asie Mineure, Pal., p. 466, pi. xxi., fig. 4. Barrois, Ann.
Soc. Nord, ii. (1882), p. 264, pi. x., fig. 10 a-d. Kayser, Zeitschr. deut. Geol.
Gesell., xli. (1889), p. 294, t. xiv., figs. 3-7. Hall and Clarke, op. cit., p. 273,
fig. 189.

§ Eathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc, i., 1874, p. 245, pi. x , figs. 2-5, 8, 9, 11,
12, 14, 10.

188 Annals of tlie South African Museum.

Dwiensions. — (No. 153) Length 16 mm.; width 11 mm. (No. 138)
Length 17 mm. ; width 14 mm.

Localities.— {^o. 153) Gydo Pass, Ceres. (No. 138) Uitkomst,
Ceres. (No. 166) Gydo Pass, Ceres. (No. 221) Gamka Poort.
(No. 98) Ceres.

EHYNCHOSPIEA ? cf. SILVETI, (Uhich).
(Plate XXIIL, figs. 8, 9.)

It is certain that there is a small plicated centronellid in the
collection closely allied to, if not identical with the species described
by Ulrich-'= as Centronella ? silveti Ulrich, from the Devonian of
Bolivia. The shell is oval in shape and shows from 12 to 16 simple
rounded radiating subequal plications, strong near the margin but
becoming weaker towards the beak. The pedicle valve has a small
pointed beak and a longitudinal median groove bordered by ribs rather
larger than the rest. Ulrich (oj). cit.) describes Centr. silveti as
having 18 ribs, but his figures only show 12-14, and they are indi-
cated as becoming weaker and almost obsolete near the beak. The
median groove on the ventral valve is also clearly shown. Hartt's I
Betzia ? jamcsiana is apparently closely allied ; it is described
as having 14-20 low rounded simple radiating plications which
die out near the beak. Centr. bergeroni Oehlert,:j: is also closely
related.

The precise generic position of these small brachiopods must be a
matter of uncertainty till we become acquainted with their internal
structure, but it appears most probable that they belong to the genus
Bhynchospira. §

Dimensions. — Length averages 6 mm. ; width averages 5 mm.

Localities.— {^o. 130) Slang Fontein, Ceres. (No. 131) Warm
Bokkeveld, Ceres. (No. 136) Near Ceres Village, along the Valsch
River. (No. 153) Gydo Pass, Ceres. (No. 221) Gamka Poort.
(No. 181) Gydo Pass, Ceres.

* Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beil. Bd. viii., 1893, p. 51, t. iv.,
fig. 15 a-d.

t Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., i., 1874, p. 243, pi. x., figs. 23,
27-38.

+ Oehlert, Bull. Soc. Et. Scient. Angers, 1885, p. 1, figs. 1-9.

g Clarke, Palseoz. Faunas of Para, Brazil (Archiv. Mus. Rio de Jan., x., 1899),
p. 89, English edit., 1900.

Brachiopoda from the Bohkeveld Beds. 189

LEPTOCCELIA FLABELLITES, (Conrad).
(Plate XXIIL, fig. 10.)

1841. AtrnpaflaheUites,Com-M\,Y\i\h Ann. Rep. N.Y. Geol. Snrv.,

p. 55.
1816. Atrijpa jxtlmata, Morris and Sbarpe, Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc, vol. ii., p. 276, pi. x., fig. 5.

1856. Ortliis palmata, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. viii.,

p. 207, pi xxvi., figs. 7-10.

1857. Leptoccelia propria, Hall, Tenth Ann. Pvep. N.Y. State Cab.

Nat. Hist., p. 108.
1859. Leptoco&lia flabcUites, Hall, Twelfth Ann. Rep. N.Y. State

Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 33, figs. 1, 2, 1.
1859. Leptoccelia flaheUitcs, Hall, Palaeont. N.Y., vol. iii., p. 449,

pi. ciii. B, fig. 1 ; pi. cvi., fig. 1.
1861. Leptoccelia flaheUitcs, Billings, Canad. Journ., vi., p. 351,

fig. 126.'
1861. Orthis Aymara, Salter, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xvii.,

p. 68, pi. iv., fig. 14.
1863. Leptoccelia flaheUitcs, Billings, Geol. Canada, p. 369,

fig. 382.
1868. Leptoccelia flabeUites, Meek and Wortben, Geol. Surv.

IlUnois, iii., p. 397, pi. viii., fig. 3.
1874. Leptoccelia flaheUitcs, Bilbngs, Palwoz. Foss. Canada, ii.,

p. 42, pi. iii., figs. 5, 6.
1891. Lcptocivlia flabellites, Steinmann, American Naturalist,

vol. xxy., p. 856.
1893. Leptoccelia flaheUitcs, Ulricb, Neues Jabrb. f. Miner., Beil.

Bd. viii., p. 60, pi. iv., figs. 9, 10-13.
1893. Leptoccelia flaheUitcs, Hall and Clarke, Palaeont. N.Y.,

vol. viii., pt. ii., p. 137, pi. bii., figs. 40-46, 53.
1893. Leptoccelia flaheUitcs, Von. Ammon, Zeitscbr. Gesell. f.

Erdkiinde, Berlin, xxviii., p. 363, fig. 7.
1897. Anoplotlieca flaheUitcs, Schucbert, Syn. Amer. Foss. Bracb.

(Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 87), p. 144.
1897. Leptoccelia flaheUitcs, Kayser, Zeitscbr. deut. Geol. Gesell.,

Bd. xlix., p. 304, t. xii., figs. 5-6.
1900. Leptoccelia flahelHtes, Clarke, Palseoz. Faunas of Para, Brazil

(Archiv. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, vol. x., 1899), English

edit., p. 99.

190 Annals of the South African Museum.

The description of this species given by Hall " is as follows : —

" Shell somewhat semielliptical, varying to suborbicular or trans-
versely oval, generally broader than long. Ventral [pedicle] valve
convex, most prominent along the middle, declining laterally ; beak
incurved, with a small round perforation in the extremity which is
completed on the lower side by two deltidial pieces ; or, in the
absence of these the foramen is completed by the umbo of the
dorsal valve.

Dorsal [brachial] valve flat ; beak straight ; hinge sloping from the
beaks at an angle of 110° to 160°, rounded at the extremities.

Surface marked by ten to fourteen simple angular plications ; two
of which, on the middle of the ventral valve, are a little larger and
slightly more prominent than the others ; and between these there is
a third smaller depressed plication, forming an indistinct sinus. On
the dorsal valve the two middle plications are a little closer together,
and slightly more prominent near the front, than the others ; while
the depressions separating them from these, each side, are a little
wider and deeper than those between the other plications. . . . This
species presents some varieties of form, apparently due to age and
other influences ; the hinge-line of some individuals being often more
extended and nearly straight. The extension of the beak varies in
different individuals, and in those from diliferent localities."

This species is well represented in the collection by numerous indi-
viduals, and in some localities (No. 221) it occurs in crowds. It varies
somewhat in its surface-ornamentation and shape, as Hall remarks,
particularly in the strength of the median plications. In the
majority of individuals the two plications bordering the median sinus
on the pedicle valve are stronger than the lateral plications, and in-
crease in height towards the anterior margin, while the correspond-
ing pair of plications on the brachial valve are likewise specially
strong and elevated anteriorly. The plications on the pedicle valve
curve slightly outwards on each side, and the median fold in the
sinus is always distinct though small. The number of plications is
usually ten. But none of the differences are of importance, and the
more coarsely plicated American individuals such as Hall illustrates
{op. cit., vol. iii., pi. ciii. B, fig. 1 a-f) exactly resemble the Cape
specimens. The younger individuals are less strongly plicated, and
the folds are more uniform in size.

It was this species which Morris and Sharpe described as Atnjpa

* Hall, Palfeont. N.Y., vol. iii., 1859, p. 449, pi. ciii. B, fig. 1 a-f; pi. cvi.,
fig. 1 a-f.

Brachiopoda from tlie Bokkcveld Beds. 191

Ijolmata from the Falkland Islands in 1846, and ten years later
Sharpe recorded it from Cape Colony as Orthis palmata. Salter
subsequently, in 1861, termed the same brachiopod from the Devonian
of Bolivia Orthis aymara, and the species is now known from the
Devonian of Argentina and Brazil. It is a characteristic Devonian
form in North America.

Localities.— (No. 98) Ceres. (No. 115) Gydo Pass, Ceres. (No.
116) Ditto. (No. 137) Ditto. (No. 153) Ditto. (No. 146) Gamka
Poort. (?No. 165) Gydo Pass, Ceres. (?No. 166) Ditto. (No. 147)
North of Montagu. (No. 210) Gydo Pass, Ceres. (No. 220) FossiH-
ferous 1st Sandstone, north of homestead, Uitkomst. (No. 221)
Gamka Poort. (No. 154) Just north of Stink Fontein, Ceres. (No.
12) Gamka Poort.

VITULINA PUSTULOSA Hall.
(Plate XXIII., fig. 11.)

1860. Vitulina jmstulosa, Hall, Thirteenth Eep. N.Y. State Cab.

Nat. Hist., p. 82.
1867. Vitulina j^ustulosa, Hall, Palsont. N.Y., vol. iv., p. 410,

pi. Ixii., fig. 1.
1874. Vitulina 2)Ustidosa, B,iith.hun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist, i.,

p. 255, pi. ix., figs. 2, 6-8, 11-13, 15, 20, 21, 27, 32.
1876. Vitulina imstulosa, Derby, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, iii.,

p. 282.
1879. Vitulina pustulosa, Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

XX., p. 36.
1893. Vitulina pustulosa, Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beil. Bd.

viii., p. 71, t. iv., figs. 26-29.
1893. Vitulina pustulosa, Hall and Clarke, Palgeont. N.Y., vol. viii.,

pt. ii., p. 139, 317, pi. Ixxxii., figs. 18-25.
1897. Vitulina -pustulosa, Schuchert, Syn. Amer. Foss. Brach.

(Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 87), p. 459.
1900. Vitulina pustulosa, Clarke, Palaeoz. Faunas of Para, Brazil

(Archiv. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, vol. x., 1899),

English Edit., p. 90.

This well-marked species (first recorded from South Afi-ica hy
Ulrich, op. cit.) is represented by some pedicle valves (No. 220) from
Uitkomst, associated with Sp. orhignyi, Lcpto. flahellites, &c., and by
one (No. 131) from Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres. The median fold in the
pedicle valve is very strongly divided, and the thin median septum is

192 Annals of the South African Museum.

well seen, as are also the stout teeth and open delthyrium. All the
specimens are in the state of casts, and the minute ornamentation is
not distinguishable.

This species is widely spread, occurring in the Devonian of both
North and South America^ as Ulrich (ojj. cit.) has pointed out.

Diviensions. — Brachial valve (No. 220), Length 10 mm. ; width
18 mm.

Localities. — (No. 220) Fossiliferous 1st Sandstone, north of
homestead, Uitkomst. (No. 131) Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres.

Conclusion.

The Brachiopoda above described have a completely Devonian
stamp ; and there are none which suggest the presence of Silurian
or Carboniferous beds.

The evidence from the examples of this group of invertebrates
alone is, however, insufficient to show what division or divisions
of the Devonian System may be represented in Cape Colony.

Amongst typical Devonian forms may be mentioned Leptoca'Iia
flabellites, Vitulina imstulosa, Amhoccelia umhonata and the genera
Renselceria, Betzia, Trigeria, and Cryptonclla.

The relations of this Cape Devonian fauna to that of the Falkland
Islands and of South and North America have been noticed by Ulrich
and other authors. The following table shows the common or allied
species amongst the Brachiopoda : —

South Africa. South America. North America.

Lingula aff. dcnsa Lhujula coheni Linf/iila densa

Orhiculoidea bdiiii Orb. cf. humili^ Orb. liuniili-^

Orb. baini (Falk. Is.)

Strojylieodonta cf. coiic'nuia Orthis[?]concimia(Fii\k. Is. )Strop}ieodo)>ta perplana

Strophonella sp Strophomena sp. /3 Ulrich. . Str. ampla

Orthothetes sulivaiii Orth. i^ulivayii (Falk. Is.) . . Orth. cJiemiDuiensis

Orth. ar/assizi

Orth. sp. a Ulrich
Choneteafalkhuidirii!^ Cli.fulklandicu.'^ (Falk. Is.)

( 7i. comstocki

Chonetes cf. coronatus Ch. roronatiis

Chonetes cf. arcei (7;. arrri

Chonetes aff. setirier Ch. setir/cr

Orthis sp. ? Orthis sp. /S Ulrich Orthis lepidus

Hensselceria sp. « R. suessava

Rensseltcria sp. /S B. cxtmberlandiir

Trigeria aff. gaudrifi Tr. gaudryi

CryptoneUa baini Meri^tella ['?] riskowsJd . . Cryptonella planirostra

Spirifer orbicjmji Spirifer orbiijiuji (Fs.\]s.. Is.) Spirifer murchisoui

Sp. cJiuquisaca

Brachiopoda from tlic Bokkeveld Beds. 193

South Africa. South America. North America.

S2)irifer of. iJedroanns .... Sp.jwdruaiiHs S'p. mucronatus

Spirifer sp. /3 Sp. Iccvix

Spirifer ceres Sp. macrotlnjrh

Ambocalia umbonata Auib. iiiitbuudta

Retzia cf. adrieni Iletzia wardiana

Rhynchospira ? cf. silveti . .Rhynchospira ? silveti

Leptoccelia Jlabellites . . . .Lepto.Jiabellites Lcpto. Jiabellites

VituUna pustiiloga Vit. pitstulosa Vit. pustulosa

It has been stated by Ulrich (oj). cit.) that TrojndoleiJt us carinatus
(Conrad), a characteristic Devonian form in North and South
America, occin-s in South Africa, but I have not seen any examples
of it in the present collection, nor amongst Bain's specimens in
the Geological Society's Museum. However, apart from this, the
resemblance of the brachiopoda of the Bokkeveld Beds of South
Africa to those of the Devonian of the American Continent is very
striking, while those of the same formation in Europe constitute a
conspicuously different assemblage.

[Addendum. — In the foregoing description of the small brachiopod,
Bhynchosjnra ? cf. silveti, it should have been mentioned that Derby
(Nota geol. e. paleont. Matto Grosso, Archiv. Mus. Nac. Eio de
Janeiro, vol. ix., 1890, p. 81) has described a new species named
Notothyris ? smithii, from the Devonian of Matto Grosso, which
from the similarity of its external characters is compared with
Betzia jamesiana, though the latter is not known to possess the
internal structure discovered in the former. The South African
specimens compared with Bhynchosinra ? silveti seem to bear a
close resemblance to Derby's species, so far as can be judged from
the outward appearance.]

NOTE.

Since sending to press the fox'egoing account of the Bokkeveld
Brachiopoda, there has been published a work by Dr. Friedrich
Katzer, entitled " Grundziige der Geologic des unteren Amazonas-
gebietes " (Leipzig, 1903), in which are described certain Devonian
Brachiopoda deserving comparison with some of the above-described
South African species. The form to which I have referred as Crypto-
nella sp. ? (p. 180) may be identical with Oriskania navicella Hall
and Clarke, (Pakeont. New York, vol. viii., Brachiopoda, ii., pp. 2G9,

194

Annals of tlic South African Museum.

370, pi. Ixxix., figs. 25-27 ; Katzer, op. cit., p. 195, t. x., figs. 9a, 9b).
The new species of Sjnrifcr to which I have given the specific name
ceres (p. 184) is very closely allied to, if not identical with, that termed
Sj). lauro-sodrcanus by Katzer (Fauna devonica do rio Maecuru, &c.,
p. 211 in Bol. do Mus. Paraense, ii., 1898), and described by him
recently (Katzer, ojj. cit., pp. 197, 274, t. xi., fig. la, h, c). The
specimens which I have described as Spirifer sp. a, (p. 184) appear
to be referable to the variety Sp. bnarquiamis Eathbun, figured by
Katzer {op. cit., pp. 195, 272, t. x., fig. lb).

These additions to the number of allied or identical forms in the
South American and South African Devonian faunas strengthen my
conclusions regarding their mutual correspondence.

LIST OF LOCALITIES AND BKACHIOPODA.

Top of Hottentots' Kloof.

Nos.

120. Lingula aff. densa.

121. Lingula sp.

Uitkomst, Cer(

157. Oi'thothetes sulivani.
139. Spirifer (Eeticularia ?) sp. i3.
138. Ketzia cf. adrieni.
?211. AmboccBlia umbonata.

Witzenberg Valley, Ceres.

126. Chonetes ajf. setiger.
140. Spirifer cf. pedroanus.

Kloof, north-west of homestead on 132. Orthis sp. ?

Laken Vley, Ceres. 132. Cryptonella baini.

133.
134.
132. Cryptonella sp. ?

Gydo Pass, Cert

128. Strophonella sp.
113. Orthothetes sulivani.
210.

156. Eensseleeria sp. /J.
155. Spirifer orbignyi.
1-55. ,, cf. pedroanus.
137. Ambocoelia umbonata.
153. Ketzia cf. adrieni.

List of Localities and Brachiopoda.

195

Gydo Pass, Ceres.

Wolvaarts' Farm, near Ceres Village.

Nos.

166. Ketzia cf. adrieni.

153. Khynchospira ? cf. silveti.

181.

11-5. Leptocnelia flabellites.

116.

137.

153.
?165.
?166.

210.

212. Orthothetes sulivani.

Near Ceres Villase, along the Valsch 136. Chonetes falklandicus.

Eiver.
Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres.

Hartebeeste Kraal, Ceres.

Just north of Stink Fonteln, Ceres.

Slang Fontein, Ceres.

Ceres.

N.W. of Lady Grey, near Worcester.
Three miles south-east of Triangle.

136. Ehynchospira ? cf. silveti.

131. Stropheodonta cf. concinna.

119. Spirifer orbignyi.

131. Ehynchospira ? cf. silveti.

131. Vitulina pustulosa.

127. Chonetes falklandicus.

154. Spirifer orbignyi.
?154. ,, c/. pedroanus.
154. Leptocoelia flabellites.

141. Spirifer ceres.

145.

130. Amboccelia umbonata.

130. Ehynchospira ? cf. silveti.

98. Eetzia cf. adrieni.
98. Leptocoelia flabellites.

143. Spirifer ceres.

160. Spirifer cf. pedroanus.

South-east of Triangle, just below 2nd 144. Spirifer ceres.
Sandstone. 148.

North of Montagu.

147. Spirifer orbignyi.
147. Leptocoelia flabellites.

Assegai Bosch, Eoode Berg, Ladismith. 149. Eensselseria sp. a.

Above 3rd Sandstone, up-side of tunnel- 123. Lingula afi'. densa.
siding. Hex Eiver Pass. 124. ,,

North of Whupperthal.

Boschluis Kloof, below 1st Sandstone.

158. Orbiculoidea baini.

112. Chonetes cf. coronatus.
118.

196 Annals of the SouUi African Museum.

Nos.

Fossiliferous or 1st Sandstone, north
of homestead, Uitkomst.

Gamka Poort.

? 215. Chonetes cf. coronatus.
? 220.

219. Spu'ifer orbignyi.
220.

218.

217.

216.

215.

215. ,. cf. pedroanus.

220.

219.

220. Leptocoslia flabellites.

220. Vitulina pustulosa. '

159. Orbiculoidea bami.
? 125. Chonetes af. setiger.

221. Ehynchonella (Camarotoechia) sp.
146. Spirifer sp. a.

109.

221. Eetzia cf. adrieni.

146. Leptocoelia flabellites.

12.
221.

Fossiliferous or 1st Sandstone near ? 111. Spirifer orbignyi
Klein Straat Siding.

Localities unknown.

129. Chonetes cf. arcei.
152. Kensselseria sp. ?.
150. Trigeria aff. gaudryi.
151.

(197)

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE XX.

FIG.

1. lAiKjula aft'. (Jenxit Hall. Pedicle valve (No. 120), x 2. Top of Hottentot's

Kloof.

2. Ditto. Brachial valve (No. 123), x 2. Above 3rcl Sandstone, np-side of

tunnel-siding, Hex Eiver Pass.

3. Lmrjulu sp. Pedicle valve (No. 121), x li. Top of Hottentot's Kloof.

4. Orbictiloidea hdiiii (Morris and Sharpe). Pedicle valve (No. 158), x 1^.

North of Whupperthal.

5. Ditto. Brachial valve, side view (No. 1-58), x IJ. Same locality.

0. Stropheodovta cf. concinna (Morris and Sharpe). Pedicle valve, internal cast
(the roughness of the surface is due to the coarseness of the matrix)
(No. 131), X 2. Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres.

7. Stroplionella sp. Brachial valve (No. 128). Nat. size. Gydo Pass, Ceres.

8. OrtJiothetes sulivani (Morris and Sharpe). Pedicle valve, internal cast (No.

113). Nat. size. Uitkomst, Ceres.

9. Cliuuetes falklandicus Morris and Sharpe. Pedicle valve, external cast (No.

136), X 2. Near Ceres Village, along the Valsch Eiver.

10. Ditto. Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 127), x IJ. Hartebeeste Kraal, Ceres.

11. Clionetex cf. coronatio! Conrad. Pedicle valve, external cast (No. 112), x 2.

Bosehluis Kloof, below 1st Sandstone.

12. Ditto. Brachial valve, internal cast (No. 112), x 2. Same locality.

15

( 198 )

PLATE XXI.

FIG.

1. Chonetes cf. coronatutt Conrad. Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 118), x 2.

Boschluis Kloof, below 1st Sandstone.

2. Ditto. Brachial valve, internal cast (No. 118) x 2. Same locality.

8. Chonetcs cf. arcei Ulrich. Brachial valve, internal cast (No. 129), x IJ.

Locality unknown.
4. Chonetes aff. xetiger Hall. Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 126), x 2.

Witzenberg Valley, Ceres.
-5. Ditto. Brachial valve, external cast (No. 126), x 2. Same locality.

6. Orthis sp. ? Brachial valve (No. 132), x 2. Kloof north-west of homestead

on Laken Vley, Ceres.

7. Rhynchonella {Ca)ii(irot<('cliia) sp. Pedicle valve, anterior margin imperfect

(No. 221), X 2. Gamka Poort.

8. RensselcBfia sp. a. Brachial valve, internal cast (No. 149), x IJ. Assegai

Bosch, Eoode Berg, Ladismith.

9. Rcnstselceria sp. /i. Pedicle valve (fig. 9((); brachial valve (fig. 9/*) ; side view

(fig. 9c) (No. 156), X 2. Gydo Pass, Ceres.

10. Rensselceria sp. ? Brachial valve, external cast (No. 152), x 1^. Locality

unknown.

11. Trigeria alf. ndudriii CEhlert. Brachial valve, external cast (No. 150), x 2.

Locality unknown.

12. Ditto. Brachial valve, internal cast (No. 151), x 2. Locality unknown.

(199)

PLATE XXII.

FIG.

1. Cnjptotiella bdini (Sharpe). Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 133). Nat. size.

Kloof north-west of homestead on Laken Vley, Ceres.

2. Ditto. Brachial valve, internal cast (No. 134). Nat. size. Same locality.

3. Crypmiella sp. ? Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 132), x 1^. Same locality.

4. Spirifer orhijjniji Morris and Sharpe. Pedicle valve, internal cast (ribs im-

perfect on one side) (No. 147), x 2. North of Montagu.
o. Spirifer cf, jyedroanus Hartt. Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 160), x 1^.

Three miles south-east of Triangle.
(■>. Spirifer cercx sp. nov. Brachial valve (fig. tio) ; pedicle valve (fig. (jb) (No.

145). Nat. size. Slang Fontein, Ceres.
7. Ditto. Pedicle valve (No. 144). Nat. size. South-east of Triangle, just below

2nd Sandstone.

(200)

PLATE XXIII.

FIG.

1. Spirifer ceres sp. nov. Pedicle valve, internal cast of hinge region (No. 14S).

Nat. size. South-east of Triangle, just below 2nd Sandstone.

2. Spirifer sp. a. Pedicle valve (No. 146), x IJ. Gamka Poort.

3. Ditto. Brachial valve (No. 146), x IJ. Same locality.

4. Spirifer (Reticularia ?) sp. p. Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 139). Nat.

size. Uitkomst, Ceres.
•5. Amhocalia umboiiata (Conrad). Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 130), x IJ.
Slang Fontein, Ceres.

6. Pu'tzia cf. adrieni De Verneuil. Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 153), x 2.

Gydo Pass, Ceres.

7. Ditto. Brachial valve, external cast (crushed) (No. 138), x 1§. Uitkomst.

Ceres.

8. Rliynchoxpira ? cf. silveti Ulrich. Brachial valve, external cast (No. 153), x 3.

Gydo Pass, Ceres.

9. Ditto. Pedicle valve, cast (crushed) (No. 131), x 3. Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres.

10. Leptocalia flahellites (Conrad). Brachial valve (fig. lOa) ; pedicle valve

(fig. 10?^) (No, ?), X IJ. Locality unknown?

11. Vitnlina pustulo>^a Hall. Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 131), x 2. Warm

Bokkeveld, Ceres.

Ann.S.Afr.Miis.Vol.lV.

PI. XX

2. ^s

4. x7i

8 . na£ size.

r

3. ^!i

1. X2

7. natsize.

12. a2

9. X2

-,4?^-:

10.

-<lS

lii^ 11. ..

West, Newman ad.nat.lith.

BOKKEVELD BRACHIOPODA.

AnTi.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.IV.

PL XXI.

^ife^ "^

2. X

V

3, • /^'

i

5. ^s

7. x2

/I

%>-

9a. .ri'

10. x/#

9c. x^-

¥/

%J

4. xi'

'Ml

.^.|>^^

8. x//

West , Newman ad.nat.litk.

BOKKEVELD BRAGHIOPODA.

A-nn.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.IV.

PI. XXII.

6 a nat si^

7 ntzi. size

1 nat size ""^^ic^w^

West, Newman ad nat

BOKKEVEIiD BRACHIOPODA

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.IV.

pi.xxin.

.^^^

10 a. x//

101). X/J

West, Newman adnatlith

BOKKEVELD BRACHIOPODA,

( 201 )

IX.— The Trilohitca of the Bokkevdd Beds.— By Philip Lake,
M.A., F.G.S.

(Plates XXIV.-XXVIII.)

INTKODUCTION.

The fullest account of the trilobites of the Bokkcveld Beds of South
Africa which has yet appeared is that which was published by
Salter" in 1856 as an appendix to Bain's paper " On the Geology
of South Africa," and since that time but little has been added to
our knowledge of the South African forms. Dr. Woodward i in
1873 described a remarkable species from the Cock's-comb Moun-
tains, and Dr. Freeh I in 1897 figured a Homalonotiis which he
believed to be new ; but with these exceptions I am not aware that
anything has been added to Salter's original account.

The very fine collection placed at my disposal by the Director of
the Survey includes specimens of all the known species from South
Africa, and the perfect nature of much of the material has enabled
me in some cases to correct and amplify the descriptions of my
predecessors. The collection includes also a number of new forms,
of which by far the most remarkable is the gigantic Homalonotim
colossus, sp. nov.

The account which follows is based chietiy upon this collection,
but I have also examined the specimens in the British Museum and
in the Museum of the Geological Society of London. All of Salter's
types, with one exception, are in one or other of these Museums.

The following species may be distinguished and are here
described : —

* Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii., p. 21.5.
t Quart. .Journ. Geol. See, vol. xxix., p. 31.
J Lethaea geognostica, Th. i., Bd. 2, Lief, i., p. 218.

16

^02 Annals of the South African Museum.

Pliacops ''■' pupillas, sp. nov.
,, arhuteas, sp. nov.

„ crista-galli (H. Woodward).

,, africanus, Salter.

,, ocellus, sp. nov.

,, hnjn-essus, sp. nov.

,, {Cii/2)Jiceus) caffer, Salter.

Phacops .', sp.
Dalinanites I una t us, sp. nov.

sp.
Proetus nialacus, sp. nov.
Typhloniscus baini, Salter.
Homalonotus lierscheli, Murch.
,, quernus, sp. nov.

,, colossus, sp. nov.

sp.

The presence of a true Crypliczus and of spiny forms of Homalo-
notus indicates that the beds may be referred with certainty to the
Devonian, and it is probable that they belong to the lower division
of that formation.

Few of the forms have any very near allies in Europe. Homalo-
notus licyschcli, Murch., somewhat resembles H. ctrmatus, Burm.
(from the lower part of the Coblenz Beds), and H. quernus, sp. nov.,
seems to approach H. subarmatus, C. Koch t (from the Coblenz
Beds). The Phacopidae, on the other hand, are much more closely
allied to the forms which have been described from Brazil | and
Bolivia ^ from beds which are believed to be of Devonian age.
Thus, Pliacops africanus, Salter, resembles Acastc dcvonica, Ulrich ;
P. {GrypkcE.us) caffer is very similar to Cryphceus giganteus, Ulrich ;
and Dal manitcs, sp., seems to be closely allied to Dalinanites clarkci,
Ulrich.

* Owing to the fact that the definitions of the iccognisctl sub-genera of Pliacops
ilo not tit many of the African forms, the term Pluiropg is used in a wide sense.

t Cf. Freeh's figure of the head of this form, loc. cif., p. 218.

I J. M. Clarke. As trilobitas do grez de Erere eMsecuru, Estado do Para, Brazil,
llev. Mus. Nac. , Kio de Janeiro, vol i., 1895 [1895 on title-page ; 1890 on coloured
wrapper]. Clarke's paper seems to have been separately published in 1890.

5^ A. Ulrich. Palaeozoische Versteinerungen aus Bolivien., Neucs. .Tahrb. , Bcih-
Land viii., 189:5, p. 5.

The Trilo'hltcs of the Bokkcveld Beds. 203

Desciiption of the Species.

PHACOPS PUPILLUS, sp. nov.
Plate XXIV., fig. 1.

1856. Phacops [CriipJiceus) africaniis, Salter (pars.), Tnins. Geol.
Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii., p. 218, pi. xxv., tig. 8 only.

Head triangular, bluntly pointed in front, surface granulate.
Genal angles spinose. Glabella not much more than one-third the
width of the head, nearly parallel-sided but widening very slightly
in front, produced forward beyond the curve of the cheek ; frontal
lobe large, lozenge-shaped. Three pairs of glabellar furrows, all
well defined, but the third pair is the deepest ; the front pair is
oblique, the others nearly at right angles to the axis. Axial furrows
very shallow. Cheeks rather steeply inclined downwards from the
glabella. Eyes lost, but seem to have been large, occupying the
greater part of the free cheeks, placed close to the glabella.

Bemarks. — Of this form there is only one specimen, an incomplete
head. Salter's fig. 8 (11,288 in the museum of the Geological
Society) seems to belong to the same species, the only difference
being that in Salter's specimen the first and second glabellar furrows
seem to be hardly more than surface markings. This, however,
may be due to a different mode of preservation.

Locality. — Gamka Poort (59).*

PHACOPS ARBUTEUS, sp. nov.

Plate XXIV., figs. 2-1.

Glabella forms an elongated pentagon, widening slightly towards
the front and ending forward in a rounded obtuse angle ; it is
moderately swollen, covered with tubercles, and is separated from
the cheeks by deep furrows. The glabellar furrows are all inclined
forwards and are all strongly marked, but the last is somewhat
deeper than the rest. The eyes seem to have been small and to
have been placed opposite the second glabellar lobe. The occipital
furrow is deep and the neck segment bears a strong median spine.

* The numbers in parentheses given under the head of " Locality " refer to the
yellow labels on the specimens.

204 Aunah of the South African Museum,

Thoracic segments with a prominent axis bearino- a strong median
spine.

Tail triangular, somewliat wider than long (if we exclude the
terminal spine), produced into an upturned luucro which is about
half as long as the rest of the tail. Axis prominent, marked with
eight distinct rings, terminates obtusely. Lateral lobes arched down-
wards, bearing five ribs, exclusive of the articular ridge, separated
by deep, broad furrows ; the last two ribs are short and rather weak ;
all the ribs end just before the margin, and the first four or five are
duplicated, showing clearly the original segmentation of the tail.

Bemarks. — The head and tail on which the description is l)ased,
were found at Gamka Poort, and they are both, together with
another fragment of a similar head, in the same kind of matrix —
a matrix which is diS'erent from that in which any of the other
trilobites from this locality occur. The tuberculation of the head
resembles that of Encruiurus cnsta-galli, and the tail is similar in
structure to that of the same species. These considerations lead
mc to infer that both head and tail belong to a single species. The
thoracic segment clearly belongs to the same animal as the tail.

Affinities. — -The species is evidently closely allied to Encri)iaru!i
cvista-galli, described by Dr. H. Woodward in 1873, and may indeed
be identical with it. It is unfortunate that Dr. Woodward's speci-
men shows nothing of the head except the cheek, and that my
specimens of the head show no part of the thorax. Most of the
specimens, however, which I have referred to Phacops arhntcus
seem to have belonged to a larger ajm}nQ,lth.a.n E no in urns crista -
gain ; the tail also, besides being larger, is much broader in propor-
tion to its length than in that species. The tail, moreover, is only
slightly tuberculate ; but it is an internal cast, and the internal cast
of E. crista-galli does not show the tubercles very distinctly.

On the whole, ihen^ P]iacoi)S arbiUcus is probably a distinct
species, but it evidently belongs to the same genus ; and as it is
clearly a Pliacopa (using the generic name in its wider sense), we
may conclude that E. crista-galli is a Pliacops also. Dr. Woodward,
who has seen the specimens, agrees that this conclusion is probably
correct.

- Some of the specimens of the glabella are not very strongly
tuberculate, and then they present a general resemblance to
Pliacops africanus ; but they may be distinguished by the more
strongly marked anterior glal)ellar furrows and the oblique position
of all three pairs.

Localitics.-~(Ai\n\ki\ Poort (-iO, 61, 62, 64, 68).

riw Tnlohitcs of the BokkerehJ Bech. 205

THACOPS CRIST A-GALLI (H. Woodward).

Plate XXIV., lig. 5.

1S73. Encrinurus crhta-qaJU, H. Woodward, Quail. Journ. Geol.
Soc, vol. xxix., p. 31, pi. ii., figs. 6, 7.

In the collection from Gamka Poort there is one specimen which
is certainly referable to this species. It is preserved partly as a
cast and partly in intaglio. Unfortunately it shows only the thorax
and the tail. It exactly resembles the specimen described by Dr.
W^oodward (now in the British Museum) except that the tuberculation
is much less distinct, the axial spines are shorter, and the tail is not
produced into a long mucro but only into a short point. From these
characters we may conclude that it is a younger individual.

The differences between this species and PJiacop^ arhiitciis have
already been pointed out.

Localiti/. — Gamka Poort (^T), with /'. nfrtcioiiis.

PHACOPS AFEICANUS, Salter (pars).
Plate XXIV., figs. 6-8.

1850. Pliacops {CyiiplueuH) africanu^, Salter (pars), Trans. Geol.
Soc, ser. '1, vol. vii., p. 218, pi. xxv., fig. 1, not
figs. 2-4, 6-9.

Head nearly semicircular, rather less than twice as broad as it is
long, genal angles produced into short points. Glabella occupying
nearly half the width of the head, pentagonal, widening slightly in
front and ending forwards in an angle of about 120°, divided from
the cheeks by but shallow axial furrows ; the first and second pairs
of glabellar furrows are faintly marked, especially on the cast, the
first being oblique and the second nearly perpendicular to the axis ;
the third pair is deeply impressed and is also at right angles to the
axis. The occipital furrow is deep at the sides of the axis but
becomes shallower and less definite centrally. The neck segment
bears a strong median spine. Eyes large and prominent, placed
near the glabella and reaching as far I)ack as the third glabellar
furrow ; each bears about 144 lenses.

Thorax consists of ten (?) segments only. Axis prominent, form-
ing rather more than one-third of the total width, narrows rather

206 Annals oj the South African Museum.

rapidly from about the sixth segment ; the rings of the axis are
nodular at their extremities, and each ring probably bore a strong
median spine. The pleurae are abruptly bent downwards at about
one-third of their length from the axis ; they are deeply grooved, and
the last six at least are produced into sharply recurved spines.

Tail triangular, strongly arched, rather wider thaii long. Axis
very prominent, especially at its extremity, produced beyond the
margin, and terminating bluntly ; it bears nine ribs, the last three or
four of which tend to become obsolete. Lateral lobes steeply in-
clined, with five wide shallow grooves separated by narrow rounded
ridges. Margin apparently entire.

The complete specimen represented in fig. 6 shows only ten
segments to the thorax, and thus differs from the typical members
of the genus.

Bemarks. — Salter's Fhacops africanus appears to include at least
four distinct species, and unfortunately the original of his fig. 1 has
not yet been recognised with certainty. It seems, however, to be
identical with the specimens here described, and I have accordingly
adopted his name for this form. In the size and position of the eyes
and the character of the glabellar furrows my specimens do not agree
with Salter's description, but they closely correspond with his fig. 1.
For these characters he seems to have relied upon the head shov;n
in his fig. G, which is now in the British Museum of Natural
History. This, however, is certainly distinct and possesses neither
the genal nor occipital spines which he describes.'''

Similarly, Salter's account of the tail seems to have been based
chiefly upon the specimen represented in his fig. 4 (11,286 in the
Museum of the Geological Society) and upon that represented in his
fig. 9 (now in the British Museum),! but these are quite distinct
from each other and neither of them agrees with the tail of my
complete specimen. The tail w^iich he describes — but does not
figure — under the heading Phacops, sp., No. 1 seems to resemble
very closely the tail of my specimens.

For reference I may add that the originals of Salter's figs.
2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 are now in the Museum of the Geological Society
of London ; and the originals of figs. 6, 7, and 9 are in the British
Museum of Natural History.

Affinities. — The form with which Phacops africanus is most likely

* In the British Museum there are several other heads which present precisely
the same characters as Salter's fig. 0.

t The original of his fig. 2 does not now bear any traces of the marginal spines
which he describes and figures.

r//^' Trilobitcs of the. Bokkeveld Bech. 207

to be confounded, and which was indeed included by Saltei' under the
same name, is Phacops ocellus, sp. nov. In the latter, however,
the fii'st and second glabellar furrows are much better marked, the
eye is smaller and set more forward, the genal angles are rounded,
and there is no occipital spine. The tails are also easily distinguished.
In Phacops ocellus the axis is not nearly so prominent as in P. afri-
canus, it does not reach the margin and it bears fewer ribs ; the
markings on the lateral lobes are much more definite in P. ocellus
than in P. africanus, the ribs in the former being broad and flat and
separated by deep and narrow grooves, while in the latter the ribs
are narrow and but little prominent and the intervening furrows are
wide, concave, and shallow ; in P. ocellus, moreover, the margin is
produced into short points, in P. africanus it seems to be entire.

P. africanus appears to be closely allied to Acaste devonica, Ulr.,"
which occurs in the Devonian of Chahuarani in Bolivia ; but in the
latter the head is considerably longer in proportion to the width, the
glabella is nearly parallel-sided and its frontal margin is rounded in
outhne.

Like the Bolivian form, P. africanus may probably be referred to
the sub-genus Acaste.

Localities. — ^Hex River Pass, along railway (2G) : Gamka Poort
(■27, 5G, 57, 07, 222).

PHACOPS OCELLUS, sp. nov.

Plate XXIV., figs. 9, 10.

18oG. Phacops {Criipluens) africanus, Salter (pars), Trans. Geol.
Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii., p. 218, pi. xxv., figs. 6, 7, 9 only.

Head somewhat triangular in outhne, genal angles rounded. The
glabella is nearly parallel-sided, its frontal margin forming an obtuse
angle ; it is considerably wider than the cheeks and is separated
from them by very shallow furrows ; the glabellar furrows are all
distinct, the first oblique, the second curved with the concavity
directed backward, and the third also curved Init with the concavity
forward ; the third is much deeper than the others. The occipital
furrow is strong and equally defined throughout its axial portion,
curving forwards in the middle. The neck segment is smooth and
bears no spine. Eyes small, placed near the glabella and very far
forward, opposite the first lobe of the glabella.

* Neues .Jahrb. Beil.-Biind viii., ItJUiJ, \>. 21.

208 Annals of the South African Miiscum.

The thorax which seems to helong to this head, is represented in
Salter's fig. 9, and several more or less perfect specimens occm- in
the collection under description. The axis is broad, forming about
one-third of the width, and diminishing rather rapidly after the sixth
segment ; it was not provided with axial spines. The pleurae are
deeply grooved and bent downwards at about one-third of their
length from the axis, and the hinder ones are produced into spines.

Tail semicircular in outline, arched. Axis prominent, does not
reach the posterior margin, and terminates obtusely ; it bears seven
ribs, of which the first three are very distinct but the last three or
four tend to become obsolete. Lateral lobes arched downwards,
with five deep narrow grooves separating the wide fiat ribs, and
these ribs are divided by fainter furrows upon their surface ; the
grooves do not reach the margin. There is no distinct border, but
the margin is produced into short points, of which there appear to
be four, or perhaps five, on each side. •

Bomarks. — The type of the species is the specimen figured by
Salter in pi. xxv., fig. 6, which is now in the British Museum, along
with several other precisely similar heads from the same locality
(the Cedar Mountains). Salter's fig. 9, also in the British Museum
and from the same locality, appears to be the thorax and tail of this
species.

In the collection under description there are several specimens of
the thorax and tail, and one imperfect head with the first seven
segments of the thorax attached.

The form was considered by Salter to be the same as P. africanus,
but this was probably due to the comparatively small number of
specimens of the latter which he had at his disposal. There can be
no doubt that the two species are quite distinct, and the differences
between them have already been pointed out in the account of
P. afn'caiius. In his figure of the head Salter inserts, in dotted out-
line, occipital and genal spines, but of these neither the type specimen
nor any of the other heads from the same locality shows any trace
whatever.

Affinities. — As Salter ■•'■ points out, the compact hal)it and convex
tail differentiate this African species from the typical forms of
Cryphams ; and it is probable that a new subgenus should be made
for this and the following species.

Localities.— Gd,m\^ Poort (33, 36, 39, 42, 58, 65). Also from the
Cederberg (specimens in the British Museum).

* Monog. British Tiilobites, I'al. Soc, 18(54. p. 1-j.

TJw Trilobites of the Bok'keveld Bech. 209

PHACOPS IMPRESSUS, sp. nov.

Plate XXV., figs. 1, 2.
18oG. Phacopfi {Cri/pJueiis) caffcr, Salter (pars)'?, Trans. Cleol.
Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii., p. 219, pi. xxv., fig. 18 only.

This form is represented by several nearly complete specimens,
but they are so much crushed and distorted that it is impossible to
determine accurately the characters of the head.

The outline of the head appears to have been nearly semicii'culai'
and the genal angles were probably angular, but not produced into
spines. The glabella is narrow, forming considerably less than half
the total width, and it is nearly parallel-sided ; the glabellar furrows
are all deeply impressed, but the second is very short and does not
reach the axial furrows, so that the first and second glabellar lobes
are not completely separated exteriorly. Eyes large and prominent.

Thorax somewhat depressed. The axis forms about one-third of
the width ; the rings of the axis are strongly nodular at their
extremities. Pleurae deeply grooved, and, so far as visible, obliquely
truncate, the posterior ones being probably produced into short
points.

Tail triangular, slightly arched. Axis narrow, not prominent,
conical, terminating in a point which does not quite reach the
posterior margin ; it bears eight or nine rings, of which the first four
are quite distinct and the last three tend to become obsolete. Lateral
lobes but little inclined, with five deep and narrow furrows sepa-
rating the wide flat ribs — a very short sixth furrow is visible on the
best preserved specimens —each of the ribs is divided by a fainter
furrow ; the ribs and furrows do not reach the margin. The margin
is produced into a series of very short points, but tlie inunber of
these is uncertain.

licmarks. — This appears to be tlie form referred to Ijy Salter under
the heading " Phacops, sp. No. 3," and, chiefly from the characters
of the tail, 1 am inclined to think that the specimen which he
figures in pi. xxv., fig. 18, as Pliacop.'i cdjf'rr, really belongs to this
species.

Affinities. — In spite of the points borne by the margin of the tail,
PhacopH inipirssu-s is not a typical Cri/pJueiis, and it is probable that,
together with the preceding species, it should constitute a new sub-
genus ; but in the absence of more perfect material it would be
difficult to specify the subgeneric characters.

210 Amwls of the SovtJi African Miisevm.

It is easily distinguished from Phacopn ocellus by its more
depressed form and the character of the glabellar furrows, and also
by the fact that the tail axis is pointed and bears a larger number of
rings.

Loccditics.—Gumkii Poort (35, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 'r2, 54, 55).

PHACOPS (CKYPH/EUS) CAFFEE, Salter.

Plate XXV., figs. 3, 4.

J8[)C). Fliacops (Cnjplia'vs) coffer, Salter, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2,
vol. vii., p. 219, pi. XXV., figs. 10, 11, 12, not 13.

Of the form which is here described the collection under descrip-
tion includes an imperfect head and several tails, two of which have
thoracic segments attached to them. On the same block as the
head there is a somewhat incomplete tail which resembles exactly
the tails (from the same district) to which the thoracic segments are
attached. There can, I think, be little doubt that these fragments
belong to the same species.

The specimen of the head shows only the glabella and the fixed
cheeks. The glabella widens rather rapidly in front, and is sepa-
rated from the cheeks by deep axial furrows ; the frontal lobe is
large and swollen ; glabellar furrows well defined, the first being
deep and inclined forwards, the second pair also fairly deep but
short and not reaching the axial furrows ; the third pair stands at
right angles to the axis. Ej'es small, near the glabella, reaching
from the first glabellar furrow nearly to the middle of the second
lobe. Neck furrow well defined throughout, occipital segment
smooth.

Thorax depressed. The axis occupies just one-third of the width,
and tapers rather rapidly. The pleurae form an elbow at a point
rather more than one-third of their length from the axis, and are
deeply grooved, the groove being strongest at the elbow and dying
away exteriorly ; the ends of the pleurae form strong points.

Tail depressed ; width about twice the length. The axis is but
slightly raised and barely reaches the posterior margin, diminishing
rapidly in width up to the fifth ring ; ten or eleven rings are visible
in all, of which the last four are indistinct. The lateral lobes bear
five distinct ribs besides the articular ridge, and these are separated
by strong furrows ; each rib, except perhaps the last, is grooved
along its whole length, so that the segments of which the tail is

The Trilobites of the Bokkeveld Beih. 211

composed are distinctly visible. Each segment is produced into a
strong spine, of which there are five on each side. The actual end
of the tail is imperfect, but seems to have been rounded.

Remarks. — The head of this species bears a close resemblance to
the small head figured by Salter as a young Phncops caffer {Joe. eit.,
pi. XXV., fig. 10) ; but the axial furrows are considerably deeper, and
the frontal lobe is much more swollen. In these respects it
resembles his fig. 11, which Salter looks upon as the adult form.
The tail which I have ascribed to this species occurs oii the same
block as the head, and another similar tail with thoracic segments
attached comes from a neighbouring locality.

The specimen on which Salter based his description of the thorax
and tail of Phacops caffer (see his fig. 13) does not seem to l)elong to
the same species, and is probably P. impresHus. The portion of the
head which is attached to this specimen differs considerably from
both his fig. 10 and his fig. 11.

Affinities. — Phacops caff'er is a true Cryphmis, and very closely
resembles Cryphceus giganteus, Ulr.,''' from the Devonian of
Chahuarani in Bolivia. The tail is almost indistinguishable, except
that in the Bolivian form it is considerably more arched and is larger
than in most of the African specimens.

The head of Cryphmis jxiituna, Hartt & Rathb., figured l)y J. M.
Clarke f from the Devonian of Brazil, also presents some resem-
blance to that of P. caff'er.

Localities. — Ezelfontein, Ceres (18) ; Laken Vley, Ceres (20) ;
Wolvaarts farm near Ceres Village (34). Specimens 19 (Ezelfon-
tein), 31, and 32 (Laken Vley) may belong to the same species, but
are considerably larger.

PHACOPS ? sp.
Plate XXV., fig. 5.

There is a large thorax and tail from Keurboom's River which
presents very peculiar features. Similar specimens are to be seen
in the Museum of the Geological Society of London and also in the
British Museum ; but us no head is known it is impossible to deter-
mine even the genus with any certainty, and the reference to PJiacops
is entirely provisional.

* Xeues .Jahib. Beil.-Band viii., 1.S93, p. 14.

t As tiilobitas do ■■rez de Ereie e Maecam, Esbulo do Para, Brazil, p. 39, pi. 1,

li;?-!. 13, 1(5; Ilj.-. Ma^. X,i3. Rio d? .fan?iro, vol. i , is;)-). Clarke's paper seems to

have been separately published in 1890. - .

212 Ammls of the South African Mnseuvi.

The thorax is very flat and \vide, nine segments are shown. The
axis forms ahout one-third of the width ; pleurao very deeply grooved,
the hinder ridge being very prominent at its extremity ; ends of
plem-ae pointed.

The tail is imperfect, hut was evidently much wider than long.
Axis very prominent, especially towards its extremity, nearly
parallel-sided ; the portion which remains shows six rings. The
lateral lobes show deep concave furrows separated by narrow ridges;
only four furrows ai'e visible.

Localitij. — KeuiboonVs River, Knvsna (70).

DALMANITES LUNATUS, sp. nov.

Plate XXV., lig. r..

Head depressed, semicircular, genal angles produced into spines,
marginate. Glal:)ella widens considerably towards the front ; first
pair of glabellar furrows oblique, but very imperfectly shown on the
specimen ; second and third pairs deep and at right angles to the
axis. Eyes ver}' large, crescentic, occupying most of the free cheek,
almost touching the glabella at the first glabellar furrow and reaching
back nearly to the neck furrow.

Thorax depressed. Axis less than one-third the width, widens up
to the fourth segment and then narrows again. Pleura; curved
somewhat backwards, grooved longitudinally.

Of the tail only a portion of the axis is visible, showing ten
annulations.

Localitij. — Gamka Poort (G6).

DALMANITES, sp.

Plate XXV., fig. 7.

A portion of a DalnuDiitc-s tail from Ganika Poort shows numerous
ribs on the axis and also on the lateral lobe. The surface is finely
granulate.

The rings on the axis are wide and flat, separated by narrow
grooves which are deep at the sides of the axis but become faint
and shallow medially. The ribs on the lateial lobes are also wide
and flat, and the intervening grooves deep and narrow ; tlie posterior
ribs curve outwards and backwards from the axis.

Tiic Trilobifcs of the Bokkccdd Beds. 213

This tail presents some resemblance to that described by Ulrich '■
from the Devonian of Chahuarani in Bolivia under the name of
Dalmanites clarkei ; but in Uh-ich's species the grooves on the axis
seem to be uniformly distinct throughout, and the posterior ribs of
the lateral lobes curve inwards instead of outwards.

Locality. — Gamka Poort (38).

TYPHLONISGUS BAINI, Salter.

Plate XXV., figs. 8, 9.

1856. Ti/phloiii^fus haiiiii, Salter, Trans. Gcol. Soc, ser. 2,
vol. vii., p. '221, pi. XXV., tig. 14.

The specimens of tliis species show the cluiracters of the head
much more perfectly tlnin those which Salter- had before him, Init
are mostly smaller.

Head semicircular, genal angles slightly produced, surface scro-
biculate. Glabella trapezoidal, widening rapidly in front, frontal
margin rounded ; separated from the cheeks by deep axial furrows.
The first glabellar furrow is obliquely inclined forwards and rather
shallow, the second and third are nearly at right angles to the axis,
and deeply impressed ; all are rather short. The cheeks are much
swollen, triangular in shape, with a distinct margin separated by a
well-marked marginal groove-; no trace of eyes or of facial suture is
visible. Occipital furrow well defined.

Thorax narrows rapidly posteriorly. Axis narrow and rather
prominent. Pleurie straight and horizontal for a distance about
equal to the width of the axis, and then bent abruptly backward and
somewhat downward ; deeply grooved, the ridge in front of the
groove being considerably less prominent than that behind.

Localities. — Gydo Pass (37) ; Gamka Poort (ll, 16, 63, 71).

PKOETUS MALACUS, sp. nov.
Plate XXV., fig. 10.

Body ovate. Head parabolic, broadly marginate, genal angles
produced into spines. Glabella subquadrate, rounded in front,
reaching to the margin, raised above the level of the cheeks but

* Neues -Jahrb. Beil.-Baiid viii., 1893, p. ly.

214 Annals of tlie South African Museum.

flattened on the top. Axial furrows almost obsolete and glabellar
furrows indistinct or absent. Facial suture seems to have cut both
anterior and posterior margins near to the glabella. Eyes lunate,
closely appressed to the glabella.

Thorax shows seven segments, but at least one appears to be
missing. Axis prominent, much wider than the pleurae in the first
few segments, but narrows considerably behind while the width of
the thorax remains nearly the same. Pleura3 bent downwards at
about half their length from the axis, grooved by broad shallow
grooves which do not reach the extremity, ends produced into
points.

Tail large, triangular, width about one and a half times the
length. Axis conical, prominent, with some thirteen or fourteen
rings upon it, of which the first half dozen are much stronger and
more widely separated than the rest ; the end of the axis just
touches the margin. Lateral lobes with seven concave furrows
separating rounded ribs, the last rib being very small ; ribs and
furrows reach the margin.

licmarks. — Dr. A. Schenck '■■ records " Praetus " (sic.) ricardi from
the Bokkeveld Beds, but does not appear to have published any
description or figure of the species.

Localities. — Gamka Poort (45, 53) ; Ceres (60).

HOMALONOTUS HEESCHELI, Murch.

Plate XXVL, figs. 1-3.

1839. Homalonotus hcrschclii, Murchison, Silurian System, p. 652,

pi. vii. bis, fig. 2.
1856. Homalonotus hcrschclii, Salter, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2,

vol. vii., p. 215, pi. xxiv., figs. 1-7.
1897. Hovtalonolus perarmatiis, Freeh., Lethaea geognostica, Th. 1.,

Bd. ii., Lief. 1., p. 218.

The specimens of this species are not more perfect than those
which Salter had at his disposal, and it is not possible to add any-
thing of importance to his description.

The head is somewhat triangular in shape, produced in front into
a prominent curved beak ; surface finely granulate. The glabella is
urceolate, widest at the base, contracted in the middle, and expand-

* Petenu. Mitt., bd. xxxiv., ISSS, p. 2-27.

The fnlohite^i nf the Bokkereld Beds. 21o

ing somewhat in front ; it is distinctly separated from the cheeks
and from the frontal margin ; three glabellar furrows on each side,
all of which are curved backwards. The cheeks are triangular, very
tumid, curved downwards. Neck furrow strong ; the neck segment
bears some small tubercles.

The tail forms a long triangle, is extremely convex, and ends in a
sharp point ; it is, in fact, half of a cone. In one specimen it is
covered by a thick, finely granulate crust which shows but very
faint traces of the ribs on the axis and lateral lobes, but on the cast
the ribs are distinct. The axis is broad and divided into some
thirteen segments, some of which bear tubercles, but the number
and arrangement of the tubercles seems to vary considerably. The
lateral lobes are bent downwards and show six rather faintly marked
ribs, and in one specimen the third rib on each side bears a small
tubercle at its commencement.

HonvihmntHS hcrsclicli Miui h ( ittti S liter), Trans. Gcol. Sou., aer. 2, vol. vii.,
pi WIN , hg l'( (reduced).

Remarks. — Freeh has figured a species from Cape Colony which
he believes to be distinct from H. hcrschcli, and to which he has
given the name of H. pcrarmatas. Unfortunately he supplies no
description, and merely remarks that it is larger and possesses
more numerous tubercles than H. hcrschcli, irregularly disposed.
He makes no reference to Salter's description, and in his comparison
appears to rely solely upon the figure of the thorax and tail given by
Murchison. The head of Freeh's figure agrees exactly, so far as it
is complete, with that figured by Salter ; and as the number of
tubercles seems to vary considerably in different individuals, it
hardly forms a satisfactory specific character. Salter's fig. 4 seems
to be almost as tuberculate as Freeh's figure.

^16 Annals of the South African Museuni.

For the present, therefore, I prefer to consider H. pcrarmaius as
not more than a variety of H. hersclicli.

Affinities. — The nearest ally of this species seems to l)e H. aniiatus,
Burm., from the Lower Coblenz Beds.

Localities. — Ezelfontein, Ceres (28, 29, 30, 106) ; Gamka Poort
(21) ; unknown (24).

nOMALONOTUS QUERNUS, sp. nov.
Plate XXVII. , tig. 1.

The glabella is imperfect and perhaps does not show the frontal
portion, but so far as it is visible it is trajjezoidal in shape, and
narrows forwards ; it is distinctly separated both from the cheeks
and from the neck segment by deep furrows, and it bears a number
of large and coarse tubercles ; the glabellar furrows are very indis-
tinct. Cheeks very tumid.

The thoracic segments bear numerous tubercles.

Affinities. — The head of this specimen is somewhat similar to that
figured by Freeh '■'■'■ as the head of H. subarniatus, C. Koch, from the
Upper Coblenz Beds of Lahneck ; but it is considerably larger, and
as neither specimen is complete it is impossible to make a satisfac-
tory comparison.

Locality. — Unknown (22).

. IIOMALONOTUS COLOSSUS, sp. nov.
Plate XXYIIL, figs. 1-3.

By far the most remarkable of all the specimens sent to me arc
the remains of a gigantic Homalonotus from Uitkomst. Unfortu-
nately the remains are fragmentary, but, judging from a comparison
with H. herscheli, the complete trilobite must have had a length of
about twenty inches. The fragments were all found in a very large
nodule, and are evidently portions of a single individual.

The largest of the pieces is a portion of the left cheek. The facial
suture is visible and runs as in H. herscheli. The posterior margin
is much thickened and bears a row of tubercles. On the cheek
there is an oval disk showing somewhat vague concentric and radial

* Lethisa geognostica, Th. i., Bd. 2, Lief, i., p. 218.

The Trilohites of the BoJd-cvcId Beds. 217

markings, but this is probably, as Dr. Woodward ''■ has suggested to
me, a parasite, perhaps of the nature of Ischadites. What I take to
be the eye is small and situated at the bend of the facial suture.

The thoracic segments, of which there are several fragments,
were large and deeply grooved, the posterior ridge being wider and
more prominent than the anterior, and bearing a raised eminence,
from which spring strong spines. The articular facets were large.

The species is evidently very closely allied to H. herschcli, and
the restoration of the head in PI. XXVIII. is based on a comparison
with the head of that species.

Locality. — Uitkomst, in the Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres Division.

HOMALONOTUS, sp.
Plate XXVII., fig. 2.
From Ezelfontein, Ceres, there is a fragment of a very large tail
which bears numerous large tubercles or spines. It is at once dis-
tinguished from H. licrschcU by its flattened form, and seems,
indeed, to have been as depressed as in the species of Homcdonotus
which occur in the Silurian.

Localitij. — Ezelfontein, Ceres (23) ; specimen 25, locality unknown,
possibly belongs to this species.

Note. — It may be remarked that L. de Koninck (Bidl. Acad. Boy.
Belg., vol. xiii., pt. 2, pp. 419, 420, footnote) records Homcdonotus
licrscheli, H. kuighti, and Ccdymene blumenbachi from the Cedar
Mountains ; and d'Archiac and de Verneuil {Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2,
vol. vi., p. 381) also note H. herschcli, G. tristam, and C. blumen-
hachi from the same region. Salter, however {Trans. Geol. Sac,
ser. 2, vol. vii., p. 219), remarks that the specimen identified by
d'Archiac and de Verneuil as G. blumcnhachi is the original of his
fig. 9 (see above, p. 207), and that the reference to G. tristani is
probably based upon distorted specimens of Bhacops africanus or
P. caffer. De Koninck's identification of H. Iniiijliti must also be
considered doubtful.

* I am greatly indebted to Dr. Woodward for examining this specimen, and also
my specimens of Fliacops arhnteu^.

17

( 218 )

LIST OF SPECIES FEOM THE VAKIOUS
LOCALITIES.

Cerks.
Proetus malacus, sp. nov. (60).

EZELFONTEIN, CeRES.

Phacops caffer, Salter (18, 19).
Homalonotus herscheli, Murch. (28, 29, 30, lOG).
sp. (23).

Laken vley, Ceres.
Phacops caffer, Salter (20, 31, 32).

Gydo Pass, Ceres.
Typhloniscus baini, Salter (37).

UiTKOJisT, Ceres Division'.
Homalonotus colossus, sp. nov.

Wolvaart's Farm, near Ceres Village.
Phacops caffer, Salter (34).

Hex Eiver Pass.
Phacops africanus, Salter (26).

Gamka Poort.
Phacops pupillus, sp. nov. (59).

arbuteus, sp. nov. (40, 61, 62, 64, 08).
crista-galli (H. Woodward), (27).
africanus, Salter (27, 56, 57, 67, 222).
ocellus, sp. nov. (33, 36, 89, 42, 58, 65).
,, impressus, sp. nov. (35, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52,
54, 55).
Dalmanites lunatus, sp. nov. (66).

sp. (38).
Typhloniscus baini, Salter (41, 46, 63, 71).
Proetus malacus, sp. nov. (45, 53).
Homalonotus herscheli, Murch. (21).

Keueboom's River, Kn'ysxa.
Phacops? sp. (70).

Locality unknown.
Homalonotus herscheli, Murch. (24).
,, quernus, sp. nov. (22).

sp. (23, 25).

( 219 )

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

All the figures are drawn of the natural size. All the specimens figured are in
the collection sent for description, except the originals of pi. xxiv., figs. 9 and 10,
which are in the British Museum (Natural History).

Plate XXIV.

PIG.

1. Phaco})!! piipilluif, sp. nov. ; head. Gamka Poort (59).

2. Phacops arhuteus, sp. nov. ; a somewhat distorted glabella. Gamka Poort

(64).

3. Phacops urhutciiK, sp. nov. ; glabella. Gamka Poort (61).

4. „ „ ,, tail and thoracic segment. Gamka Poort (40).

5. Phacops crista-(jalli, (H. Woodward) ; thorax and tail. Drawn from a cast

taken from a specimen preserved in intaglio. Gamka Poort (27).
<5. Phacops africanus, Salter (pars) ; two views of an almost complete but some-
what worn specimen. Gamka Poort (67).

7. Phacops africanus, Salter (pars) ; head. The deep line crossing the glabella

and uniting the posterior pair of glabellar furrows is a fracture only.
Gamka Poort (27).

8. Phacops africanus, Salter (pars) ; tail. Gamka Poort (222).

9. Phacops ocellus, sp. nov. ; head. Drawn from the original of Salter's

P. africanus, fig. 6. Cedar Mountains (Brit. Mus., Eeg. No. 14956).
10. Phacops ocellus, sp. nov. ; thorax and tail. Drawn from the original of
Salter's P. africanus, fig. 9. Cedar Mountains (Brit. Mus., Eeg. No.
14957).

Plate XXV.

1. Phacops iiiipressus, .sp. nov. ; an almost complete but much-compressed

specimen. The specimen is partially enrolled, and the tail (fig. lb) is
doubled under the body (fig. la). Some of the thoracic segments are
missing or concealed. Gamka Poort (43).

2. Phacops imprcssus, sp. nov. ; a smaller but less compressed tail. Gamka

Poort (50).

3. Phacops {CrifphcBUs) caffer, Salter ; portion of head. There is an imperfect

tail, similar to that shown in fig. 4, on the same block. Egelfontein,
Ceres (18).

4. Phacops (Cryphaus) caffer, Salter ; tail and part of thorax. Wolvaarts Farm,

near Ceres Village (34).

5. Phacops ? sp. ; thorax and tail. Keurboom's Eiver, Knysna (70).

6. Dahnanitex lunatus, sp. nov. Drawn from a cast of the specimen. Gamka

Poort (66).

7. Dalmanites, sp. ; portion of tail. Gamka Poort (38).

8. Tijpliloniscus haini, Salter; a head and part of thorax, h side view of same

specimen. Gamka Poort (41).

9. Ti/pliloniscus ba i n i, Sa,ltev ; part of thorax. Gamka Poort (63).

10. Proctus malacus, sp. nov. ; nearly complete specimen, but probably with one
thoracic segment missing. Gamka Poort (45).

'■I H

220 Ex2>lanation of Plates.

Plate XX YI.

1. Homalonotii^ licrscheli, Murch. ; part of head. Ezelfontein, Ceres (29).

2. ,, ,, „ tail. Gamka Poort (21).

S. ,, ,, ,, tail, showing test. Ezelfontein, Ceres (30).

Plate XXVII.

1. Hoiiialonotiix quciitus, sp. nov. ; j)ortion of head and thoracic segments.

Locality unknown (22).

2. Houinlonotus, sp. ; portion of tail. Ezelfontein, Ceres (2.3).

Plate XXVIII.

Homalonotiin colo><^U!<, sp. nov. The large figure shows a portion of the left side
of the head, and the head is completed in outline from a comparison with the
head of Homalonotiii< herscheli, Muvch. The small figures, numbered^ and^ are
parts of thoracic segments found with the fragments of the head. Uitkomst, in
the Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres Division.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.lV:

PI. XXIV.

X.

■V

Lsf^"^ ^'-^M*-'

Vf%.

^

West^Nev/man ad nat-libh.

BOKKEVELD TRILOBITES

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.VoIIV

PI. XXV.

J^

lb

f^"-^^

8b

West, Newman adnat.lith.

BOKKEVELD TRILOBITES.

Ann.S.Afr.MusVol.IV.

PL XXVI.

y

.'^'

•^■-i
w

.^-^r^^^^

ht

%

\-^-

3b

West, Newman ad nat litli.

BOKKEVELD TRILOBITES.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.IV.

PI. XXVII

Wesb, Newman adnatlitK.

BOKKEVELD TRILOBITES.

Aim S.Afr.MusVoLIV.

PI. zr/ii:

Homalonotus colossus gp.n.

(221)

X. — Foraminifcra and Ostracoda from the Cretaceous of East
Pondoland, South Africa. — By Frederick Chapman, A.L.S.,
F.E.M.S.

Plate XXIX.

The following interesting series of microzoa was obtained from a
greenish argillaceous and sandy rock of Cretaceous age which came
from East Pondoland.

The residuum after washing is of a rich brown colour, and con-
tains numerous prisms of Inoceramus shell ; a tetractinellid sponge
spicule was also noticed, exactly resembling a specimen figured by
Dr. G. J. Hinde * as Pachastrella haldonensis Carter, and occurring
at Blackdown, Warminster, and Merstham.

The Foraminifera are in most cases fairly well preserved where
the tests are naturally thick ; but in others, as in the thin-shelled
Polymorphinse, the infilling of marcasite tends to break up the test
on the accession of moisture. In this latter feature they resemble
certain of the Gault Foraminifera from Folkestone, and especially
those from the lower zones.

Eighteen species and varieties of Foraminifera were found, three
of which are new ; they are as follows : —

1. Haploidiracjmiurii neocomianum Chapman.

2. H. meridionale sp. nov.

3. Bulimina trigonula Chap., var. inornata nov.

4. Pleurostomella suhnodosa Eeuss.

5. Nodosaria imsmatica Eeuss.

6. N. zippei Eeuss.

7. Vagimdina humilis Eeuss sp.

8. V. legumen Linn. sp.

9. V. intumescens Eeuss.

10. Cristellaria suhalata Eeuss.

11. Polymorphina ? gibha d'Orb.

* Phil. Trans., pt. ii., IH.Sy, p. 442. pi. xliii., fig. ia.
18

222 Annals of the South African Museum.

12. Glohigerina canaliculata Eeuss sp.

13. Trujicatulina scJilanhachi Eeuss sp.

14. Pulvinulina elegans d'Orb. sp.

15. P. carpenteri Eeuss sp.

16. P. reticulata Eeuss sp.

17. P. -pondensis sp. nov.

18. Botaiia soldanii d'Orb. sp., var. 7iitida Eeuss.

Of the fifteen species already described, two are from the Lower
Cretaceous (Neocomian) or older formations, viz., Haplopliragmiuni
neocomianum and Vaginulina intumcscens. Three appear to be
restricted to the Albian stage, viz., Vaginulina Immilis, Pulvinulina
reticulata, and P. carpenteri. Five range from the Gault to the
Upper Chalk, viz., Pleurostomella suhnodosa, Nodosaria prismatica,
N. zippei, Truncatulina schlcenbaclii, and Rotalia soldanii va.r. nitida.
The remaining five species have a still wider range, and extend into
the Tertiary formations.

The species are all such as would be found in quite shallow water.

The valves of the Ostracoda are as a rule somewhat thin and
fragile, but are well preserved as regards their superficial ornament.

Six species and varieties were found, two of which are new.

They are as follows : —

1, Macrocypris simplex Chapman.

'1. Bytliocypris simidata Jones sp.

3. Cythere ? drupacca Jones.

■4. Cythcrcis ornatissima Eeuss sp., var. reticulata J. &. H.

5. CytJieridea longicaudata sp. nov.

6. Cythcropteron elongato-concentricum sp. nov.

7. Cytherclla ivilliamsoniana Jones.

Of the above seven species of Ostracoda one doubtful form is of
Oolitic age, viz., Cythere drupacea, two range from the Neocomian
to the Upper Chalk, viz., Cythcrcis ornatissima var. reticulata, and
Cytherclla unllicunsoniana. One species has occurred in a rcmanic
bed of the Albian, viz., Macrocypris simplex; and one species
appears to range throughout the Chalk formation, viz., Bythocypris
simulata.

The general facies of the present series of Microzoa would lead
one to conclude their position to be intermediate between the Lower
and Upper Cretaceous series, but having a stronger affinity towards
the latter group.

Foraminifcra and Ostracoda. 223

THE FORAMINIFERA.

Family LITUOLID^.

Genus HAPLOPHRAGMIUM Eeuss.

Haploi'hragmium neocomiaxum Chapman.

Plate XXIX., fig. 1.

II. ncocomianum Cliapman, 1894, Quart. Jourii. Geol. Soc, vol. 1.,

p. 695, pi. xxxiv., figs. 2(X, h.
Idem, 1895, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. xvi., p. 315,

pi. xi., fig. 7.
H. fontinansc (non) Terquem, Egger., 1899, Abhandl. k. bayer.

Akad. Wiss., CI. ii., vol xxi., Abth. 1, p. 140, pi. i., figs. 14-

16, 19, 20, 25-29 ; pi. ii., figs. 40-42.

A few examples of the above species were seen in the washings,
but owing to their resembhng the sand particles in colour, and the
absence of any very definite shape, they are easily overlooked. The
first recorded specimens came from the Bargate Beds of Lower
Greensand age, near Dorking, in Surrey, and the species was sub-
sequently found both in the black and brown Ehgetic clays of Wed-
more, in Somerset, England. Dr. Egger's specimens came from
the Cretaceous marl of the Upper Bavarian Alps ; they are referred
to II. fontinense, but that species is evolute in the earlier spiral
chambers, whilst the Cretaceous specimens are involute.

HAPLOPHRAGMIUM MERIDIONALE sp. nOV.

Plate XXIX., figs. 2, 2rt.

Specific Gharaclcrs. — Test very thin, diaphanous ; subcircular to
subelhptical. Sutures nearly straight, fairly well marked, but seg-
ments more clearly seen when the test is moistened ; about six
segments visible. Test white, composed of fine silicious particles.
Surface fairly smooth. Largest diameter about 1 mm. ; width
•6 mm. ; thickness "05 mm.

This species recalls the minute Baplophragmiamterqucmi-'- found
in the French and English Gault and the Cretaceous marl of the

* Bertheliii, 1880, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, ser. ;^, vol. i. ; Mem. v., n. 22
pi. ii., fig. 1. Chapman, 1898, Journ. B. Micr. Soc, p. 12, pi. ii., fig. .5.

224 Annals of the South African Museum.

Upper Bavarian Alps/'' H. meridionale, however, is very much
larger, is less elongate in the lateral aspect, and the test is somewhat
clearer or more translucent, and white. It is fairly frequent in the
washings.

Family TEXTULAEIID^.

Genus BULIMINA d'Orbigny.

BuLiMiNA TEiGONULA nom. nov.f var. inobnata nov.

Plate XXIX., fig. 3.

The test is formed on the type of B. clegans d'Orbigny, that is,
more or less regularly trigonal. The salient edges are more pro-
nounced than in that species, and not so sharp as in B. trigomda
{trigona) Chapman. It most closely approaches the latter form in
general outline, but the aboral end is not studded with granulations,
the surface being quite smooth.

The specific form B. trigomda {trigona) has been found in the
Taplow Chalk, zone of Belemnites {Actinocamax) quadratus,\ and a
smooth form more nearly resembling our present variety was
obtained from the Cretaceous marl of the Upper Bavarian Alps by
Dr. Egger.j

Only one specimen of B. trigomda has been found amongst the
present series from the Cretaceous of East Pondoland.

Genus PLEUEOSTOMELLA Eeuss.
Pleurostomella subnodosa Eeuss.
Plate XXIX., fig. 4.

Dentalina subnodosa Eeuss, 1851, Haidinger's Naturw. Abhandl.,

vol. iv., pt. i., p. 24, pi. 1, fig. 9.
PleurostomeUa subnodosa Eeuss, 1860, Sitzungsb. k. Ak. Wiss.

Wien, vol. xl., p. 204, pi. viii., figs. 2(7, b. Burrows, Sher-

* Egger, 1899, Abh. k. bayer. Akacl. Wiss., CI. ii., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, p. 138,
pi. i., figs. 18, 35, 54, 50.

t The specific name trigona has already been used by Tei-quem to denominate a
foraminiferal species of the genus Bulimina (Mem. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 3,
vol. ii., 1882, p. 110, pi. xi. (xix.), figs. 28, 29), and therefore the specific name of
the Taplow Chalk form is here amended to trifjonnla.

I Quart. Journ. Geol. 8oc., vol. xlviii., 1892, p. 515, pi. xv., fig. S.

§ Abhandl. k. bayer. Akad. Wiss., 1899, CI. ii., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, p. 52,
pl.'xxiv., figs. 16, 17.

Foraminifcra and Ostracnda. 225

born and Chapnican, 1890, Journ. E. Micr. Soc, p. 555,
pi. viii., fig. 27. Bagg., 1898, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 88,
p. 31
Nodosaria subnodosa (Eeuss) Egger, 1899, Abhandl. k. bayer.
Akad. Wiss., CI. ii., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, p. 58, pi. vi., fig. 27.

At first sight our specimen seems to resemble a stumpy Nodosaria
consobrina, but the alternating obliquity of the sutures precludes the
possibility of its affinities in that direction.

By moistening the surface of this specimen the internal structure
of the chambers is seen to be that of a Pleurostomella. The present
specimen exactly resembles the aboral segments of Dr. Egger's
P. (Nodosaria) subnodosa from the Cretaceous marl of the Upper
Bavarian Alps. This species is very characteristic of Upper Creta-
ceous deposits, ranging from the Eed Chalk of Speeton to the marls
of the Bavarian Alps (Upper Chalk).

Family LAGENID.^.
Genus NODOSAEIA Lamarck.

NODOSAEIA PRISMATICA EeUSS.

Plate XXIX., fig. 5.

N. jyrisviatica Eeuss, 1860, Sitzungsb. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. xl.,
p. 180, pi. ii., fig. 2. Id., 1862, ibid., vol. xlvi., p. 36, pi. ii.,
fig. 7.

N. 2^^'^smatica Eeuss, Burrows, Sherborn, and Bailey, 1890,
Journ. E. Micr. Soc, p. 557, pi. ix., figs. 25a, b. Chapman,
1893, ibid., p. 594, pi. ix., fig. 21. Id., 1894, Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc, vol. 1., p. 707. Egger, 1899, Abhandl. k. bayer.
Akad. Wiss., CI. ii., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, p. 74, pi. viii., fig. 8.

This species is fairly common in the residues, but it is generally
very fragmentary, the test breaking up into separate segments
during the operations of washing and mounting. The specimens
before us are not very typical of the species, but there is no doubt
they belong to the type form so commonly associated with the Cre-
taceous faunas, both Lower and Upper, of England, France, and
Germany. The chief difference in the present examples is the
almost complete absence of sutural constrictions on the surface of

226 Annals of the South African Musenm.

the test ; in this respect they approach N. obscura Eeuss, but the
segments are too short for that species.

NoDOSARiA zipPEi Eeuss.

Plate XXIX., fig. 6.

N. zijjpei Reuss, 1845, Verstein. bolim. Kreidef., pt. i., p. 25,
pi. viii., figs. 1-3. Rupert Jones, 1854, Lecture on the Geo-
logical History of Newbury, pi. ii., fig. 1. Chapman, 1893,
Journ. R. Micr. Soc, p. 593, pi. ix., fig. 12. Bagg, 1898,
Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 88, p. 45, pi. iii., fig. 1. Egger,
1899, Abhandl. k. bayer. Akad. Wiss., CI. il, vol. xxi., Abth. 1,
p. 78, pi. viii., figs. 1, 2.

This is a somewhat aberrant variety of the elegant Nodosaria
described by Reuss, differing chiefly in its larger growth and irregular
costae. The typical form is generally distributed through the Upper
Cretaceous.

Genus VAGINULINA d'Orbigny.

Vaginulina humilis Reuss sp.
Plate XXIX., fig. 7.

Cristcllaria humilis Reuss, 1862, Sitzungsb. d. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
vol. xlvi., p. 65, pi. vi., figs. 16, 17. Chapman, 1894, Journ.
R. Micr. Soc, p. 648, pi. ix., figs, la, h.

It is difficult to satisfactorily separate certain of the cristellaroid
forms found in the Lias, Cretaceous, and Tertiary formations, for
they run so insensibly into the Vaginulina type of shell, which is
flattened laterally, and has the commencement practically non-spiral.

The above species has likewise little or no spiral at the commence-
ment of the shell, and therefore it appears more properly to belong
to Vaginulina. The specific form here referred to is like a broad
V. legumen with few chambers and a superficial sutural thickening
or limbation. V. humilis seems to be restricted to the Neocomian
and Gault strata of Germany and England. Somewhat rare in the
Cretaceous of East Pondoland.

Vaginulina legumen Linn. sp.

Plate XXIX., fig. 8.

Nautilus legumen Linn., 1758, System. Nat., 10th ed., p. 711,
No. 248; 1767, 12th ed., p. 1164, No, 288.

Foraviinifera and Ostracoda. 227

Vaginulina legnmcn (Linn.), Brady, 1884, Chall. Eep., vol. ix.,
p. 530, pi Ixvi., figs. 13-15. Chapman, 1894, Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc, vol. 1., p. 710. Bagg., 1898, Cret. Poram. N.
Jersey, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 88, p. 53, pi. iv., fig. 4.
Egger, 1899, Abhandl. k. bayer. Akad. Wiss., CI. ii., vol. xxi.,
Abth. 1, p. 98, pi. ix., figs. 29, 30.

This is generally a well-grown and handsome species. Our
specimens have the sutural limbation often seen in this type of
shell, and by which character it closely approaches the form pre-
viously mentioned ; without a longer series of specimens, however,
it would be difficult to point out the relationship of the two forms.
The specimens found by Dr. Egger in the Cretaceous of the
Bavarian Alps differ somewhat from the usual form in having a
convex back ; the sutures also are plain. Vaginulina leguvicn is
known from various horizons in the Lias, from the Neocomian of
Surrey, England, and the Cretaceous of New Jersey. It is also a
well-disti*ibuted shell in the various foraminiferous strata of Tertiary
age.

Not uncommon in the East Pondoland series.

Vaginulina intumescens Eeuss.

Plate XXIX., fig. 9.

V. intumescens Eeuss, 1862, Sitzungsb. d. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
vol. xlvi., Abth. 1, p. 49, pi. iv., fig. 2.

The group of VaginuUnce characterised by a thin compressed test,
subtriangular in outline, with few oblique chambers, and having a
conspicuous oi-nament of curved longitudinal striations, is typically
represented by the present species. V. intumescens was originally
described by Eeuss from the Neocomian Beds of Germany. Closely
related forms also occur in the Lias, and have been figured from
time to time by Terquem and others ; the Liassic species, however,
generally possess a larger number of chambers, which are also pro-
portionately shorter and narrower. Very rare in the present series.

Genus CEISTELLAEIA Lamarck.

Cristellabia subalata Eeuss.
Plate XXIX., fig. 10.

C. subalata Eeuss, 1854, Denkschr. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. vii.,
Abth. 1, p. 68, pi. XXV., fig. 13.

228 Annals of the South African Museum.

Bohulina megalopolitana Eeuss, 1855, Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. Geol.

Gesellsch., vol. vii., p. 272, pi. ix., figs. 5a, b.
Cristellaria subalaia Eeuss, 1862, Sitzungsb. d. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien,

vol. xlvi., Abth. 1, p. 76, pi. viii., fig. 10 ; pi. ix., fig. 1.
C. megalopolitana Eeuss sp., Sherborn and Chapman, 1886, Journ.

E. Micr. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vi., p. 755, pi. xv., fig. 30a, h.

Chapman, 1894, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. 1., p. 714.
C. suhalata Eeuss, Chapman, 1896, Journ. E. Micr. Soc, p. 3,

pi. i., figs. 3rt., h.

The specimen from East Pondoland, whilst more tlian usually
elongate, is sufficiently characterised by the limbation of the sutures
and a minute umbilical protuberance indicating the presence of a
megalosphere. The latter feature is also seen in Eeuss' specimen
from the Upper Cretaceous of Gosau, Eastern Alps. The Gault
specimens are more spherical in outline, but possess similar super-
ficial ornament. G. suhalata has also been recorded from the
Neocomian of Germany, and under the name of G. megalopolitana
it has been figured from German (Neocomian and Tertiary) and
Enghsh (Neocomian, Gault, and Eocene) fossils respectively.

Genus POLYMOEPHINA d'Orbigny.

PoLYMORPHiNA ? GiBBA d'Orbigny.
Plate XXIX., fig. 11.

P. {Glohulina) gibha d'Orb., 1826, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. vii.. No. 20,

p. 267, and modeles No. 63.
P. subsphcerica Berthelin, 1880, M6m. Soc. Geol. France, s6r. 3,

vol. i.. No. 5, p. 58, pi. iii., figs. 18a, b.
Polymoi'pha (Polymorphina) ovata Perner, 1892, Poraminifery

Cesk^ho Cenomanu, p. 64, pi. viii., figs. 14-16.
P. gibba dOrb., Chapman, 1896, Journ, E. Micr. Soc, p. 9, pi. ii.,

fig. 5. Egger, 1899, Abhandl. k. bayer. Akad. Wiss., CI. ii.,

vol. xxi., Abth. 2, p. 128, pi. xvii., figs. 19, 20.

One or two somewhat broken tests occur in the washings, which
show the internal septation of a Polymorphina allied to P. gibba.
The reason of these specimens being fractured is the infiltration of
the shell with pyrites, which splits the test by its decomposition and
expansion. The oral aperture in one specimen is seen to be stellate.

Foraminifern and Ostracoda. 229

Family GLOBIGERINIDJ:^.

Genus GLOBIGEEINA cl'Orbigny.

Globigerina canaliculata Eeuss sp.

Plate XXIX., fig. 12.

Rosalina canaliculata Eeuss, 1854, Denkschr. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien,

vol. vii., Abth. 1, p. 70, pi. xxvi., fig. 4.
Discorbina canaliculata Eeuss sp., Karrer, 1870, Jahrl). k. k. Geol.

Eeichsanst., No. 2, p. 183.
Glohigerina linneana d'Orb., Brady, 1884, Eep. Chalk, p. 598,
pi. Ixxxii., fig. 12. Jones, 1896, Foram. Crag. (Pal. Soc. Mon.),
p. 285, pi. vii., figs. 2Sa-c.
Globigerina canaliculata Eeuss sp., Egger, 1899, Abhandl. k.
bayer. Ak. Wiss., CI. ii., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, p. 172, pi. xxi.,
figs. 15-17, 24-26.

Although closely related to G. marginata Eeuss and G. linneana
d'Orbigny, this form is distinguished by the crenulate and limbate
margin. The nearest figure of this species to ours is that given in
the Monograph of the Crag Foraminifera under the name of G.
linneana.

This species is most frequent in Cretaceous strata, but it is not
restricted to beds of that age. Brady regards G. canaliculata as
synonymous with G. linneana, and closely related to G. marginata.
The latter form differs in the less striking limbation of the peripheral
edge and the distinct asperity of its surface in that region.

Family EOTALIID^.
Genus TEUNCATULINA d'Orbigny.
Truncatulina schlcenbachi Eeuss sp.

Plate XXIX., figs. 16, 16r/.

Bosalina schlccnbacJii Eeuss, 1862, Sitzungsb. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien,

vol. xlvi., Abth. 1, p. 87, pi. xi., figs. 5a-c.
Discorbina schlcenbachi Eeuss sp., Egger, 1899, Abhandl. k. bayei-.

Ak. Wiss., CI. ii., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, p. 164, pi. xviii., figs. 19-21.

The figures of the above species given by Eeuss show the seg-
ments to possess a stronger curvature than is seen in our specimen ;

230 Annah of tlie South. African Museum.

otherwise the forms are fairly comparable. Both occurrences as
given above are from the Upper Cretaceous. The comparatively
finely perforated test points to its relationship with Truncatulina
rather than Discorbina.
Only one specimen found.

Genus PULVINULINA Parker and Jones.

PuLViNULiNA ELEGANS d'Orbiguy sp.

Plate XXIX., figs. 13, ISa.

RotaJia (Turbinulina) eJegans d'Orbigny, 1826, Ann. Sci. Nat.,
vol. vii., p. 276, No. 54.

Pulinmdina elegans d'Orb. sp., Parker and Jones, 1871, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. viii., p. 174, pi. xii., fig. 142. Chap-
man, 1894, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. 1., p. 273. Chapman,
1898, Journ. E. Micr. Soc, p. 6, pi. i., figs. 8a-c.

Pnlvimdina iMrtschiana d'Orb. sp., Egger, 1899, iVbhandl. k.
bayer. Ak. Wiss., CI. ii., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, p. 154, pi. xx.,
figs. 10-12.

This species is by no means common in our material, but the
specimens seen are quite typical, and compare closely with the same
form from other Cretaceous deposits in Europe and elsewhere.

PULVINULINA CARPENTER! ReUSS Sp.

Plate XXIX., figs. 14, 14fl, 18.

PiOtalia cmye^iteri Reuss, 1862, Sitzungsb. d. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien,

vol. xlvi., Abth. 1, p. 94, pi. xiii., figs. 6a-c.
Pulvinulina carpenteri Reuss sp., Chapman, 1898, Journ. R. Micr.

Soc, p. 8, pi. i., figs, llft-c.

This is a neat Pulvinulina of the P. caracolla type, the distin-
guishing features being the smooth, non-excavate, superior surface
of the shell and its thin, denticulate margin. The difference between
the South African specimens and the English consist in the slightly
smaller dimensions of the former, and the almost complete dis-
appearance of the peripheral denticulse in some specimens, an
extreme case of which is figured here (pi. xxix., figs. 14, 14fl).

Foraminifera and Ostracoda. 231

The occurrence of this species in the Cretaceous of South Africa
is extremely noteworthy, for up to the present it had been known
only from the Gault of Folkestone, where it was first discovered by
Reuss, and found later by Rupert Jones and the writer. At Folke-
stone P. carpcnteri occurred both in the Lower and Upper Gault.

PULVINULINA RETICULATA ReUSS Sp.

Plate XXIX., figs. 15, Iba.

Rotalia reticidata Reuss, 1862, Sitzungsb. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien,

vol. xlvi., Abth. 1, p. 83, pi. x., figs. ia-c.
Epistomina reticulata Reuss sp., Uhhg, 1883, Jahrb. k. k. Geol.

Reichsanst., vol. xxxiii., p. 768, pi. vii., figs. 8, 9.
Palvimdina reticulata Reuss sp.. Chapman, 1898, Journ. R. ^ficr.

Soc, p. 8, pi. i., figs. lOa-c.
P. reticulata Reuss sp., var. carinata, Bagg, 1898, Bull. U.S.

Geol. Surv., No. 88, p. 68, pi. v., figs. Za, Sh.
Botalina reticidata Reuss sp., Egger, 1899, Abhandl. k. bayer.

Akad. Wiss., CI. ii., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, p. 157, pi. xix., figs.

1-3.

This is one of the depauperated varieties of the group of P. clcgans
which seems to be restricted to the Mesozoic formations — the Jurassic
and Cretaceous. It has been found in the " Ornatus " clays of
Russia (Callovian), the basal beds of the Albian in North Germany,
the Cretaceous marls of the Upper Bavarian Alps, the Gault of
Folkestone, England, and the Navesink marls (Upper Cretaceous)
of New Jersey, America. P. reticulata is represented by small but
otherwise typical specimens in the Cretaceous of East Pondoland,
and in the washings is quite common.

PULVINULINA PONDENSIS Sp. nOV.

Plate XXIX., figs. 19, 19a.

Specific Character. — Test discoidal, gently convex on the superior
face, whorls slightly terraced ; inferior surface strongly convex.
Peripheral edge and sutures limbate on the upper side ; sutural
margins of chambers on the lower surface greatly thickened and
having a stellate arrangement, the rays thickest at the umbilicus.
Outer whorl with about eight chambers. Both surfaces ornamented
with fine circular or polygonal pittings. Peripheral edge fairly

232 Annals of the South African Museum.

sharp, and with an even outhne. Diameter of test about -8 mm.
This species seems to be nearly related to Egger's Truncatulina
favosoidcs,-'' but differs in its generally neater appearance, with
flatter superior surface, more strongly limbate sutures, finer variolae,
and an even peripheral edge. It is of peculiar interest to note that
the nearly allied form has only lately been discovered by Dr. Egger
in the Cretaceous of the Upper Bavarian Alps, and also that no
species at all approaching these in the style of ornament were met
with either in the Gault of Folkestone or of North Germany.
Very common in the Cretaceous of East Pondoland.

Genus EOTALIA Lamarck.

EoTALiA soLDANii d'Orb. sp., var. nitida Keuss.
Plate XXIX., figs. 17, 17a.

Botal/'na nitidaB.euss, 1844, Geogr. Skizze Bohmen, vol. ii., pt. i.,

p. 214. Id., 1845-6, Verstein. bohm. Kreidef., pt. i., p. 35,

pi. viii., fig. 52 ; pi. xii., figs. 8, 20.
Placent'ida nitida Berthehn, 1880, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 3,

vol. i.. No. 5, p. 69, pi. iv., iigs. Ua-c.
Discorbina oligostegia Perner, 1892, Foraminifery Cesk^ho ceno-

manu (Palaeontographica Bohemiae, No. 1), p. 65, pi. x.,

figs. 5a, b.
Botalia mnbilicata var. nitida Eeuss, Id., 1897, Foraminifery

Vrstev Belohorskych (Pal. Bohem., No. 4), pp. 54, 55, 72,

pi. vii., fig. 25 and woodcut p. 53.
R. soldanii d'Orb. var. nitida Eeuss, Chapman, 1898, Journ. E.

Micr. Soc, p. 9, pi. ii., figs. 2a-c.
R. nitida Eeuss, Egger, 1899, Abhand. k. Akad., CI. ii., vol. xxi.,

Abth. 1, p. 156, pi. XX., tigs. 4-6.

The specific form, of which this is a smaller and more delicate
variety, was described from the Tertiary Beds of the Vienna Basin.
The variety nitida is a well-known form in the Upper Cretaceous, as
the Albian of France and England, and the Cenomanian, Turonian,
and Senonian of Bohemia and the Upper Bavarian Alps.

This variety is very rare in our material.

* Abhtindl. k. baycr. Akad., CI. ii., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, p. 150, pi. xx., figs. 22-5.

Foraminifcra and Ostracoda. 233

THE OSTRACODA.

Family BAIRDIID^.

Genus MACEOCYPEIS G. S. Brady.

Macrocypeis simplex Chapman.

Plate XXIX., tigs. 22, 22«, 22i.

M. simplex Chapman, 1898, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. ii.,
p. 333, figs. la-c.

There are two specimens of the ahove form in the present series
which agree with the example from the Cambridge Greensand
(rcmanie bed, chiefly of Albian age) of England. One of our speci-
mens — that figured — is slightly more arched on the dorsal side, but
the other is exactly comparable with the English specimen.

Genus BYTHOCYPEIS G. S. Brady.

Bythocypris sibiulata Jones sp.
Plate XXIX., fig. 20.

Cijtlicrc faha Jones, 1849 (non Eeuss), Mon. Cret. Entom., p. 13,

pi. ii., figs. 4a-c.
Cy there sinmlata Jones, 1870, Geol. Mag., p. 75.
Bythocypris simnlata Jones sp., Jones and Hinde, 1890, Mon.

Cret. Entom., p. 11, pi. i., figs. 27-29. Egger, 1899, Abhandl.

k. bayer. Akad. Wiss., CI. ii., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, p. 179,

pi. xxvii., figs. 58, 59, 60.

Two valves were found closely resembling the English Chalk
specimens.

The example figured by Egger from the Upper Cretaceous of the
Bavarian Alps viewed laterally has the ventral margin straight.

The South African specimens have the surfaces of the valves
minutely punctate, and the anterior border vertically striate.

The ventral margin is distinctly undulate in side view. Length
of valve 1 mm., height '53 mm.

234 Aiinals of the South African Museum.

Family CYTHERIDiE.
Genus CYTHEEE Miiller.

Cythere ? DRUPACEA Jones.

C. drujmcca Jones, 1884, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xl., p. 772,
pi. xxxiv., fig. 30.

A single specimen of a Cythere with united valves occurred in the
present series, which most resemhles the above species. There are,
however, one or two slight differences which make the determination
doubtful, and only the discovery of a more extensive series of speci-
mens would make a proper comparison possible. These differences
are — a steeper face to the ventral border, approaching that of
Gytheropteron, and a blunt spinose ornamentation of the anterior
and posterior extremities towards the ventral angles.

The specimen described by Professor Eupert Jones came from
the Great Oolite stratum of the Richmond boring, England.

Genus CYTHEREIS Jones.

Cythebeis ornatissima Reuss sp., var. reticulata Jones and
Hinde.

C. ornatissima Reuss sp., var. reticulata Jones and Hinde, 1890,
Mon. Cret. Entom., p. 24, pi. i., figs. 67, 68, 77 ; pi. iv.,
figs. 9-12. Chapman, 1894, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. l,
p. 689. Id., 1898, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. ii.,
p. 340.

A very perfectly preserved valve of this pretty variety occurred in
the present series, having two rows of prickles along the anterior
border, a characteristic median ridge and tubercle, and a small
sharp posterior spine. This species ranges from the Neocomian to
the Senonian in England and Ireland.

Genus CYTHERIDBA Bosquet.
Cytheridea longicaudata sp. nov.
Plate XXIX., fig. 21.
Specific Characters. — Carapace subtriangular, broad in front,
attenuated behind. Both angles of the front margin well rounded ;

FoniminiJ'cra and Odracoda. 235

ventral margin hollowed posteriorly ; dorsal margin sinuous. Sur-
face of the valve sloping gently from behind to the anterior border
and depressed or even sulcated near the antero-dorsal angle.
Towards the ventral margin the valve is steep and sometimes
angulated and sloping away to the dorsal. Highest in the middle of
the posterior third. Hinge showing the characteristic crenulated
crests and grooves of this genus. Surface of valve marked with
numerous impressed puncta, having a quasi-linear arrangement.
Length of left valve 1-16 mm. ; height -66 mm.
Length of right valve of a larger specimen 1-3 mm. ; height
•83 mm.

The shape of the carapace in this species may be compared to an
extremely attenuated form of Cythcridea perforata (Romer).* The
tumid form of the posterior portion makes its resemblance to
Cjjtheroptcron sphenoides (Reuss) \ very close, but the hingement is
different and the ventral margin hardly high enough. In addition
to the evidence of the hinge characters of Cytheridea, our specimens
have the impressed puncta seen also in Cythcridea perforata.

Genus CYTHEROPTERON G. 0. Sars.

Cytheropteron elongato-concentricum sp. nov.
Plate XXIX., ligs. 23, 23rt.

Specific Characters. — Valves subrhomboidal, elongate, with a
broad posterior flange, and one less strongly marked, anteriorly.
Ventral border steep and well rounded. Surface tumid, and highest
just behind the middle of the valve. Surface ornamented with poly-
gonal excavations, not so numerous nor so distinctly concentric as
in G. concentricum (Eeuss),| with which this present specimen
seems most nearly allied.

Length '66 mm. ; height '33 mm. ; thickness "16 mm.

The elongate carapace, the conspicuous posterior flange, and the
comparatively coarse pittings serve to separate this from the well-
known and widely distributed Cytiicroptcron concentricum of
Europe.

* See Jones and Hinde, 1890, Mon. Cret. Entom., p. 29, pi. i., figs. 1-4.
t See Jones and Hinde, 1890, Mon. Cret. Entom., p. 33, pi. i., figs. 18-20.
+ See Jones and Hinde, 1890, Mon. Cret. Entom., p. 31, pi. i., figs. 5-10 ; pi. iv.,
fig.l9.

236 Annals of the South African Museum.

Family CYTHERELLID^.

Genus CYTHERELLA Jones.
Cytherella williamsoniana Jones.

C. iDilliamsoniana Jones, 1849, Mon. Ent. Cret., p. 31, pi. vii.,
figs. 26a-/z.

Cy])ridina leioptycha Eeuss, 1851, in Haiclinger's Naturw. Abhandl.,
vol. iv., pt. i., p. 49, pi. vi., fig. 11.

Cytherella williamsoniana Jones, Bosquet., 1854, Mem. Comm.
geol. Neerlande, vol. ii., p. 62, pi. v., figs. 2a-fZ. Eeuss, 1874,
Elbthalgeb., &c., pt. ii., p. 153, pi. xxviii., figs. 9, 10«, h.
Marsson, 1880, Mittheil. nat. Ver. Neu-Pommern und Rugen,
Jahrgang 12, p. 31, pi. ii., figs. 8a-c. Jones and Hinde, 1890,
Mon. Cret. Entom., p. 48, pi. iii., figs. 55-62. Chapman and
Sherborn, 1893, Geol. Mag., Decade III., vol. x., p. 347.
Chapman, 1898, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. ii., p. 344.
Egger, 1899, Abhandl. k. bayer. Akad. Wiss., CI. ii., vol. xxi.,
Abth. 1, p. 188, pi. xxvii., figs. 63-65.

A single left valve of this peculiar and variable species was found
in the East Pondoland material, having a flat surface with the
bordering ridge and a sinuous median one, which ends towards the
postero-ventral angle in a thickened knob. Our specimen comes
nearest to fig. 56 of Jones' and Hinde's monograph. It also bears
a certain resemblance to C. jugosa Jones,* which occurred in the
Great Oolite of the Richmond Boring.

As regards geological range, this species first appears in the Gault
in zone V at Folkestone, and it ranges upwards to Upper Chalk in
England, Ireland, the Isle of Eiigen, and on the Continent of Europe.

* Quart. Jonrn. Geol. Soc, vol. xl. (1884), p. 773, pi. xxxiv., fig. 44.

Anii.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.IV.

PI. XXIX.

, '

^^..S^

^-^^_>/''

xj^

14

13

13a

.^^^

^^^

(S^

15

15a

18

20

14 a

19 a

yi^ ^j

/23a V._- ' 23

^^-^ 22 a '^''^

r.C.adnat.del

West, Newman lith.

Cretaceous Foraminifera aot Qstracgda.

Prom EAST POND OL AND,

( 237 )

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.

]. ITiiiihiitlirdiiiniiiin iicdriniiliiiniiii Chsvpman, x 40.
'2. II. iKfridioiuile sp. nov. ; '2<i, edge view, x 30.

3. BulimiiKi trigonula var. inorndta now Chap., x 30.

4. Pleurostomella suhnoihmi Reuss, x 40.

5. Nodo.iaria jii'isinatica lleuss, x 30.
(J. iV. zijjpei Reuss, x 30.

7. ViKjinuUna humilis Reuss sp., x 30.
S. T'. legumen Linne sp., x I-t.
9. r. intumescens Reuss, x 30.

10. C rixtellaria suhalata Reuss, x 30.

11. Polymorphina ? (jibha cl'Orb., x 30.

12. Glohifjeruia (•aiialicnlata Reuss, x 30.

13, 13a. PiilriiiiiliiKi ('li'(i(ui-< d'Orh. sp. : 13, superior aspect ; 13*^ peripheral

view.
4, 14rf. PiiJriniiHiiii rdrpi'iitfrl Reuss sp. : 14, superior aspect; 14((, inferior

aspect, x 30.
L"). 15(1. PiilriiiuUiia ycticidata Reuss sp. : l.">, superior aspect; l-'ya, inferior

aspect, x 30.
IG. 1(J<(. Truncatulina schhrniliarlii Reuss sp. : 10, superior aspect; l(j<(, inferior

aspect, x 30.
17. 17«. Potdlia soldanii d'Orh. sp., var. \iitldii Reuss: 17, superior aspect; 17^/,

inferior aspect, x 00.
Ls. I'idrimdina carpentcri Reuss sp. : superior aspect of another specimen

with thin peripheral margin, x 30.
1'.), 1!)". Piih-'niidiiiii p())id(')isi>; sp. nov. : 19, superior aspect; 19a, inferior aspect

x 30.

20. lUjthocyprU Hiinulata Jones sp. : right valve, x 30.

21. Ci/theridea lonyicaudata sTp. nov. : left valve, x 30.

22, 22r(, 22/;. Macrocypiis sbnple.c Chapman: 22, right valve; 22((, edge view;

22h, end view, x 30.

23, 23(1. Ctjtheropieron elonijato-coiwentricuiii sp. nov. : 23, right valve; 23a, edge

view, X 60.

19

(239)

XI.—MuUusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. — By P. R. C. Eeed,
M.A., F.G.S.

CEPHALOPODA.

The representatives of this class are all in a poor and imperfect state
of preservation. None seem to have been previously recorded
from the Bokkeveld Beds.

ORTHOCERAS GAMKAENSIS sp. nov.
(PI. XXX., figs. 1, la.)

Shell slightly elliptical or subcircular in section, very slowly
tapering (1 in 13-14) ; siphuncle central ; septa horizontal, deeply
concave, about five in a distance equal to the diameter of the shell.
Surface of shell not preserved.

One fragment measures 65 mm. in length, and at the upper end
is 28 mm. in diameter, and at the lower 23 mm.

This species is perhaps comparable to Ulrich's Orthoceras sp. a *
from the Devonian of Bolivia.

LocaIiti/.—(Nos. 177, 178) Gamka Poort.

ORTHOCERAS BOKKEVELDENSIS sp. nov.
(PL XXX., fig. 2.)

There is another and smaller species of Orthoceras represented in

the collection with the following characters : Shell circular in

section ; siphuncle small, slightly excentric ; septa simple, horizontal,

iibout 2^ in a space equal to the diameter. Rate of tapering 1 in

* Ulrich, Neues .Fahrl). f. Miner., Beil. Bd. viii., 1893, p. 39, t. ii., fig. 1.

19

240 Annals of fJie Soiitli African Museum.

7-8. One specimen measuring 24 mm. in length has a diameter
of 18 mm. at the upper end and 15 mm. at the lower.

Ulrich's species, OrtJioceras sp. jj/'- from the Devonian of Bolivia,
has the septa more distant and the rate of tapering less. 0. tyjnnn,
Saemann,! appears to be closely allied.

Locality. — (Nos. 172, 173,^174, ? 175, 176, ?179, 180, ? 170)
Gamka Poort.

GASTROPODA.

The following members of this class are represented in this-
collection : —

Pleurotomaria aff. kayseri, Ulrich.
Belleroplion cf. viorganianus, Hartt and Eathbun.
(Bucaniclla) aff. trilobatus, Sow.
,, ( ,, ) cf. rcissi, Clarke.

,, (Plectonotus) aff. salteri, Clarke.

Loxonema sp.
Diajjhorostoma ? sp.
Tentaculites crofalinus, Salter.

,, bai)ii sp. nov.

Conularia africana, Sharpe.

,, qnichua, Steinmann-Doderlein.

,, cf. undnlata, Conrad,

cf. acuta, Eoemer ?

Salter and Sharpe | described the following species, but only
the two marked with an asterisk are included in the present
collection : —

Belleroplion quadrilobatus, Salter.

Littorina ? [Holopea'] baini, Sharpe.
■''•Tentaculites crotalinus, Salter.

Theca [Hyolithes] subcequalis, Salter.
"■'Conularia africana, Sharpe.
sp.

* Ulrich, op. cit., p. 39, t. ii., tig. 3.

t Hall, Illustr. Dev. Foss., Geol. Surv. New York, Palseont. (1^76), pi. xxxviii.,
tigs. 4-10.

I Salter and Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii., 1856, pp. 213-21o,,
and 222.

Mollnsca from the Bokkcveld Bcch. 241

PLEUEOTOMAEIA aff. KAYSERI, Ulrich.
(PL XXX., fig. 3.)

One broken internal cast (No. 70 f.) of a large heliciform gastropod
is certainly referable to the genus Pleurotomaria. The shell consists
of a broad low heliciform spiral, of few volutions (two only are
shown in the specimen) ; the whorls are rounded, but slightly
flattened above, and show a narrow median flat revolving band ; the
ornamentation appears to consist of somewhat irregular undulating
striae, transverse to the whorls. The aperture is not perfect, but
seems to be subquadrangular, pointed above, rounded below ; and
the umbilicus is open, but small.

Dimensions. — Breadth of shell across basal whorl 32 mm. ; height
of basal whorl 17 mm. ; apical angle about 100°-120°.

Affinities. — This form seems closely allied to Ulrich's species
P. kayseri " from the Devonian of Bolivia. The North American
species P. lucina, Hall, ! from the Upper Helderberg and Hamilton
Groups is also allied.

Localitji. — (No. 70 f.) Hottentot's Kloof.

BELLEROPHON cf. MORGANIANUS, Hartt and Rathbun.
(PI. XXX., figs. 4, 4a.)

There is one specimen of a Bellcrophon (No. 110) in w^hich the
shell is small, subglobose and broad ; the outer whorl is broadly
rounded dorsally with a very faint median keel ; the margins are
angular ; the whorl increases very slowly in height and breadth, but
the peristome is abruptly expanded and flattened out on all sides,
rising up erect dorsally and descending steeply ventrally ; and a
constriction marks it off from the angular lateral edge of the outer
whorl. The umbihcus is of moderate size and deep, with sharp
angular margins.

Dimensions. — Height 11*5 mm. ; width of outer whorl behind
peristome 9"0 mm. ; height of whorl behind peristome 4-5 mm. ;
diameter of umbihcus 3-5 mm.

Affinities. — The widely expanded mouth resembles B. macrostoma,
Roemer, I but the shape of the shell is quite different. In general

* Ulrich, op. cit., p. 40, t. ii., tij^s. 6«, b, 7.

t Hall, Palaeont. New York, vol. v., pt. ii., 1879, p. 67, pi. xviii., figs. 1-11.

I Eoemer, Rhein. Uebergangsgeb., p. 80, t. ii., tig. 6.

242 Annals of the South African Museum.

form the shell closely resembles B. morganianus, Hartt and Eathbun,*
and the peristome apparently corresponds to the description : the
-species is found in the Devonian of Erere.
Locality. — (No. 110) Gamka Poort.

BELLEEOPHON QUADEILOBATUS, Salter.

1856. Belleroplion {EupJiemus) quadrilobatns, Salter, Trans. Geol.
Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii., p. 214, woodcuts figs. 1, 2.

The species described by Salter as B. quadrilohatus from Warm
Bokkeveld is not represented in the present collection. The original
description of it is as follows : " Involute, with a very small
umbilicus, the edges of which are rounded. Whorls thick, broader
than deep, with a concentric sulcus on each side, and with a veiy
broad flattened and almost two-lobed dorsal margin. Keel probably
none. Aperture semi-lunar, indented on each side above by the
sulci, and more than twice as broad as deep. Diameter of the shell
f of an inch."

Salter remarked that this species was closely allied to such forms
as B. (Euph.) trilobatus, Sow., and B. hisulcatus, Eom., and we may
add that it is also allied to such species as B. {Plectonotus) dcrhyi,
Clarke, + from the Devonian of Brazil. Ulrich X considered that
the species described by him as Belleroplion sp. a from the Devonian
of Bolivia was allied to B. quadrilohatus.

Locality. — Warm Bokkeveld.

BELLEEOPHON (BUCANIELLA) aff. TEILOBATUS, Sowerby.

(PI. XXX., fig. 5.)

There is one obliquely crushed and distorted specimen of a
Belleroplion (No. 213) which seems to have the characteristic
trilobation of B. trilobatus, Sowerby. § The peripheral keel is strong,
prominent, and subangular ; the lateral keels are much less strong,
but distinct ; the mouth is very large, broadly expanded and deeply
emarginate on the dorsal side ; the outer whorl rapidly expands and

* Hartt and Rathbun, Ann. N.Y. Lyceum Nat. Hist., vol. xi., 1875, p. 117.
Clarke, Palseoz. Faunas of Para, Brazil (Archiv. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, vol. x.,
1899), English edit. 1900, p. 34, pi. iii., tigs. 1-3. Katzer, Grundziige d. Geol. d.
anteren Amazonasgebietes (Leipzig, 1903), p. 205, t. xiii., fig. 3«, h, c.

t Clarke, op. cit., p. 38, pi. iii., figs. 14-17.

* Ulrich, op. cit., p. 41.

^5 Sowerby, in Murchison's Silur. Syst., p. G04, pi. iii., fig. 16.

MoUusca from the Bokkevcld Beds. 243

overlaps the inner whorls ; the umbilicus appears to be small and
deep. The diameter (height) of the shell is about 20 mm., but
before distortion it must have been rather more.

Affinities. — The variety of B. trilobatus described as tuviidus by
Sandberger * from the Lower Devonian of Nassau seems to bear
a considerable resemblance. In Bucaniella reissi, Clarke,! from
the Devonian of Brazil the trilobation is not so strongly marked, nor
the outer whorl so rapidly expanded.

Locality.— {^o. 213) Gydo Pass.

BELLEROPHON (BUCANIELLA) cf. REISSI, Clarke.
(PI. XXX., figs. 6, 6a.)

There is one specimen (No. 107) which closely resembles B. reissi,
Clarke, I from the Devonian of Brazil, and also shows some points
of similarity to the allied B. coittinhoana, Hartt and Rathbun,§ from
the same horizon at Erere. The shell is subglobose, involute,
faintly trilobate ; the outer whorl increases rapidly in width and
height to the transversely expanded mouth ; the dorsal lobe occupies
about the middle three-fifths of the width of the whorl and is
rounded and prominent, but not sharply defined from the narrower
lateral ones. The umbilicus is deep and small ; the mouth is very
large and laterally extended.

Dimensions. — Height of shell about 18 mm. ; width of mou.th
about 25 mm.

Affinities. — The weak trilobation of the shell and prominent dorsal
lobe resemble B. reissi, but the broader more subglobose form and
narrower lateral lobes remind us of B. coittinhoana.

Locality. — (No. 107) Road-cutting, north of Whupperthal.

BELLEROPHON (PLECTONOTUS) aff. SALTERI, Clarke.

(PI. XXX., figs. 7, la.)

There is one fairly well-preserved specimen (No. 108) of a species
of BellcropJion which may prove to be new, the description of which

* Sandberger, Verstein. rhein. Syst. Nassau, (1850-1856), p. 177, t. xxii.
tigs. 1, la, Ih.

t Clarke, op. rit., p. 37, pi. ill., figs. 7-9. Katzer, op. cit., p. '201, t. xii.,
tig. 11a, h.

I Clarke, op. cil.

§ Hartt and Kathbun, op. cit., p. 117. Clarke, up. cit., p. 38, pi. iii., tigs. 13-21.

2J:4 Annals of the South African Museum.

is as follows : Shell of moderate size, closely involute, somewhat
laterally compressed, with outer whorl increasing rapidly in height
but less rapidly in breadth, with a very faint lateral revolving
furrow on each side at about half its height, giving a slightly
trilobed appearance ; dorsal side of broad median lobe flattened with
broad revolving peripheral band ; mouth expanded vertically, but
not much laterally ; umbilicus deep and small, but not angular ;
traces of fine revolving lines near margins of umbilicus ornamenting
surface of shell.

Dimensions. — Height of shell 20 mm. ; height of outer whorl near
mouth 12 mm. ; transverse diameter at base of mouth 17 mm.

Affinities. — This form is allied to B. (Plectonotus) salteri, Clarke,*
from the Devonian of Brazil, but it is more laterally compressed
and the outer whorl apparently increases more rapidly in height.

Locality. — (No. 108) Eoad-cutting, north of Whupperthal.

LOXONEMA sp.

(PI. XXX., fig. 8.)

On one slab of rock there are several hollow casts of a small
gasteropod (No. 164) which appears to be referable to Loxonema.
The shell is slender, tall, turreted, of about 11-12 whorls (only 7
are preserved in the best specimen), tapering very gradually to the
apex. Apical angle 20°-25°. Whorls very slightly swollen, very
slowly increasing in size ; suture line shallow, oblique, inclined to
the axis at 60°-70°. Surface of whorls ornamented by fine transverse
lines ; a shallow depressed band runs below each suture line.

Dimensions. — Length of shell (estimated) about 18 mm. ; length of
7 whorls 12 mm. ; diameter near mouth 4-5 mm.

Affinities.— Hhe, species described briefly by Ulrich t as Loxonema
sp. a from the Devonian of Bolivia tapers too rapidly to be considered
identical. Hall's species L. delpliicola I from the Hamilton Group
appears to be more closely allied to our form.

Loccdities. — (No. 164) Gydo Pass, Ceres. (No. 163) Gamka
Poort.

* Clarke, op. cit., p. 39, pi. iii., tigs. 12, 13. Katzer, oj). cit., p. 201, t.
iig. 10a, b.

t Ulrich, op. cit., p. 39, t. ii., fig. 5.

I Hall, Palaeont. New York, vol. v., pt. ii., 1879, p. 47, pi. xiii., figs. 19-2.'5.

MoUnaca froiic the Bokkeceld Beds. 245

HOLOPEA BAINI (Sharpe).

1856. Littorina.i Bainii, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii.,
p. 213, pi. xxvii., figs. 11, 12.

Sharpe's description of this species is as follows : " Shell helici-
form ; whorls few, rounded, and transversely wrinkled ; aperture
angular above, rounded beneath. Largest diameter 1 inch." All
the specimens consisted of broken internal casts.

From an examination of the types it seems that this form
belongs to the genus Holopca, or perhaps to the less generally
recognised Diapliorostoma .

Locality. — Gydo Pass.

DIAPHOROSTOMA ? sp.

There are three much crushed and somewhat distorted specimens
of a small gasteropod (Xos. 161, 162, 163) which seem to belong to
the genus Straparollus or Diaphorostoma, the form described as
D. danoini, Clarke,'-' from the Devonian of Brazil, apparently
bearing much resemblance ; l^ut the state of preservation of our
specimens is very imperfect, and even the genus is doubtful.

Locality.— (Nos. 161, 162, 163) Gamka Poort.

PTEROPODA.

TENTACULITES CROTALINUS, Salter.

1856. Tenfaciditcs crotalinus, Salter, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2,
vol. vii., p. 222, pi. xxv., figs. 15-18.

This species was defined by Salter as follows : " Rather a small
species ; three-quarters of an inch in length and about a line thick ;
slowly tapering and with nearly direct prominent rings, very variable
in distance from one another, but always more than their diameter
apart in the older portions. In the younger parts the rings are
closer and less prominent, and the apex is frequently bare of them
for a variable space. At other times the young tube is closely
annulated nearly to the tip, but there is always some irregularity in

* Clarke, vp. cit., p. 32, pi. iv., tigs. 18, 19. Katzer, oj). cit., p. 201, t. xii.,
fi'j. 14.

246 Annals of tJic South African Museum.

the rings there, and there are some intermediate striae. The latter
are very rare indeed among the older rings."

Salter's specimens were procured from Warm Bokkeveld and
Hottentot's Kloof.

Affinities. — This species is allied to T. bellulus, Hall," which has
been recorded from the Devonian of Bolivia,! and from Matto
Grosso,! but the finer striae between the rings are generally absent or
faint in the Cape species, though this may be largely due to the
state of preservation. Kayser S has recorded a similar or identical
form from Argentina.

Localities. — (No. 132) Kloof north-west of homestead on Laken
Vley, Ceres; and Warm Bokkeveld (type).

TENTACULITES BAINI sp. nov.
(PI. XXX., fig. 9.)

There is one slightly crushed specimen (No. 181) of a species of
Tcntaciilites which is certainly distinct from T. crotalinus and
appears to be new. The shell is straight, conical, pointed, tapering
rather rapidly to the apex at the rate of about 1 in 5. It i&
annulated with a very few widely-separated weak rings, which are
grooved and placed at regular intervals equal to about two-thirds the
local diameter of the shell. In the present specimen there are only
six rings visible along the whole length, but the apical portion is not
well preserved. The interspaces are broad, and apparently marked
by fine concentric and faint longitudinal striae.

Dimensions. — Length 35 mm. ; diameter near mouth 8 mm.

Affinities. — The distinguishing feature is the wide distance apai't
of the rings and their small number. In this respect it resembles
T. eldredgianus, Hartt and Eathbun,[| from the Devonian of the
Lower Amazon.

Locality. — (No. 181) Gydo Pass, Ceres.

* Hall, op. cit.. p. 169, pi. xxxi., figs. 15-18; pi. xxxi.A, figs. 48-51.
t Ulrich, op. cit.. p. 82, t. v., figs. 13, 14.

I Von Amnion, Zeitschr. Gesell. f. Erdkiinde, Berlin, Bd. xxviii., 1893, p. 3-59,
fig. 3.

§ Kayser, Zeitschr. deut. Geol. Gesell., Bd. xlix., 1897, p. 289, t. xi.,
figs. 5, 6.

II Hartt and Eathbun, op. cit., p. 126. Clarke, op. cit., p. 44, pi. iv., figs. 29-31
Katzer, op. cit., p. 205, t. xiii., fig. 2.5'(, h, c. and p. 277.

Mollusca from tlie Bokkevcld Beds. 247

HYOLITHES SUB^QUALIS, Salter.

1856. Tlieca subceqitalis, Salter, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii.,
p. 215, woodcuts, figs. 3, 4, p. 214.

The description of this species given by Salter is as follows :
" Length ^ inch, width 3 lines. Shell rather thick, quickly tapering,
smooth or crossed only by lines of growth ; ventral side gently convex,
the dorsal more convex and subangular, but with the angles quite
rounded off."

Affinities. — The species described by Ulrich ''■'■ as H. scliencki from
the Devonian of Bolivia is closely allied, as he has remarked.
H. ligea, Hall,i from the Schoharie Grit, also appears to bear a
considerable resemblance to the Bokkeveld form.

Locality. — Warm Bokkeveld.

CONULAEIA AFRICANA, Sharpe.

1856. Conularia Africana, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii.,

p. 214, pi. xxvii., fig. 13.
1893. Conularia africana, Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Miner., Beil.

Bd. viii., p. 29, t. iii., fig. 4.

The description of this species given by Sharpe is as follows :
"Shell pyramidal with equal sides, each of which has a depression
down its middle ; transverse section nearly rectangular, with the
corners rounded off and deeply indented ; sides ornamented with
numerous parallel pi'ojecting ribs, which in the internal cast are
formed of two sharp ridges enclosing a rounded furrow ; the ribs
slope upwards towards the middle of the sides, and in the young
shell meet at an angle, cross the mesial depression, and slightly
overlap one another ; but in the older shells they are continuous
across the side of the shell in a curve ; the interstices between the
ribs appear to be smooth."

BeviarJcs. — To the above description it may be added that the
transverse section is a parallelogram with rectangular rounded
corners ; the longer sides in one specimen (No. 73) measuring about
26 mm., and the shorter about 20 mm. The centre of each face is
marked dowm the faint mesial depression by a narrow impressed line.
The ribs may be continuous across it, or may overlap or alternate in

* Ulrich, 02>. rit., p. ;^7, t. iii., fig. 9a-d.

t Hall, op. cit., p. 195, pi. xxxii., figs. 11-16.

248 Annals of the. Soutli African Mnsenin.

different parts of the same specimen ; l)ut at the angles of the shell
they always seem to alternate. There is no trace of ornamentation
in the spaces between the ribs. The rate of tapering is about 1 in 3.
This species has been recorded by Ulrich ''■'■ from the Ida Slates of
Bolivia.

Localities. — (Nos. 73, 74) Whupperthal, road-cutting north of Tra-
Tra River ; Cederberg (type).

CONULARIA QUICHUA, Steinmann and Doderlein.

(PI. XXX., figs. 10, 10a.)

1890. Connlaria (Jiiichita, Steinmann-Doderlein, Elemente der
Palaont., p. 343, fig. 395, D, E.

There is one impression of a portion of the exterior of a large
Connlaria (No. 72), measmdng about 75 mm. in length and tapering
about 1 in 4 or 5, which seems referable to the species C. quichita,
described in detail by Ulrich. f This species probably occurs in the
Devonian of Argentina :j: as well as of Bolivia. Our specimen
shows two faces, just as does Ulrich's figure 7a (ojj. cit.). The
surface of each face is traversed by gently arched, very fine closely-
placed ribs, 45-50 in the space of 10 mm. The ribs are furnished
with comparatively large round tubercles ; the spaces between the
ribs are apparently longitudinally striated, as may be detected in
the better preserved parts of the impression. There is a weak
shallow medial impressed line down the centre of each face, as
Ulrich's figure shows.

Localiti/.—{No. 72) Gydo Pass, Ceres.

CONULARIA cf. UNDULATA, Conrad.

(PI. XXXI., figs. 1, la.)

There is one imperfectly preserved specimen (No. 80) of a Conn-
laria which is probably comparable to Conrad's species C.undulata%
from the Hamilton Group, and is like that which has been
described from the Devonian of Bolivia by Ulrich. H The sculpture
consists of fine gently arched ribs ornamented by rather irregularly

* Ulrich, op. cit., p. 2y, t. lii., tig. 4.

t Ulrich, op. cit., p. :i4, t. iii., tig. la, h.

I Kayser, op. cit., p. 288, t. xi., tigs. 1, 2.

§ Hall, op. cit., p. 208, pi. xxxiii., tigs. 1-5; pi. xxxiv., tigs. 1-4.

|] Ulrich, op. cit., p. '61, t. iii., tigs. 6rt, 6^.

Mollaaca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 249

arranged round tubercles ; the spaces between the ribs are broader
and show traces of longitudinal striation. There is a central weak
impressed line down each face. The rate of tapering of the shell is
about 1 in 3, and there are about 25-30 ribs in a space of 10 mm.
The length of this fragment of the shell is about 52 mm., and the
width about 26 mm. across the middle of the face which is pre-
served. The shape of the shell is like C. undidata, but the orna-
mentation appears to be coarser and to resemble C. congregata, Hall.'"'
Localities. —(No. 80) Above Koudeveld Berg. ? (No. 138) Uitkomst,
Ceres.

CONULAEIA cf. ACUTA, F. Eoemer.
(PL XXX., fig. 11.)

There are several fragments of a species of Conuhtria in which
the sides are covered by gently undulating small rounded ribs,
regularly arranged, numbering 27-30 in a distance of 10 mm., and
ornamented w^ith transverse, closely set, narrow, laterally com-
pressed, pointed, longitudinally oval tubercles which apparently
alternate on successive ribs. The riljs are separated by narrower
grooves crossed by low faint ridges in apparent continuation of the
tubercles of the higher rib. No well-preserved face of the shell is
shown in any of the specimens, but the arching of the ribs appears
to be very slight ; the centre of each face is marked by a narrow
impressed line, scarcely interrupting the continuity of the ribs. The
rate of tapering of the shell seems to be about 1 in 4. The angles of
the shell are rounded and infolded, but the shape of the transverse
section is doubtful.

Affinities. — The European Lower Devonian species described by
Sandberger i as C. suhparallela appears to be allied to this form, but
the resemblance is not close. The figure given by Steinmann and
Doderlein ]: of C. acuta, Eoemer, from the Devonian of Bolivia,
indicates the same type of ornamentation as found in these South
African specimens, but Eoemer's § figure suggests rounder tubercles
on the ribs. Ulrich li compares a Bolivian form with Eoemer's
species.

Locality. — (Nos. 75, 76, 77, 78, 79) Gamka Poort.

* Hall, oj). clt., p. 214, pi. xxxiv., ti<,^ 1 ; p]. xxxiv.A, ti^s. 9-11.
t Sandberger, Verstein. rhein. Schichtensyst. Nassau, (1.S50-1856), p. 243,
pi. xxi., figs. 2, 2a, 2b, '6.

X Steinmann and Ddderlein, Eleni. d. Paliiont., (IS'lO), p. 843, fig. 39oA and B.
§ F. Roemer, Versteiner. d. Harzgeb. , (1843|, p. 36, t. x., figs. 12, 13.
II Ulrich, op. cit., p. 30, t. iii., figs, iia, oh.

250 Annals of the South African Museum.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

The lamellibranclis described by Sharpe (oj). cit.) in 1856 from the
Bokkeveld Beds are in the Geological Society's Museum, Burlington
House, and comprise the following species : —

Solenella [Palceoneilo] antiqua, Sharpe.

„ [Palceoncilo'] rudis, Sharpe.
Cleidophorus [Nuculitcs'] africanus, Salter MSS.

,, [Nuculitcs] abbrcviatus, Sharpe.

Lecla inornata, Sharpe.
Leptodomus ? [Nuculitcs ?'] ovatus, Sharpe.
Sanguinolites ? [Grammy sia] corrugatus, Sharpe.
Modiolopsis [Modiomorplia] baini, Sharpe.
Anodontopsis ? rudis, Sharpe.

A comparison of the specimens in the present collection with
these types has enabled me to identify with certainty the following :
Solenella rudis, Cleidophorus abbrcviatus, CI. africanus, Modiolopsis
baini; but the othei's are not represented.

The complete list of the species contained in this collection is as
follows : —

Orthonota atf. undidata, Conrad,

Grammysia sp.

Sanguinolites sp.

Glossites alf. depressus. Hall.

Cardiomorpha campcstris sp. nov.

Prcecardium ? sp.

Nnculites abbreviatus (Sharpe).

,, africanus (Salter).

,, branneri, Clarke.

,, capensis sp. nov.

,, colonicus sp. nov.

,, martialis sp. nov.
sp.
Palceoncilo rudis (Sharpe).

,, subantiqua sp. nov.

,, alf. constricta (Conrad).

,, cL fccunda, lisM.

sp.
Byssopteria ? sp.

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 251

Actinopteria aff. hoijdi (Conrad).

sp.
Modiomorpha haini (Sharpe).

„ cf. inmentana, Hartt and Eathbun.

aff. seUoivi, Clarke.

OETHONOTA aff. UNDULATA, Conrad.
(PI. XXXI., fig. 2.)

There is one specimen (No. 101) of a species of Ortlionota showing
both valves in apposition, which is ahnost identical with 0. undulata,
Conrad," of the Hamilton Group of the United States. The shell
is extremely elongate, widening a little posteriorly, with nearly
parallel dorsal and ventral margins (the front portion of the basal
margin is broken in our specimen) ; the length is three times the
greatest height. The basal margin is nearly straight ; the cardinal
line is quite straight ; the anterior end is very short and rounded ;
the posterior end is obliquely truncated. The valves are moderately
convex ; the beaks are subanterior, being about one-eighth the
length of the shell from the front end, and are small, low, directed
forwards and rising a little above the hinge-line. The umbonal
ridge is straight, prominent, and angular, extending to the posterior
Imsal margin. The post-cardinal slope is wide and marked by one
In-oad angular fold along its middle and a smaller fold along the
hinge-line with a wide angular groove between them. The surface
of the shell is marked by fine concentric strige, and a few strong
■concentric undulations are present near the anterior end and upon
the cardinal slope.

Dimensions. — Length 58 mm. ; height 19 mm.

Affinities. — As above remarked, this shell closely resembles
Ortlionota undulata, Conr., in most characters ; the proportions are
identical ; but the oblique truncation of the posterior end and
angularity of the umbonal and post-cardinal ridges are distinctive
features, and recall those of the much more elongate 0. carinata,
Conr.,t also of the Hamilton Group.

Locality. — (No. 101) Shales al)ove 3rd Sandstone, Tunnel Siding,
Hex Kiver Pass.

* Hull, Palseont. New York, vol. v., pt. i., Lamell. ii., 188-5, p. 478,
figs. :37-42.

t IhhL, p. 47U, pi. Ixxviii., figs. 34, 35.

252 Annals of the South African Museum.

GKAMMYSIA sp.
(PI. XXXI., fig. 3.)

There is one left valve (No. 214) of a species of Granwii/sia
showing the following characters : Shell ovate, rhomboidal ; length
more than one-third greater than the height ; anterior end short,
rounded ; basal margin gently arcuate ; posterior end broad, obhquely
truncated, gently curved above, abruptly rounded inferiorly ; cardinal
margin short, nearly straight. Surface strongly convex, most so
about middle ; beak sub-anterior, large, prominent incurved, directed
forward, scarcely rising above hinge-line ; umbonal ridge strong,
gently curved, subangular above, flattened in front and merging into
general convexity of shell ; cardinal slope broad, rather flattened.
Surface of valve ornamented with 8-10 coarse oblique concentric
wrinkles with finer striae between.

Dimensions. — Length 35 mm. ; height (at middle) 22 mm.

Affinities. — The shape of this shell resembles that of G. alreata
(Conrad) " and G. Urata, Hall,f both from the Hamilton Group,
Init in our specimen the ornamentation is continued over the whole
surface, and the beak does not rise quite so prominently. G. ovata,
Sandberger, :J: from the Coblenz Beds has somewhat similar propor-
tions. G. gardneri, Clarke, ^; from the Devonian of Brazil, appears
to be allied to our form, and there is much resemblance to G. cJie-
mungensis, Pitt.!]

Locality. — (No. 214) Ezel Fonteiu, Ceres,

SANGUINOLITES sp.

(PL XXXI., fig. 4.)

The right valve of a lamellibranch (No. 98) which should probably
be referred to the genus Sanguinolites occurs on the same slab of
rock as a good example of Leptocalia flahellites. The anterior end is
not w^ell seen, but the beak appears to be near this end, obtuse and
directed forwards. The shell is elliptical in shape, not quite twice
as long as high, with the basal margin gently curved, the posterior

* Hall, op. cit., p. :570, pi. Ivii., tigs. 1, 2 ; pi. Ix., figs. 1-11.
t Ibid., pi. lix., figs. 6-12.

I Sandberger, Yerstein. rhein. Schicht. in Nassau, p. 2(i6, t. 28, figs. 2, 2<7, 2h,
and Beushausen, Abh. Kon. preuss. Geol. Landesanst., N. F. 17, (1895), Die
Lamell. rhein. Dev. , p. 240, t. xix., figs. 1-4.

§ Clarke, op. cit., p. 67, pi. vii., fig. 10.

II Pitt, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc, vol. i., (1873), p. 199, pi. vi. (My attention
has been drawn to this species by Mr. Schwarz.)

Mollusca from the Bokkcvehl Beds. 253

end rather produced and obliquelj^ truncated above but rounded
below ; the cardinal line is straight. The surface of the valve is
moderately convex ; there is no distinct umbonal ridge, but a very
faint shallow depression runs down from the beak to the anterior
third of the basal margin, and there is a trace of a very weak
oblique impressed line behind it. The ornamentation consists of
concentric stritc and weak wrinkles of unequal size.

Diviensions. — Length (about) 32 mm. ; height (about) 17 mm.

Affinities. — The state of preservation of this shell is too poor to
make a useful comparison with other species ; but it certainly
belongs to a species distinct from any hitherto recorded from the
Bokkeveld Beds.

Locality. — (No. 98) Ceres.

GEAMMYSIA COREUGATA (Sharpe).

1856. Sangjditolites ? corrugatiis, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2,
vol. vii., p. 212, pi. xxvii. fig. 8.

This species was described by Sharpe as follows : " Shell trans-
versely rhomboidal w^ith a depression down the middle of each valve,
bounded by a broad obtuse keel [umbonal ridge] which reaches
from the umljo to the posterior ventral margin ; beaks prominent
and close to the rounded anterior end ; valves covered with coarse
concentric wrinkles and finer lines of growth. Length [height]
^ inch; breadth [length] 1 inch; thickness ^ inch."

The material on which this species was founded consists only of
two external casts of the valves of one individual. From an
examination of these types it may be added to the above description
that the valves are decidedly gibbous and tumid ; the umbonal ridge
is broad, rounded, and slightly curved ; the depression which Sharpe
mentions is rather a flattening of the surface ; and there is a sharply
impressed area below the beaks. Ulrich ■'■ mentioned a shell in the
Bolivian Devonian which he considered belonged probably to Moclio-
lojjsis and allied to this species ; but there does not seem to be any
reason for referring the South African form to this genus, and it
appears to be more allied to the small Brazilian species Grammi/sia
ulrichi, Clarke. t

Locality. — Leo Hoek. |

* Ulrich, op. cit., p. 49.

t Clarke, op. cit., p. 67, pi. vii., fig. 12.

t Now known as Leeuwen Fonteiii, ^Varm Bokkeveld.

254 AiDiaiti uf the South African Museum.

GLOSSITES aff. DEPEESSUS, Hall.
(PL XXXL, fig. 5.)

There is one large specimen of a left valve (No. Ill) which is
referable to the genus Glossites. The description is as follows :
Shape elongated oval, rather more pointed anteriorly than posteriorly,
highest behind umbo ; basal margin regularly curved ; hinge-line
curved, slightly oblique. Umbo small, low, inconspicuous, not
swollen nor incurved, nor rising above hinge-line, placed at about
one-fourth the length of the shell from anterior end. Surface of
valve moderately convex, with very weak undefined umbonal ridge
running obliquely backwards towards posterior lower angle but
dying out before reaching it. Surface marked by rather strong
concentric wrinkles, fasciculate towards anterior end.

Dimensions. — Length 75 mm. ; height (maximum) 33 mm.

Affinities. — The nearest ally of this form seems to be G. depressus,
Hall,''' particularly as regards the hinge-line, umbonal ridge, and
position of umbo ; but it has more the elongated oval shape of
G. lingualis, Hall.f Both occur in the Chemung Group.

Locality. — (No. Ill) 1st Sandstone, near Klein Straat Siding.

CARDIOMORPHA CAMPESTRIS sp. nov.
(PI. XXXL, fig. 6.)

There is one right valve of a shell (No. 102) which must be
referred to the genus Cardiomorpha. In shape it is subquadrate,
rounded, and very convex, especially near the beak and anterior
end. The hinge-line is straight, shorter than the shell ; the ante-
rior end is short, abrupt, and rounded, and descends steeply to the
basal margin ; the basal margin is gently arcuate ; the posterior end
is broadly rounded, not truncate. The beak is subanterior, large,
prominent, obtuse, swollen, incurved, rising a little above the hinge-
line. There is a rounded undefined umbonal ridge, merging gra-
dually into the posterior part of the shell, somewhat flattened in
front. The surface is marked with fine regular concentric striae and
with 3-4 coarse, rather irregular corrugations.

Dimensions. — Length 19 mm.; height 14 mm.; depth (of the one
valve) 5 mm.

* Hall, op. cit., pi. xl., tiRs. l-i, 17 ; pi. xcvi., tig. 12, p. 4m.
t Ibid., pi. xl., tigs. 16, lit ; pi. xcvi., tigs-. 9-11, p. 4'J7.

MoUusca from tltr Bokkcveld Beds. 2o5

Remarks. — There does not appear to be any closely allied
Devonian form of Cardiomorpha. Our specimen has its surface
somewhat injured and indented, which might mislead one as to its
true characters without careful examination.

LocalU>/.—iNo. 102; Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

PE.ECAKDIUM? sp.
(PI. XXXI., fig. 7.)

There is one small right valve of a shell which may belong to
Pr(Beardiuin, Cardiola, or OpUthoccelus, but its state of preservation
and the lack of further specimens do not permit me to make a
closer approximation. The shell is ovate, rhomboidal, longer than
high ; the anterior end is abruptly truncate, nearly at right angles to
the cardinal line ; the basal margin is arched and passes into the
rounded posterior end; the cardinal line is straight. The beak is
small, pointed, anterior, directed forwards, with a small triangular
impressed ligamental ? area below it ; the surface is moderately
convex and is marked hy low radiating broad ribs, of which the four
or five running obliquely back from the beak are the largest and most
distinct ; the five or six smaller ones on the posterior (cardinal) slope
are inclined at an angle of about 20° to these, while beneath the Ijeak
the ribs seem nearly obsolete.

Dlniemions. — Length 7 mm. ; height 5 mm.

Localifi/.- — (No. 96) Gamka Poort.

LEDA INORNATA, Sharpe.

1856. Ledd inornata, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii.,
p. 212, pi. xxvii., fig. 5.

The original description of this species given by Sharpe is as
follows: "Shell depressed, transversely lanceolato-ovate, very inequi-
lateral ; anterior end broad and rounded ; posterior end produced :
ventral margin regularly rounded : valves covered with fine concentric
lines of growth. Length f of an inch ; breadth l-J inches."

Xo other example of this species has come under my notice, and
the figure of the type specimen gives one an excellent idea of the
■ characters, so far as they can be made out. Lcda divcrsn, Hall,'-'

* Hall, o)). (■//.. p. 329. pi. xlvii., tigs. 31-^7.
20

256 Annah of the SaufJi African MuHcnm.

which comes from the Hamilton Shales of New York, and is alsO'
found in the Devonian of Brazil,* is an allied form.
Locdliti/. — Hottentot's Kloof.

NUCULITES ABBEEVIATUS (Sharpe).

1856. Clcidophorns nbhjecicdiis, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2^
vol. vii., p. 212, pi. xxvii., fig. 3.

The description of this species given by Sharpe is as follows :
" Shell transversely ovate with prominent beaks ; anterior and
posterior ends regularly rounded : internal plate [clavicular ridge]
very large and nearly reaching to the margin : hinge-line arched :.
teeth small. The external surface has not been seen. Length
f of an inch; breadth 1 inch."

The most marked characteristic of this species is its short, sub-
trigonal form with its long clavicular ridge, slightly curved forwards..
N. hranneri Clarke {(J-V-), is more elliptical in shape and appears-
to be distinct.

There is one imperfect cast of this species in the present collection
on the same slab as Glossites aff. dej^ressus.

Localities. — (No. Ill) 1st Sandstone, near Klein Straat Siding ;,
Gydo Pass (type).

NUCULITES AFRICANUS (Salter).

1856. Cleidoi^lioriis Africanus (Salter MSS.), Sharpe, Trans. GeoL
Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii., p. 211, pi. xxvii., figs. 2, 4 (?).

There is one poor example (No. 104) of this species in the collec-
tion. Sharpe defined it as follows : " Shell transversely elongato-
oval, covered with unequal and irregular concentric lines and
wrinkles ; internal plate large ; hinge straight ; teeth small, vertical,.
and very numerous.

The length of our specimen is about 38-40 mm., and thus is nearly
the same as that described by Sharpe, who gave its dimensions as
2J by 1^ inches. Ulrichf mentions this species as comparable in
size to his Bolivian species N. bencchci. It appears to me doubtful
if Sharpe was right in referring the second specimen which was

* Clarke, op. cit., p. 78. pi. viii., tig. 12; Katzer, op. cit., p. 205, t. xiii.,.
fig. 17.

i Uliich, op. (It., p. 48.

Molliisca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 257

figured by him in order to show the characters of the hinge (o;;. cit,
pi. xxvii., fig. 4), to the same species as that illustrated by the first
figure (fig. 2). The latter is also from a different locality.

Nuculites smitJti, Clarke/'^ is closely allied to the typical form of
N. africanus.

Localities.— {No. 104) Ezel Pontein, Ceres; Gydo Pass (type,
op cit., fig. 2); Cederberg (type, 0j9. cit., fig. 4).

NUCULITES BEANNEEI, Clarke.

(PI. XXXL, figs. 8, 8a).

1899. Nuculites Branneri, Clarke, Palseoz. Faunas of Para, Brazil
(Archiv. Mus. Nac. Eio de Janeiro, vol. 10, 1899),
English edit. (1900), p. 73, pi. viii., figs. 6-8.

There are two nearly perfect casts (Nos. 92, 97) and one dis-
torted one (No. 94) of a species of Nuculites which may without
much hesitation be referred to Clarke's species N. branneri
from the Devonian of Brazil. The description of this species is
given by its author as follows : " Shell of comparatively large size,
subelliptical in outline. Beaks situated at the anterior one-third
of the transverse diameter, full, rounded, incurved and projecting
above the hinge. Except for the interruption on the dorsal line,
made by the beaks, the marginal curve is regular, the anterior
extremital curve being narrower than the posterior. The surface is
quite convex, the greatest depth being attained behind the centre of
the valve in the umbonal region. From this point the slope
ventrally and posteriorly is quite gradual, more abrupt anteriorly and
in the dorso-lateral region. There is a faint umbonal ridge, not
discernible on all the examples, but when well defined, making a
slight angularity in the posterior marginal outline. A cardinal ridge
is also apparent close to the umbo.

" The clavicular ridge is long, extending fully two-thirds of the
height of the valves, and is curved forward toward its lower end.

" Surface marked by fine concentric striie.

^^ Dimensions. — The best preserved example, a left valve, measures :
length 28 mm. ; transverse diameter 35 mm. ; anterior vertical 23 mm. ;
posterior vertical 19 mm."

The foregoing description applies to our specimens, but the

* Clarke, i>p. cit.. p. 71. pi. viii., fig. 5; Katzer, op. cit., p. 205, t. xiii..

258 Annals of the South African Musmm.

umbonal ridge is not marked. It may be added that the clavicular
ridges of the opposite valves almost ixieet and nearly divide the
interior of the shell into two ; the hinge-line is straight, save where
it crosses the clavicular ridge just in front of the beaks, and has about
35-40 small transverse teeth behind them, and 7-10 (not well pre-
served in our specimens) arranged in a more or less fan-like manner
between and in front of them. The proportions of our best pre-
served cast agree with N. branneri, the length being about 34
mm., and the height 23 mm.

Sharpe's species Cleidophorus ahhreviatus '^' is considerably shorter
and higher, and of a subtriangular rather than ovate shape. Maurer's
species Cucullella elliptica,i from the European Coblenz Beds,
appears to be allied to N. branneri.

Locality.— {Nos. 92, 97, 94 ?, 12 ?) Gamka Poort.

NUCULITES CAPENSIS, sp. nov.

(PI XXXI., figs. 9, 9a.)

There is one well-preserved specimen (No. 93) of a shell belonging
to the genus Nuculites, and showing the internal cast of both valves
in apposition which cannot be referred to any species hitherto
described. The description of it is as follows : Shell very elongate-
ovate in shape, about two and a half times as long as high, widest
at about one-third its length from anterior end, narrowing slowly
posteriorly and more rapidly anteriorly ; basal margin arcuate ;
posterior end narrow ; cardinal line slightly oblique and nearly
straight behind umbones, but in front bent downwards at obtuse
angle ; anterior end short, rounded. Valves gently convex, rather
compressed laterally towards posterior end but becoming more
convex towards umbones and anterior end. Umbones incon-
spicuous, situated at about one-fifth the length from anterior end of
shell, closely appressed, not rising above hinge-line. Hinge-line w^ith
30-35 small transverse teeth behind umbones, and a few in front of
them. Clavicular ridge strong, obliquely directed backwards,
-arising just in front of umbones, and running at angle of about 60°
to hinge-line for fully two-thirds the distance across the valves.
Pallial line strongly marked parallel to inferior margin and rather
■close to it.

* Sharpe, op. cit., p. 212, pi. xxvii., fig. 3.

I Maurer, Fauna rechtsrhein. Unterdevon, (1886), p. 15; Beushausen, oj). cit.,
p. 104, t. v., figs. 9-15.

Mollnsca froui tJie Bokkevcld Beds. 251>

Dimensions. — Length 22 mm. ; height 9 mm.

Affinities. — This species is alUed to Nuculites oblongatus, Conrad/"
but is relatively more elongate and has the clavicular ridge directed
obliquely backwards instead of being vertical. N. solenoides, Gold-
fuss, f has a somewhat similar shape, but narrows too rapidly towards
the posterior end ; the clavicular fold is oblique as in our new-
species.

Localiti/.—{No. 93) Gamka Poort.

NUCQLITES? OVATUS (Sharpe).

1856. Lcptodomus ? ovatus, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2,
vol. vii., p. 212, pi. xxviL, fig. 7.

Sharpe described this species as follows : " Shell transversely
ovate ; anterior end thick and truncated, posterior end produced and
gradually thinning down to the rounded posterior margin : two very
slight furrows extend from the beak to the posterior end; beaks
large, rounded, and close to the anterior end : valves covered with
concentric lines of growth. Length 1\ inches ; breadth If inches ;
thickness 1 inch."

Sharpe's figure makes the shell look rather too triangular ; the
posterior end is broader and less pointed, the cardinal margin being
less oblique than represented. The beaks are also more obtuse and
rounded. The shape of the shell is distorted owing to crushing and
imperfect preservation, but the disproportion in the height of the
anterior and posterior ends is certainly exaggerated in the figure.

The true generic position of this species is doubtful, and we have
unfortunately only the single type specimen on which to determine
it, which gives us no information about its internal structure ; but it
is not improbable that it belongs to the genus Nuculites.

Locality. — Leo Hoek (Leeuw Fontein, Warm Bokkeveld).

NUCULITES COLONICUS sp. nov.

(PI. XXXIL, fig. 1.)

A left valve (No. 69) of a small species of Nuadites in the condi-
tion of a cast appears to belong to a different species to any of the
foregoing. The shell is elliptical, with the anterior and posterior
ends rather pointed, the basal margin arcuate, the cardinal margin

* Hall, o;). cit., pi. xlvii., figs. 1-12, p. 324.

t Goldfuss, Petref. GermaniEe, (1840), p. 144, pi. cxxiv., fig. 9.

260 Annals of the South African Museum.

more strongly curved. The surface is convex, rather tumid,
especially anteriorly and near the beak, which is broad, obtuse,
swollen, incurved, apparently rising a little above the hinge-line, and
situated between one-third and one-half the length of the shell from
the anterior end. The clavicular ridge is strong, curved, concave
forwards, and extending fully three-fourths across the valve, and arises
just in front of the beak ; and there is the trace of a second ridge
half-way between the usual one and the posterior end. The surface
is ornamented with rather strong equidistant concentric wrinkles
and finer striae.

Dimensions. — Length 16 mm. ; height 10 mm.

Affinities. — The figures given by Beushausen '•' of a young indi-
vidual of Cucullella elliptica, Maur., resemble this specimen in
general shape, and have the peculiar second internal ridge behind
the usual clavicular one. But the beak in our specimen is not so
anteriorly placed, and is also more tumid.

Locality. — (No. 69) Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

NUCULITES MAETIALIS sp. nov.
(PI. XXXII., fig. 2.)

There is one cast (No. 103) of the left valve of a species of
Nuculites which certainly belongs to a new species, but it is too
imperfect for a full description. The shell is suborbicular, very
tumid, especially near the umbo, which is large, obtuse and
apparently situated about one-third the length from the anterior end.
The anterior and basal margins are strongly arcuate ; the posterior
margin is broken, but seems to be obliquely truncate at the upper
angle. The hinge-line is not well preserved. There is a deep
strong clavicular ridge, nearly vertical, slightly curved forwards,
starting just in front of the umbo and reaching about three-fourths
across the shell.

Dimensions. — Length about 45 mm. ; height about 35 mm. ; depth
of valve near umbo 11 mm.

Affinities. — The characteristic features of this shell are its suborbi-
cular shape, and its tumid strongly convex surface. There seems to
be no closely allied species with which it can be compared. N.
triqueter, Hall, t from the Hamilton Group, is a form somewhat
resembling it, but it is too obliquely truncated behind.

Locality. — (No. 103) Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

* Beushausen, oj;. cit., p. 104, t. v., figs. 13, 13r;, 14.

t Hall, op. cit., pi. xlvii., figs. 17-28 ; pi. xeiii., figs. 8-10, p. 3'26.

Mollusca from the Bokkcceld Beds. 261

NUCULITES, sp.
(PL XXXII. , fig. 3.)

A much flattened and compressed imperfect right valve of a
species of Nucidites (No. 90) shows certain features which appear to
differentiate it from the others which have l)een described. In shape
it is subrhomboidal, ovate, but the margins are not well preserved.
The beak is situated at between one-third and one-half the length of
the shell, and there is a weak clavicular ridge from the beak curved
gently forwards and reaching more than half across the valve. A
regular concentric, rather coarse, lineation seems to ornament the
surface.

Dimensions. — Length 30 mm. ; height about 21 mm.

Affinities. — The great flatness of the valve may be principally due
to compression by crushing. The shape of the shell and course
of the clavicular ridge recall N. branncri, Clarke,''' but the beak in
the latter is rather more anteriorly placed.

Locality. — (No. 90) Gydo Pass, near top, Ceres.

PAL.EONEILO ANTIQUA (Sharpe).

1856. S<)l('iicll(( aiitiqua, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii.,
p. 210, pi. xxvii., fig. 1.

The description of this species as given by Sharpe is as follows :
•" Shell transversely ovate; anterior end broad, short, and rounded;
posterior end somewhat produced, broad with a small sinus near the
•dorsal margin : valves covered with fine concentric wrinkles : hinge-
hne slightly arched, with about ten small anterior and more than
twenty very small posterior teeth. Length 1^ inches ; breadth 2^
inches ; thickness 1 inch."

An examination of the type shows that the posterior end and sinus
near the dorsal margin are not quite so well preserved as indicated
in the figure, which is otherwise correct.

Locality. — Leo Hoek (Leeuwen Fontein, Warm Bokkeveld).

PALiEONEILO RUDIS (Sharpe).

1856. Solcnella rudis, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii.,
p. 211, pi. xxvii., fig. 6.

The description of this species as given by Sharpe is as follows :
■" Shell transversely rhomboido-ovate ; anterior end broad, sliort, and
* Clarke, op. cit., pi. viii., figs. 6-W, p. 73.

262 Annals of the South African Museum.

rounded ; posterior end broad, a little produced near the back, and
diagonally truncated with a small sinus near the ventral margin ; a
slight depression extending from the umbo to the middle of the
ventral margin ; valves with fine concentric lines and a few unequal
concentric wrinkles. Length 1|- inches ; breadth 2 inches."

In addition we may remark that in the internal cast of one in-
dividual (No. 89) with both valves in apposition, there are about
16 small obliquely transverse teeth visible on the hinge-line behind
the beaks ; between the beaks there are about 10 smaller transverse
teeth arranged in a fan-like manner, and in front of the beaks there
are 5-6 stouter transverse teeth sloping forwards. Our specimens
consist of internal casts of both valves and impressions of the exterior
of the shell. One (No. 89, internal cast), measures 44 mm. in
length and 31 mm. in height. Three occur in pinkish-brown
argillaceous nodules, and one in a tough, dark, fine grained, sandy
rock.

Affinities. — P. orbiyityi, Clarke," from the Devonian of Brazil, is
an allied species.

Localities.— {Nos. 84, 88, 89) Ezel Fontein, Ceres ; (No. 100) Stink
Fontein, near Triangle (between 1st and 2nd Sandstones) ; Hot-
tentot's Kloof (type).

PAL.EONEILO SUBANTIQUA, sp. nov.
(PL XXXII., figs. 4, 4a.)

A nearly perfect cast of both valves in apposition (No. 85) and the
impressions of the exterior of both valves of the same shell (Nos. 86,
87), are contained in a pinkish-brown soft argillaceous nodule. The
features, though showing points of resemblance to P. antiqua
(Sharpe), and P. rudis (Sharpe), are yet sufficiently distinct to
warrant us putting it into a new species, as a close examination of
Sharpe's type specimens confirms.

Description. — Shell elongate - elliptical, rather produced pos-
teriorly, not quite twice as long as high ; basal margin very
slightly curved ; anterior end broadly rounded ; posterior end
rather narrower, more pointed, subtruncate below, slightly excavated
by weak sinus in inferior margin ; cardinal line nearly straight.
Valves moderately convex, most so near beaks, flattened and
compressed posteriorly ; beaks situated at about one-fourth the

* Clarke, op. rit., p. 74, pi. viii., tigs. 14-17; Katzer, op. cit., p. -JO-^, t. xiii..,
fi". l'.».

Molliisca from, the Bokkcceld Boils. 265

length of the shell from anterior end, obtuse, low, rising only a little
above hinge-line. Faint undefined shallow sulcus runs obliquely
across shell from just behind umbo to the weak sinus in posterior
inferior margin. Hinge-line about two-thirds the length of the
shell, with 8-9 small transverse teeth in front of beak, about 25
smaller ones behind beak, and several slender ones arranged in
a fan-like fashion between the beaks. Surface ornamented with
concentric striie, coarser near margin.

Dimensions. — Length 65 mm. ; height 38 mm.

Affinities. — In shape this shell is more elongated than P. antiqiia,
(Sharpe) ■•'■ ; the beaks are more forward ; there is an inferior sinus
at the posterior end, but no dorsal one. P. riidis, (Sharpe), i is a
shorter, broader shell with the posterior end not produced, but it has-
a similar sinus and a faint sulcus across the surface.

Localit I/. —{N OS. 85, 86, 87) Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

PAL.EONEILO aff. CONSTEICTA (Conrad).
(PI. XXXII., figs. 5, 5a.)

One specimen (No. 95) of a small shell belonging to PaUeoneilo
shows the two valves as casts in apposition, but only the left one is
at all well preserved. The shape is broadly ovate ; the anterior end
short and abruptly rounded ; the basal margin is strongly curved
(not well seen) ; the cardinal margin is gently arcuate and scarcely
oblique ; the posterior end is broken and its shape cannot be deter-
mined. The umbo is very forwardly situated, being only about one-
fourth or one-fifth of the length of the shell from the anterior end,,
and is directed forwards, rising rather prominently above the hinge-
line. The valves are gently convex, most so towards the front end
and the umbo ; a marked sulcus widening posteriorly runs obliquely
backwards behind an undefined rounded umbonal ridge from just
behind the umbo to the posterior basal margin. There are 6-8
transverse teeth in front of the umbo, several more slender ones
arranged in a fan-like fashion below the umbo, and 12-15 rather
coarse transverse ones behind.

Dimensions. — Length 16 mm. ; height 11 mm.

Affinities. — The closest relations of this form are to be found in
Palceoneilo constricta (Conr.) I and the smaller examples of P. orbignyi,

* Sharpe, op. cit., p. 210, pi. xxvii , tig. 1.

t Ihid., p. 211, 111. xxvii., tig. 6.

I Hull, '-/). fit., pi. xlviii., figs. 1-16, p. :«3 ; pi. li., tig. 17.

264 Annals of the South African Museum.

-Clarke/'' The general shape of the former, the oblique sulcus and
somewhat anterior beak are points of resemblance. But our speci-
men is not sufficiently well preserved to admit of a very close com-
parison. P. constricta occurs in the Hamilton Beds of the United
States, and P. orhignyi in the Devonian of Brazil. In P. sulcata,
Hartt and Eathbun,! from the same horizon and region, there is a
similar strong oblique sulcus on the surface, but the shell tapers
rather more rapidly to the posterior end, and the beaks are less
anteriorly placed.

Locality. — (No. 95) Gamka Poort.

PAL/EONEILO cf. FECUNDA, Hall.
(PI. XXXII. , fig. 6.)

A left valve of a species of Palaoneilo in the condition of an
internal cast (No. 105) may be compared with Hall's species P.
fecund a l from the Hamilton Group. The description of our
specimen is as follows : Shell ovate-elliptical ; length nearly twice
the height ; anterior end regularly rounded ; basal margin gently
arcuate ; posterior end doubly truncate ; cardinal margin slightly
arcuate (?). Umbo moderate, rising a little above hinge-line,
obtuse, situated at about one-third from anterior end. Valve gently
convex, especially near umbo, somewhat compressed behind ;
unibonal slope flattened, giving slight angularity to shell above
and below it, and extending to abruptly truncate posterior basal
margin. Several (3-4) strong marginal concentric wrinkles near
inferior border ; weak concentric lineation on remainder of valve.

Dimensions. — Length 46 mm ; height 26 mm.

Affinities. — The pecviliar angularity of the umbonal slope, the
truncation of the posterior basal margin, the position of the umbo
and general shape and ornamentation of the shell ally it to P.fccunda,
Hall. P. rudis (Sharpe) is shorter and stouter in shape.

Locality. — (No. 105) Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

PALiEONEILO sp.
(PI. XXXII., tig. 7.)
There is the internal cast (No. 96) of one right valve of a shell

* Clarke, op. cit., p. 74, pi. viii., ligs. 14-17 (especially fig. 14).

t Hartt and Eathbun, op. cit., p. 124; Clarke, op. cit., p. 75, pi. viii.. tig. 13.

I Hall, op. cit., pi. xlix., figs. 13, 15-24, p. 336.

JSIoUusca from the Bol-keveld Beds. 266

with the shape of Nnculitcs triqueter, Conrad/' but without a
clavicular ridge. In shape it is subtrianguiar, broadly ovate, highest
anteriorly, nearly as high as long; the surface is moderately convex,
most so about the anterior middle of the valve, but the anterior
portion in front of and below the beak is suddenly flattened and
slightly excavated, producing a marked angulation on the surface
along a line descending steeply from the beak to the basal margin,
where it is slightly curved forwards. The basal margin is arcuate ;
the anterior end is well rounded and abrupt ; the posterior end is
subtruncate at the inferior angle and rounded above ; the cardinal
line is oblique and straight behind the beak, but in front is sharply
bent down nearly at a right angle. The beak is prominent, directed
anteriorly, broad, obtuse, rising above the hinge-line, and situated
far forward at rather less than one-fourth the length of the shell.
The angular ridge on the surface descending from the beak makes
an angle of about 75° with the oblique hinge-line iDehind the beak.
The hinge-hne shows about 16 transverse teeth. If the internal
•clavicular ridge had not been plainly absent, there would have been
every reason to compare this form with Nucuutes mjssa, Hall, var.
viajora, Clarke,! from the Devonian of the Amazon area, and with
A', triqueter, Conrad.

Dimensions. — Length 14 mm ; height at beak 12 mm.

Locality. — (No. 96) Gamka Poort.

BYSSOPTERIA? sp.

(PI. XXXII., fig. 8.)

There is one imperfect left valve (No. 82) of a large peetinoid or
•aviculoid form which may be referable to the genus Byssopteria,
Hall, but its state of preservation does not allow one to decide this
point. The shell is triangular, higher than long, alate posteriorly,
with the anterior margin nearly vertically truncate the entire height
■of the shell ; the basal and posterior margins form a continuous
arc ; the cardinal line is straight. The body of the shell is very
weakly convex, and is distinctly marked off by a groove from the
flattened triangular posterior wing. The surface of the body and,
perhaps, the posterior wing is covered by faint subequal rounded
low radiating ribs.

* Hall, op. cit., p. 326, pi. xlvii., ti<,'s. 17-28.
t Clarke, <q). rit., p. 72. pi. viii., fig. 0.

266 Annah of the SontJi Africcm Muscnvi.

Dimensions. — Length (along cardinal line) about 35 mm, ; height
(along anterior margin) about 43 mm.

Affinities. — The only species of the genus Bijssopteria described
by Hall '■' is B. radiata, Hall, from the Chemung Group ; and it has
a similar shape and ornamentation, but the posterior wing is not
distinctly marked off from the body,

Localif)/. — (No. 82) Fossiliferous Sandstone (near Uitkomst ?).

ACTINOPTEEIA aff. BOYDI (Conrad).
(PI. XXXII., fig. 9.)

One left valve (No. 81) in a fairly good state of preservation but
with part of the posterior wing broken off is the sole representative
of this genus in this collection. The shell is very oblique, elongate
and subrhomboidal ; the body is strongly convex, but flattens out pos-
teriorly into the posterior wing, from which it is only sharply marked
off for a short distance behind the umbo. The umbo is acute,
pointed, rather prominent and nearly terminal. The umbonal angle
is about 30°. The hinge-line is straight, but its length cannot be
determined as it is imperfect behind. The anterior ear is narrow,
elongate, extending between one-third and one-half the length of the
shell, convex, and separated by a strong furrow from the body of
shell. The posterior wing is large, triangular?, flattened, depressed,
and only defined anteriorly by a furrow from the body of the shell.
The surface of the shell is marked by numerous faint low radiating
ribs, apparently weakly subnodulose, and crossed by several strong
concentric growth-wrinkles. The ribs are obsolete or nearly so on
the posterior wing. The anterior ear is ornamented with concentric
striae.

Dimensions. — Length about 35 mm ; height about 27 mm.

Affinities. — The nearest ally of this form seems to be A. boydi,
Conrad, i of the Hamilton Group, but the anterior ear in our specimen
is rather longer.

Ulrich I describes a species of Actinopteria from the Devonian of
Bolivia, wliich he compares with the same species.

* Hall, Palffiont. New York. vol. v., pt. i., Lamell. i., 1884, p. 2o'2, pi. xxxii.,
figs, 21, 22 ; pi. Ixxx., fig. 11.

t Hall, ihid.. p. 113, pi. xix., figs. 2-30.
X Ulrich, oi>. cit., p. 50, t. iii., figs. 1-3.

Mollusca front tlic Bol-keveld Beds. 267

Actinopteria eschicegoi , Clarke," from the same formation in Brazil,
IS an allied form.

Localiti/. — (No. 81) Koudevekl Berg, highest part of main road
under 1st Sandstone.

ACTINOPTERIA sp.

There is an external cast of a portion of a large shell (No. 83)
referable to the genus Actinopteria but in a very imperfect state of
preservation. The body is oblique with an acute beak ; the posterior
wing is large and flattened ; the anterior ear is long and narrow ; the
ornamentation consists of rather coarse radiating ribs crossed
towards the margins by concentric ridges of subequal strength.
There appears to be a general resemblance to Actinopteria subde-
cussata, Hall, t but our specimen is too fragmentary and imperfectly
preserved for any precise comparison or description.

The length of the valve is a little over 60 mm.

Locality. — (No. 83) Gydo Pass, Ceres.

MODIOMORPHA BAINI (Sharpe).

1856. Modiolopsis '^ Bainii, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2,
vol. vii., p. 213, pi. xxvii., fig. 9.

■This species was described by Sharpe as follows : " Shell nearly
rhomboidal : beaks close to the anterior end : each valve divided into
two nearly equal portions by a rounded ridge which reaches from the
beak to the ventral-posterior margin : anterior end very short and
truncated ; posterior end broad and sloping aw^ay from the central
ridge. Length 1 inch ; breadth 2 inches ; thickness |-ths of an inch.
. . . The cast shows some traces of concentric lines of growth over
the whole valve and of several lines radiating backwards from the
beak over the anterior portion." In one of our specimens (No. Ill)
the above-mentioned umbonal ridge is well seen and has a faint
shallow depression parallel to it in front.

DinienHions. — Length (No. Ill) 85 nnn., (No. 91) 45 mm.
Height ,, 22 mm., ,, 30 mm.

Affinities. — This species may be compared with Modiotnorplia alta,
Conrad,! of the Hamilton Group.

Localities. — (No. Ill) 1st Sandstone, near Klein Straat Siding.
.(No. 91) Gydo Pass, near top, Ceres ; Leo Hoek (Leeuwen Fontein)
(type).

* Clarke, op. cit., p. 4o, pi. v.. figs. 1, 2, 4-6, 8-10; Katzer, ap. cit., p. 207.
t. xiv., tig. 1.

t Hall, op. rii., p. 110, pi. xvii., figs. 23, 25-27, 29-31.
\ Hall, op. rit., p. 278, pi. xxxvii., figs. 1, 2, 7-12, 15, 16.

268 Annals of the South African Museum.

MODIOMOEPHA cf. PIMENTANA, Hartt and Eathbun.
(PI. XXXIL, fig. 10.)

There is one right valve of a shell which probably l)elongs to the-
species of Modiomorpha named jnmentana- by Hartt and Eathbun, -•-
and found in the Devonian of Brazil. The valve is associated with
specimens of Spirifer sp. a (No. 146) from Gamka Poort, and is of
an elongate, oblong shape, about twdce as long as high, slightly
increasing in width posteriorly ; the basal and cardinal margins are
nearly parallel ; the hinge-line is straight and about three-fourths-
the length of the shell, the posterior end being produced behind it
and obhquely truncated above ; the anterior end is short, subtruncate
and rounded ; the beak is subanterior, broad, obtuse, not prominent,
incurved and scarcely rising above the hinge-line. The surface of
the shell is rather strongly convex; a broad undefined umbonal
ridge runs obliquely across it to the posterior ventral margin ; the
post-cardinal slope is somewhat flattened, and a faint depression is
traceable in front of the uml)onal ridge running from the umbo to
the ventral margin. The ornamentation, so far as it is preserved,
consists of concentric striae with a few stronger wrinkles interspersed.

Dimensions. — Length 31 mm ; height 15 mm.

Affinities. — The species M. pimentana is somewhat variable in
shape, and our specimen most resembles those figured by Clarke
{pp. cit.) on plate vi., figs. 8 and 9.

Localiti/.—{^o. 146) Gamka Poort.

MODIOMOEPHA aft". SELLOWI, Clarke.

(PI. XXXII., fig. 11.)

There is one small specimen (No. 122) of a right valve of what is
proliably a young example of Clarke's species Modiomorpha selloici t
from the Devonian of the Eio Maecuru. It differs from the large
specimens figured by that author in its rather narrower, more elon-
gated and more oblique shape. The posterior limb shows one of the
divergent longitudinal ridges mentioned by Clarke, and the muscular
scars are well marked. Its surface is depressed, the greatest con-
vexity being in the anterior and umbonal regions ; the posterior and
lateral portions are almost concave. The posterior margin and
hinge-line meet at an obtuse angle ; the hinge-line is straight

* Hartt and Eathbun, op. cit., p. 123 ; Clarke, op. cit., p. 5'2. pi. vi., figs. 4-9.
t Clarke, op. cit., p. 51, pi. vi., figs. 14-lf).

Mollusca front the Bokkeceld Beds. 269-

and nearly as wide as the shell ; the beak is situated at about the
anterior fourth of the transverse diameter, and the anterior end in
front of it is rounded.

Dimensions. — Length 10 mm; height 7 mm.

Locality.— (No. 122) Top of Hottentot's Kloof.

AXODOXTOPSIS? EUDIS, Sharpe.

1856. Anodontopsis * rudis, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2^
vol. vii., p. 213, pi. xxvii., fig. 10.

The description of this species, based on one imperfect specimen,
was given by Sharpe as follows : " Shell nearly square : beaks
central : anterior side slightly truncated near the beak : posterior
side nearly straight : a slight depression down the middle of each
valve, reaching to the ventral margin : valves wrinkled with irregular
concentric lines of growth. Length If inches ; breadth 1| inches ;
thickness fths of an inch."

The shell is rather more quadrate in shape than Sharpe's figure
represents ; the ventral margin is nearly straight, and the median
depression is very faint, broad and shallow. The beaks are sub-
central, being rather nearer the anterior than the posterior margin.
The true generic position of this species, based on a single specimen,
must be left doubtful, but it may, perhaps, belong to the genus
Tcechonuja, for it bears some resemblance in shape to the species
T. rathhuni, Clarke," from the Devonian of the Eio Maecuru, Brazil.

Locality. — Leo Hoek (Leeuwen Fontein, Warm Bokkeveld).

Conclusion.

The evidence of the Mollusca points the same way as that of
the Brachiopoda, and emphasises still more strongly the affinities of
the fauna with that of the American Continent. Katzer j has
remarked on the faunistic relations of the Devonian of the Lower
Amazon with the Hamilton Group of North America, and practically
the same degree of affinity is noticeable in the case of the Bokkeveld
Mollusca and Brachiopoda.

When the fauna is reviewed as a whole in conjunction with the
stratigraphical relations of the beds which yield the fossils, it may be
found possible to recognise two horizons in the Bokkeveld Beds, as
Katzer has done in South America.

* Clarke, op. cit., p. 57, pi. viii., figs. 23, 24.
t Katzer, oi>. cit., pp. 188 and 242.

(270)

LIST OF LOCALITIES AND MOLLUSCA.

■Gamka Pooit.

Nos.
177.
178.
172.
173.
174.
? 17-5.
176.
■? 179.
180.
?170.
110.
163.
161.
162.
163.

7o.

76.

77.

78.

7!l.

it6.

112.

97.
? 94.
? 12.

93.

95.

96.
146.

Oi'thoceras gamkaensis sp. nov.

,, bokkeveklensis sp. nov.

Bellerophon <;/'. morganianiis.
Loxonema sp.
Diaphorostoma ? sp.

Comilaria <■/'. acuta.

ri'secardium ? sp.
Nnculites branneri

,, eapensis.
Palffioiieilo <{(f'. constiieta.

sp.
Modiomorpha <■/. pimentana.

Hottentot's Kloof.

70/*. Pleurotomavia aft', kayseri.
(Sharpe's type) Leda inornata.
( ditto ) Palaeoneilo iiidis.

122. ;\Iodiomorpha aft. sellowi.

(Salter's type) Bellerophon quadrilobatns.
( ditto ) Tentaculites crotalinns.
( ditto ) Hyolithes subaequalis.

213. Bellerophon (Bucaniella) aft', trilo-

batus.
164. Loxonema sp.
(Sharpe's type) Holopea baini.

* The type-speciuiens of these three species, which are in the Geological Society's
Museum, Burlington House, London, have labels attached to them on which is inscribed
.the name "Kogman's Kloof." I am informed, however, by Mr. Arthur Rogers of the
Geological Survey that there is no farm of this name in the Warm Bokkeveld, and that
" Kokman's Kloof " on Bain's map is situated many miles east of that tract.

Top of Hottentot's Kloof.
Warm Bokkeveld.*

Gydo Pass, Ceres.

List of Localities and Mollusca. 271

Nos.
■Gydo Pass, Ceres. IHl. Tentaculites baini.

72. Conularia quichua.
(Sharpe's type) Nuculites abbreviatus.
( ditto ) ,, afiicanus.

(Near top of Pass) 90. „ sp.

s;3. Actinopteria sp.
91. Modiomorpha baiiii.

Road-cutting, north of Whuppertlial. 107. Bellerophon (Bueaniella) cf. reissi.

108. ,, (Plectonotus)«/.salteri.

Kloof, north-west of homestead on 132. TentacuUtes crotalhius.
Laken Vley, Ceres.

Whupperthal, road-cutting north of Tra 73. Conularia africana.
TraEiver. 74. ,,

Cederberg. (Sharpe's type) Conularia africana.

( ditto ) Nuculites africanus.

Above Koudeveld Berg. 80. Conularia cf. undulata.

Koudeveld Berg, highest part of main 81. Actinopteria off. boydi.
road under 1st Sandstone.

Uitkomst, Ceres. ? 138. Conularia cf. undulata.

Shales above 3rd Sandstone, Tunnel 101. Orthonata aff. undulata.
Siding, Hex Iliver Pass.

Ezel Fontein, Ceres. 214. Grammysia sp.

102. Cardiomorpha campestris sp. nov.
104. Nuculites africanus.

69. ,, colonicus sp. nov.

103. ,, martialis sp. nov.
84. Palffioneilo rudis.

88.

85.

,,

subantiqua.

80.

,,

87.

,,

105.

cf. fecunda.

Ceres.

98.

Sanguinolites sp.

Leo Hoek (Leeuwen Fontein,

(Sharpe's type)

Gram my si

■a corrugata.

WarmBokkeveld).

( ditto ' )

Nuculites '

? ovatus.

( ditto ) Palseoneilo antiqua.
( ditto ) Modiomorpha baini.
( ditto ) Anodontopsis ? rudis.

1st Sandstone, near Klein Straat Siding. 111. Glossites aff. depressus.

111. Nuculites abbreviatus.
111. Modiomorpha baini.

Stink Fontein, near Triangle (between 100. Palaeoneilo rudis.
1st and 2nd Sandstones).

Fossiliferous Sandstone (near Uit- 82. Byssopteria ? sp.

komst ?).

21

(272)

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE XXX.

FIG.

1. Ortliuccras f/ainkaenais nfi.nox. (iso. m). Nat. size. Gamka Poort.
1«. Ditto. Transverse section.

2. Ovthoceras hokkeveMenais sp. nov. (No. 173). Nat. size. Gamka Poort.

3. Plenrotoinaria aff. kayseri Ulrich (No. 70/"). Nat. size. Hottentot's Kloof.

4. Bellcrophon cf. morganianus Hartt and Eathbun. Side view (No. 110), x li.

Gamka Poort.
Aa. Ditto. Back view (No. 110), x IJ.

5. Bellerophon {Ducaniella) aff. trilobatuit Sowerby. Side view of distorted

specimen (No. 213). Nat. size. Gydo Pass.
G. BcUerojihon (Bucaniella) et rcissi Clavke. Side view (No. 107), x IJ. lioad-
cutting, north of Whupperthal.
6rt. Ditto. Back view (No. 107), x IJ.

7. BelleToi)Jiou {Plectonotiif<)iif(. salteri Gm-'ke. Side view (No. 108), x 2. Road-

cutting, north of Whupperthal.
7«. Ditto. Back view (No. 108), x 2.

8. I.oxonema sp. (No. 164), x 2. Gydo Pass, Ceres.

9. Tentaculites baini sp. nov. (No. 181), x IJ. Gydo Pass, Ceres.

10. Conularia qiiichua Steinmann-Doderlein (No. 72). Nat. size. Gydo Pass,.

Ceres.
10(1. Portion of surface of ditto (No. 72), showing ornamentation, x 10.

11. Cointhirid cf. acutu Ecemer. Portion of surface showing ornamentation

No. 7-5), x 10. Gamka Poort.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.lV.

PI. XXX.

S*?(K,^,

7a ^£>.

11 ^/o.

Wesl.Newauan lit->.

BOKKEVELD MOLLUSC A.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.IV:

PI. XXXI

A\

^, >•--«- f^^^-i- :^

la. ^^,

tV

iJ

1 '^ TicU Size

''^..

v/

0. ^i(2if ^'i^d?.

8 . nat size.

f~

^

9a. ^F.

West .Newman lith

BOKKEVELD MOLLUSCA

(273)

I'LATE XXXI.

FIG.

1. Coindiiriii cL i(iidi(l<(ta Conrad. (No. 80). Nat. size. Above Koudeveld Berg.
1(1. Portion of surface of ditto showing ornamentation (No. 80), x 4.

2. Orthonota aff. undnliita Conrad. Left valve (No. 101), x l\. Shales above

3rd Sandstone, Tunnel Siding, Hex Eiver Pass.

3. Grammynia sp. Left valve (No. 214), x IJ. Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

4. Sanguinolites sp. Eight valve (No. 98), x IJ. Ceres.

5. Glos.'iiten aff. dejn-eitauii Hall. Left valve (No. 111). Nat. size. 1st Sand-

stone, near Klein Straat Siding.

6. Cardiomorpha caiiqyestrU sp. nov. Eight valve (No. 102), x li- Ezel

Fontein, Ceres.

7. Pr(ccardium ? sp. Eight valve (No. 96), x 2i. Gamka Poort.

8. Xuciditca hranneyi Clarke. Cast of interior, side view (No. 97). Nat. size.

Gamka Poort.
Sri. Ditto. Dorsal view (No. 97). Nat. size.

9. Xuculitc.'< capenais sp. nov. Cast of interior, side view (No. 93), x 2. Gamka

Poort.
9«. Ditto. Dorsal view (No. 93), x 2.

(274)

PLATE XXXII.

FIG.

1. Xticitlites colonicus sp. nov. Left valve, internal cast (No. 69), x 2. Ezel

Fontein, Ceres.
'2. NncuUtes niartialis sp. nov. Left valve, internal cast (No. 103). Nat. size.

Ezel Fontein, Ceres.
:i. Xitciilites sp. Eight valve, internal cast (No. 90), x IJ. Gydo Pass, near

top, Ceres.

4. ValcEoneilo suhantiqua sp. nov. Cast of interior (No. 85). Nat. size. Ezel

Fontein, Ceres.
4(4. Ditto. External cast of same shell (No. 86). Nat. size. Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

5. Palaoncilo aff. constricta (Conrad). Left valve, imperfect internal cast

(No. 95), X 2. Gamka Poort.
5</. Eight valve of same specimen showing sulcus (No. 95), x 2.

6. Palcponeilo cf. feciinda Hall. Left valve, imperfect (No. 105). Nat. size.

Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

7. Palccoiteilo ST^, Eight valve, internal cast (No. 96), x 2J. Gamka Poort.

.S. BijKsopteria ? sp. Left valve (No. 82). Nat. size. Fossiliferous Sandstone

(? near Uitkomst).
*.). AtUnopteria aff. boydi (Conrad). Left valve (No. 81), x 1^. Koudeveld

Berg, highest part of main road under 1st Sandstone.

10. Modioniorpha ct. jiiiiientana Hartt and 'Riithhun. Eight valve (No. 146), x IJ.

Gamka Pooit.

11. Modioi)ior2)lia aff. fcUoiri Clar Eight valve, internal cast (No. 122), x 2.

Top of Hottentot's Kloof.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.VoLIV.

PL XXXII

8. naC size.

4 Tl'

9. xji.

S

-^•m.

iS'

West,, Newman lith.

BOKKEVELD MOLLUSC A

(275)

12. — The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. — By Henry Woods,
M.A., P.G.S., University Lecturer in Palseozoology, Cam-
bridge.

The Cretaceous fauna of Pondoland was first described by W. H.
Baily,* who regarded it as of the age of the Upper Green sand of
Blackdown, and pointed out its resemblance to the Cretaceous
fauna of Southern India, which had then been recently described by
Edward Forbes.

Sixteen years later Mr. C. L. Griesbach f gave, in his paper " On
the Geology of Natal," some notes on the fossils of Pondoland, with
figures and brief descriptions of some additional species. He thought
that five faunas could be recognised in successive divisions of the
deposit, and the three uppermost of these he considered as probably
the equivalents of the Lower Greensand, the Upper Greensand, and
the White Chalk of England respectively.

The Cretaceous beds of Pondoland, of which the total thickness
exposed is only about 20 feet, have been studied recently by the
officers of the Geological Survey.:]: After carefully collecting from
different horizons, they are unable to agree with Griesbach 's view
that five faunas are represented, since they find that " the greater
number of the species existed throughout the whole of the time
occupied by the deposition of the rocks."

The account of the Pondoland fauna given below is based on the
collection made by the Geological Survey. I have also had the
great advantage of studying the collection formed by Mr. Griesbach,
now in the Hamburg Museum. For this privilege I am indebted to
the kindness of Professor Gottsche, who at one time hoped to give
a full account of the collection. ^J The fossils described by Baily

• Description of some Cretaceous Fossils from South Africa; collected by
Captain Garden, of the 4.5th Regiment. Q.J.G.S., xi. (1855), pp. 454-465,
plates xi.-xiii.

t Q.J.G.S., xxvii. (1871), pp. 60-70, plate iii.

\ A. W. Rogers and E. H. L. Schwarz, Annual Report of the Geological Com-
mission, Cape of Good Hope, 1901 (1902), pp. 38-44.

§ Zeitschr. d. deutschen geol. Gesellsch., xxxix. (1887), p. 6'2'2.
22

276 Annah of the South African Museum.

were collected by Captain E. J. Garden, and most of them are now
in tlie possession of the Geological Society of London.

The Pondoland fossils are found in shelly Hmestones and sandy
calcareous clays, and are in an excellent state of preservation — in
one case (Nerita) even the original colour markings are still visible.
The fauna is particularly rich in Mollusca, of which about eighty
species have been recognised. There are also five species of
Echinoids, six of Polyzoa,* seven of Ostracoda, and eighteen of
Foraminifera. The last two groups have already been described by
Mr. F. Chapman, t Vertebrata are represented by bones of Chelonia
and shark's teeth (Corax). Corals, Brachiopods, the higher Crus-
tacea, and the Belemnitidse appear to be absent, and the presence of
Sponges is shown by a few spicules only.

ECHINOIDEA.

Family CIDAEID^.

Genus CIDAEIS, Lamarck.
CiDAEis, sp. cf. HiRUDO, Sorignet.
The genus Cidaris is represented by two spines only. They are
ornamented with a few strong longitudinal ribs, and closely resemble
the spines of C. hirudo, Sorignet — a species which is found in the
Cenomanian, Turonian, and Senonian of Europe,! and, according to
Stoliczka,^ in the Utatur Group of Southern India.

Family DIADEMATID^.
Genus PSEUDODIADEMA, Desor.

PSEUDODIADEMA GrIESBACHI, Sp. nOV.

Plate XXXIIL, figs. 1, 2.
1871. Diadema, sp. Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 67, pi. iii., fig. 13.
Description. — Test of small or moderate size, sub-pentagonal,
depressed. Base very concave.

* These have been studied by Mr. W. D. Lang, of the British Museum (Nat.
Hist.), whose report is given below.

t Annals S. African Mus., vol. iv., pt. 5 (1904), p. 221.

+ Pal. Frany. Terr. Cret., vol. vii. (1862), p. 244, pi. 1054 bis, figs. 6-16.

§ Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. iv. (1873), p. 48, pi. vii., figs. 3-16.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondolancl. 9,71

Ambulacra with unigeminal pores in straight vertical rows, but
with a slight indication of alternation close to the apex. Pores larger
on the upper than on the under surface of the test. Plates com-
pound, consisting of three (or occasionally, at the ambitus, four)
fused plates. Each plate bears one large, primary, perforate and
crenulate tubercle, with small tubercles around the margin. On the
base of the test the primary tubercles become smaller, and an
additional row of rather large tubercles is seen next to each poriferous
zone ; also the smaller tubercles around the primaries are fewer,
especially in the middle of the area.

Interambulacra about twice the width of the ambulacra, with four
vertical rows of primary, perforate, and crenulate tubercles similar to
those of the ambulacra, and with smaller tubercles around the
primary tubercles, forming, in the middle of the area, a fairly
broad band. On the base of the test the primary tubercles become
smaller and another row of tubercles appears at each margin of the
area, and also one or two rows in the middle of the area. The latter
take the place of the median band of small tubercles on the upper
surface

Bemarks. — This species is at present known by two imperfect
specimens only, one in the Survey Collection, the other in
the Hamburg Museum. The latter is the original of Griesbach"s
figure, which shows the base of the test, and is somewhat enlarged
(x about 11).

Family CASSIDULID^.

Genus CASSIDULUS, Lamarck.

Oassidulus umbonatus, sp. nov.
Plate XXXIIL, tigs. 3, 4.

Description. — Test small, sub-pentagonal, rounded, slightly longer
than broad, with the greatest breadth at the beginning of the posterior
third. Anterior third rounded ; posterior part somewhat angular.
Upper surface convex, depressed or moderately elevated, sloping
rapidly to the margins ; posterior end sub-truncate, and slightly
produced at the margin. Base concave, with a median longitudinal
ridge, which is more prominent behind than in front of the peristome,
and becomes angular near the posterior margin. Posterior part of
base undulating.

Apical disc a little in front of the middle, with four genital
perforations.

278 Annals of the South African Museum.

Ambulacra petaloid, prominent, nearly closed. The pefcaloid part
of the anterior ambulacrum reaches to within a short distance of the
anterior margin ; pores somewhat oblique, those of the inner row
rounded, and connected by a groove with the pores of the outer row
which are slightly elongate. Poriferous zones wide. Interporiferous
zone elevated, slightly broader than the poriferous zones, and bearing
small scrobiculate tubercles.

Antero-lateral ambulacra with the petaloid parts broader and
shorter than in the anterior ambulacrum, and with the interporiferous
zone relatively wider. Anterior poriferous zone with more oblique
pores and a rather greater curvature than in the posterior zone.
Pores and tubercles similar to those of the anterior ambulacrum.
Posterolateral ambulacra with the petaloid parts rather narrower
than in the antero-lateral ambulacra, and reaching to about two-
thirds of the distance from the apical disc to the margin.

Interambulacra slightly raised between the jjetaloid parts of the
ambulacra, with numerous small scrobiculate tubercles on the upper
surface of the test. On the base of the test the tubercles are larger
and more deeply sunk. The median raised band possesses rather
less coarse and more irregular ornamentation than the rest of
the base.

Peristome pentagonal, a little in front of the centre of the base,
with a distinct fioscelle and prominent bourrelets. Periproct ovate,
in a short furrow, on the upper part of the sub-truncate end.

Length

16-1 .

16

14-1

13-5 mm,

Breadth

16

15

14

12-5 ,,

Height

8

8-5 .

6-5

7-5 „

Affinities. — Cassidulus umhonatus differs from the type species of
Cassidulus in having a concave instead of a fiat base, and in the
ambulacra being more distinctly petaloid. In the form of the base
it resembles some species found in the Senonian of Algeria and
Tunis, which are .referred by Cotteau, Peron, and Gauthier='- to the
genus Echinohrissus, e.g., E. sitifensis, Coquand; E. suhsitifensis,
Peron and Gauthier ; E. pyramidalis, Peron and Gauthier.

These species were placed by Pomel f in his genus Trochalia, and
were also regarded as distinct from both Cassidulus and Echinohrissus

* Echin. Foss. de I'Algeiie, vol. ii., fascic. 8 (1883), pii. 161, 162, 164. Gauthier,
Echin. Foss. de la Tunisie (1889), pp. 46, 47.
t Genera des Echinides (1883), p. 60.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Poncloland. 279

by de Loriol/'' who, however, found it necessary to substitute the
name Asterobrissus for Trochalia, since the latter had ah-eady been
employed for a gasteropod. The differences between Asterobrissus
and Cassidulus are very slight, and Duncan f regarded the former as
a synonym of the latter, with which opinion M. Jules Lambert is
inclined to agree.

Four or perhaps five species of Cassidulus occur in the Utatur
and Ariyalur Groups of Southern India, :[: but do not show any close
resemblance to C. imibonatus. In the Cretaceous beds of the United
States, 5 seven species of Cassididus have been found, five of which
occur in the Eipley Group of Alabama and Mississippi, and one in
the Colorado Group.

Family ECHINOCOEYTHID^.

Genus CAEDIASTEE, Forbes.

Caediasteb africanus, sp. nov.

Plate XXXIII., figs. 5-7.

1871. Holaster indicus, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 67 ('«07i Forbes).

Description. — Test small, cordiform ; length and breadth equal or
nearly equal ; greatest breadth just in front of the middle of the
length. Greatest height in front of the apical disc. Anterior half of
test broad and rounded ; posterior half narrowing rapidly, with the
posterior end truncated. Upper surface of test convex, sloping from
the apex posteriorly, and more rapidly to the sides. Lower surface
flattened, but concave around the peristome.

Apical disc nearly central, the individual plates indistinguishable.

Anterior ambulacrum in a deep, broad furrow, which is continued
to the peristome and causes a deep indentation in the anterior
margin of the test ; the furrow is bounded on each side by a rather
prominent and more or less angular keel. Pores rounded, close
together, placed obliquely. Interporiferous zones with granules.

Antero-lateral ambulacra with the poriferous zones reaching to
between three-quarters and five-sevenths of the distance from the
apex to the margin of the test. Anterior poriferous zone narrow ;

* Stratigr. et Paleont. d'Angola. Mem. Soc. Phys. et d'hist. nat. de Geneve,
vol. XXX. (1888), No. 2, p. 104.

t Revision of the Echinoidea, Journ. Linn. Soc, voL xxiii. (Zool.), 1889, p. 177.

I Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. iv., 3 (1873), pp. 29-33.

§ W. B. Clark, Mesoz. Echinoderm, U.S. (Bullet. U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 97,
1893), pp. tJ6-73.

280 Annals of tlie South African Museum.

posterior zone broad, with the pores more elongated than in the
anterior zone. Interporiferous zone with granules. Postero-lateral
poriferous zones similar to the antero-lateral but shorter, extending
to about four-fifths of the distance from the apex to the margin.

Anterior interambulacra rising rapidly in front of the antero-lateral
ambulacra. Lateral interambulacra slightly convex. Posterior
interambulacrum forming a median rounded ridge. Interambulacra
with few small tubercles and many granules. The tubercles are
rather more prominent at the sides of the anterior furrow, and are
larger on the anterior part of the base, and closer together on the
plastron than elsewhere.

Peristome oval, at about a fifth of the total length from the anterior
margin. Periproct large, oval, near the summit of the truncated
posterior end. Marginal fasciole well developed, broadest below the
periproct.

Affinities. — In general form this species presents some resem-
blance to the smaller examples of G. anancliytis, Leske,* but the
anterior part of the test is more elevated, and the keels on the sides
of the anterior furrow are more prominent.

Examples of this species were referred to Ilolaster indicus,
Forbes,! by Griesbach, although the marginal fasciole is seen
quite clearly in the specimens which he collected.

Family SPATANGIDtE.

Genus HEMIASTEE, Desor.

Hemiastek Forbesi, Baily.

Plate XXXIIL, figs. &, 9.

1855. Hemiaster Forbesii, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 463, pi. xii., fig. 1.

Description. — Test of small or moderate size, sub-cordate.

Length and breadth equal or nearly equal. Greatest breadth is

anterior to the middle of the length. Posterior end truncated.

Upper surface convex, deeply furrowed by the ambulacra ; with a

rounded carina posteriorly. Lower surface flattened, but concave

near the peristome. Greatest height behind the apical disc.

Apical disc nearly central, depressed below the level of the

* See, for instance, Cotteau and Triger, Echin. de la Sarthe (1860), p. 237, pi. li.,
figs. 2-0.

t Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 159, pi. xix., fig. 4.

The Cretaceous Fauna of PondolamJ. 281

interambulacra, relatively large, with four perforated genitals.
Madreporic plate well developed, separating the posterior genitals.

Anterior ambulacrum in a broad, deep furrow, which is continued
to the peristome and causes a rather deep undulation at anterior
margin of the test. The petaloid part extends to between a half and
two-thirds of the distance from the apical disc to the anterior
margin ; poriferous zones widely separated, with from 15 to 18
rounded pores in each row. The pores in each pair are of nearly
equal size, slightly oblique, and rather close together. Beyond
the petaloid part a few single pores may occur.

Antero-lateral ambulacra with the petaloid parts in broad, deep
furrows, extending to about four-fifths of the distance from the
apical disc to the margin. Pores elongate, about 27 in each row;
those of each pair widely separated, with granules between them.
Poriferous zones at first diverge rapidly, and at the extremities
converge slightly. Interzonary space rather narrower than the
poriferous zones.

Posterolateral ambulacra similar to the antero-lateral, but with the
petaloid parts of about two- thirds of the length of those of the latter,
and with about 18 pairs of pores in each row. Between the rows of
pores in each zone are granules.

Interambulacra much elevated between the petaloid parts of the
ambulacra, especially the anterior interambulacra which are narrower
than the petaloid parts. The interambulacral areas are ornamented
with many small tubercles, which become larger on the base of the
test, especially on its anterior portion ; on the plastron they are
closer together.

Peristome transverse, with projecting labrum, at about a third of
the total length from the anterior margin. Periproct oval, near the
summit of the truncated posterior end. Fasciole well developed,
broadest where it crosses the anterior ambulacrum, and bending in
rapidly immediately behind the antero-lateral ambulacra.

29

26

24-5

22 mm,

28

26

25

22 „

Affinities. — Stoliczka describes eleven species of Hemiaster from
the Cretaceous deposits of Southern India, two of which, II. front-
acutits '■^^ and H. indicus,]- present some resemblance in form to
H. Forbesi, but differ from it in other respects.

* Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. iv. (1873), p. 13, pi. i., figs. 7, 8.
t Ibid., p. 16, pi. ii., figs. G, 7 ; pi. iii., fig. 1.

282 Annals of the Sonth African Museum.

H. cenomanensis, Cotteau," which is stated by Duncan f to occur
commonly in the Cretaceous of the Lower Narbada region of India,
differs from H. Forbesi in being less contracted anteriorly, in
having the anterior ambulacral furrow narrower and shallower, in
the poriferous zones of the lateral ambulacra showing more marked
convergence at their extremities, and in possessing fewer and more
widely separated tubercles.

Hemiaster is abundantly represented in the Upper Cretaceous
deposits of Algeria and Tunis, from whence 45 species have been
described. One of these, H. Bollandi, Thomas and Gauthier,J
resembles H. Forbesi in general form, in its deep ambulacral
furrows, and in the inward bending of the fasciole behind the antero-
lateral ambulacra. But it differs in its more elongate outline, and
the more excentric position of the apical disc ; also the antero-
lateral ambulacra are narrower and diverge at a smaller angle.

Remarks. — Baily's description was based on a single internal cast
and some fragments of the test. The specimens collected by the
Survey and by Griesbach have their tests preserved in excellent
condition, and have rendered a more detailed description possible.
The type is in the Museum of the Geological Society of London.

POLYZOA.

By W. D. Lang, M.A., F.G.S., British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

The specimens are for the most part very well preserved in a
matrix of hard, dark, greenish-yellow sand containing shell fragments.
Six species are represented.

Genus BERENICEA, Lamouroux.

Berenicea gracilis (M. Edwards).

1838. Diastopora gracilis, M. Edwards, Annal. Sci. nat., 2nd ser.,

vol. ix., Zool., pp. 237, 229-230, pi. xiv., fig. 3.

Specimen 5a consists of two discoid zoaria of this species encrusting

a large foliate zoarium of Elea meridiana, sp. nov. The zoaria

* Cotteau and Triger, Echin. Depart, de la Sarthe (1859), ]). '210, pi. xxxiv.,
tigs. 7, 8.

t Q.J.G.S., xliii. (1887), p. 152.

\ Explor. Sclent. Tunisie. Desciipt. Echin. Foss. (1889), p. 17, pi. i.)
figs. 14-16.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 283

agree very closely with Milne-Edwards' figure and with the dimen-
sions given in the British Museum Catalogue of Cretaceous Bryozoa
(vol. i., 1899, p. 73). This species, with B. ixipyracca (d'Orbigny)
and B. contracta, Seeley, differs from other Cretaceous forms by the
length of the zooecia ; from B. papyracea (d'Orbigny) by its shorter
and hardly sinuous zooecia; and from B. contracta, Seeley, by its
smaller and more regularly cylindrical zooecia. Berenicea gracilis
has been identified in formations ranging from Neocomian to
Maestrichtian.

Genus ELEA, d'Orbigny.
Elea meeidiana, sp. nov.
Plate XXXIII., figs. 10-12.

Specimens 3 to 9 are zoaria consisting of bilaminar foliate growths,
like those of the common genus Diastopora.

The zooecia, however, exhibit features which are characteristic of
the family Eleidoe. The genus of this family in which foliate forms
are placed is Elea. Bearing in mind the artificiality of the " genera "
at present used, founded upon the form of the zoarium, it is advis-
able to consider this form in relation to all the other species of the
family, disregarding zoarial habit. Specimen 4 exhibits very well-
preserved zooecia, and the description, unless otherwise stated,
refers to this specimen.

The zooecia are of three kinds : (1) normal zooecia, (2) closed or
partially closed zooecia, (3) gonocysts or gonoecia.

The normal zooecia (fig. 10) are tubular and generally long, four
to six times the diameter of the aperture. But the length varies
considerably and in places the apertures are crowded and the
zooecia short. The diameter of the zooecium increases rather
suddenly just beneath the aperture, as the transverse diameter of
the latter is nearly as great as that of the zooecium. The apertures
are sub-circular and generally the transverse diameter is greater
than the proximal-distal diameter. The transverse diameter is about
■15 mm. The aperture is surrounded by a rim which is generally
sHghtly thicker distally — a feature very common among Eleids.
Owing to this very shght prolongation of the zooecium distal to the
aperture, the latter is not quite terminal.

The closed zooecia diifer from the normal by being covered with a
calcareous film. This, however, in the species under consideration
is generally perforated by a tiny hole ; a few zooecia, however, appear
completely sealed (fig. 12). The closed zooecia occur in ones and

284 Annals of the South African Museum.

twos sporadically among the normal zooecia, but in places form
groups of many individuals to the exclusion of the normal zooecia.
There are two or three varieties of closed zooecia, but one variety
passes to another through intermediate forms. The commonest
resemble normal zooecia with a dome-shaped cap generally per-
forated (figs. 10, 11). These may become very short and tumid, and
in this form often occur many together (fig. 11). Other closed
zooecia are very small, about half the diameter of the normal (fig 12).
In some of these small ones the dome-shaped covering is elongated,
so that the zooecium appears like a small normal individual with a
small aperture and a somewhat tapering snout (fig. 12). In another
form the calcareous covering is flat — flush with the rim (fig. 12).
And in one zooecium of specimen 6 the perforation in the centre
of the flat cap is surrounded by a tiny rim of its own, raising the
perforation above the general level of the cap (fig. 12).

Specimen 6 exhibits tumid areas of the zoarium apparently made
up of several zooecia and containing two or more apertures. These
are probably gonocysts. In one case a similar structure is apparently
made of a single bloated zooecium with a single aperture. This,
if reproductive in function, is a gonoecium.

The zooecia are immersed, though their outlines are clearly marked
by a crack or a dark line on the zoarium. Just below the aperture
they bend upwards at almost a right angle, so that the plane of the
aperture is parallel or nearly parallel to that of the zoarium. The
surfaces of the zooecia are pitted with fine punctures.

It is after much hesitation that this species has been placed
among the Eleidae, rather than in the genus Diastopora among the
Diastoporidae. The Eleidae ■■'- are characterised by the presence of
avicularia ; of closed zooecia ; of a non-terminal aperture ; of an
aperture not circular ; and of tubular zooecia. The last-named
character divides them from the Cheilostomes ; the first-named from
the Cyclostomes. But many Eleidge have no avicularia ; and as far
as Cretaceous forms are concerned no Diastopora has been described
with closed zooecia. A recent British species, Diastopora Sarniensis,
Norman, has been figured by Hincks f with some zooecia closed by
a flat cap perforated by a tubular pore very like that described in
specimen 6. And another generally-distributed recent British species,
Diastopora obelia (Johnston), figured by Hincks on the same plate,
has smaller zooecia, or "tul)ules," scattered among the normal.

* See Gregory, Brit. Mus. Cat. Cret. Bry., 1899, pp. 287-290.
t British Marine Polyzoa (1880), pi. 66, fig. 8, p. 463.

The Cretaceous Fnvna of Pondoland. 285

(These two forms being unilaminar incrustations rather fall under
the genus Berenicea than Diastopora). In Elea meridiana the
apertures are almost but not quite terminal. But even this is not
a quite conclusive distinction between Eleids and Cyclostomes ; for
one genus of the latter, Haplocecin '^'- has apertures which are not
quite terminal. Finally, in most Eleidae the apertures are triangular
or sub-triangular; but a few species, e.g., Multclea simplex,
d'Orbigny f and M. orplianus, Novak \ have circular or elliptical
apertures.

It is significant that the Eleid characters of non-terminal flattened
apertures are more conspicuous in the distal part of the zoarium of
specimen 4 while in the proximal parts the zooecia much more resemble
those of Diastopora, being longer and less immersed, besides having
rounder and more terminal apertures. Specimen 6 approximates
more to Diastopora than does specimen 4.

Compared with other Eleids, Elea meridiana falls among those
which have circular or sub-circular apertures as distinguished from
those in which the apertures are triangular or trifoliate. The small
size of the apertures distinguishes it from forms like Reptoceritites
Bowei, Gregory, in which the apertures are about -3 mm. in diameter.
It differs from Multelca orphanus, Novak, by the large size of the
diameter of the aperture compared with that of the zooecium; in
M. orphanus the diameter of the aperture is not half that of the
zooecium. It is very like Multelea simplex, d'Orbigny, but the
apertures of M. simplex are all circular and none of them elliptical as
are so many in Elea meridiana.

Genus MEMBEANIPORA, Blainville.

Membranipora irregularis (d'Orbigny).

1853. Flustrellaria irregularis, d'Orbigny, Pal. Frang. Terr. Cret.,
vol. v., p. 522, pi. 724, fig. 22.

Specimen 2 agrees very closely with d'Orbigny 's figure of
Flustrellaria irregularis ; and specimen 3a, encrusting Elea
meridiana is probably the same species.

This species occurs in the Senonian of the Seine-Inferieure and
Manche.

* Gregory, Brit. Mus. Cat., .Tarassic Bryozoa (189G), p. 157.
t Pal. Franr. Terr. Cret. (18.53), vol. v., Bry., p. 648, pi. 739, figs. 17-19.
\ Bry. Bohm. Kreid. : Dank. Ak. Wiss. Wien (1877), vol. xxxvii., pt. 2, p. 112,
pi. vi., Hgs. 15-21.

286 Annals of the South African Museum.

Membranipora perforata (Reuss).

1846. Eschar ina 'perforata, Reuss, Verstein. d. Bohm. Kreidef ormat. ,
p. 68, pi. XV., fig. 23.

Encrusting specimen 3 in several places is a little Meynhrcmipora
(specimens 3&, 3c, and M) in which the zooecia form single lines.
Often one zooecium is attached to the next by a long stalk, though in
other places the stalks are short and the zooecia crovyded like those
in Reuss' figure. M. perforata is found in the Cenomanian Planer-
kalk of Bohemia.

Genus ESCHARA,Busk.

Eschara Royana, d'Orbigny,

1851. Eschara Boyana, d'Orbigny, Pal. Fran9. Terr. Cr6t., vol. v.,
p. 108, pi. 602, figs. 12, 13, and pi. 673, figs. 2, 3.

A few zooecia (specimen bb) encrusting Elea meridiana differ from
d'Orbigny 's figure of Eschara Boyana in having more space between
the zooecial rims. In d'Orbigny's figure two neighbouring zooecia
have a common rim, and no line marks a crack or furrow between
them. In specimen bh the rims, if adjacent, always have a crack or
furrow and in some cases a small space dividing them. This species
occurs in the Senonian of Charente-Inferieure.

Eschara Delarueana, d'Orbigny.

1851. Eschara Delarueana, d'Orbigny, Pal. Pran9. Terr. Cret.,
vol. v., p. 105, pi. 602, figs. 6-8, and pi. 673, fig. 8.

Specimen 7 is probably a more perfect example of this species than
was d'Orbigny's specimen. The base of the aperture in d'Orbigny's
figure shows a tendency to project in the middle. In many zooecia
of specimen 1 this projection is seen to take the form of a flattened
"dove-tail." Besides the large vicarious avicularia shown in
d'Orbigny's figure there is in specimen 1, sessile on the corner at
the proximal end of one zooecium a very small sharply-curved horn-
shaped avicularium. This specimen also shows ovicells and closed
zooecia with minute perforations. E. Delarueana is found in the
Senonian of Charente-Inferieure.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondolaml. 287

LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

Family NUCULANID^.
Genus NUCULANA, Link.

NuCUIiANA, Sp.

Plate XXXIII., fig. 13.

Three small specimens of Nuculana belonging to the same type as
N. lineata (Sowerby), and N. Forsteri (Miiller) were obtained by
Professor Gottsche from the matrix collected by Griesbach. The
shell is oval, slightly inequilateral, with the posterior end pointed,
and the anterior margin romided. The entire surface, except near
the postero-dorsal margin, is covered with strong, regular, concentric
ribs. The length is 5 mm.

Family AKCID^.

Genus AECA, Linngeus.
Arca, sp.
A single specimen of a right valve belonging to the Hamburg
Museum, is referable to Arca (restricted), but is too imperfect for
specific description.

Genus BAEBATIA, Gray.
Barbatia meridian a, sp. nov.
Plate XXXIII., fig. 14.
Description. — Shell sub-quadrate, rounded, higher posteriorly than
anteriorly, moderately inequilateral, of small convexity. xAnterior
margin rounded, forming an obtuse angle with the hinge-line.
Ventral margin slightly convex, sloping posteriorly. Posterior
margin obhque, sinuous, forming an obtuse angle with the hinge-
line. Postero-ventral extremity rounded. Umbones rather small,
incurved, situated a little in front of the middle of the hinge-area.
No carina. The region behind a line drawn from the umbo to the
postero-ventral extremity is compressed and divided into two parts
by a median radial furrow. Hinge-area narrow, rather longer than
half the greatest length of the valve.

288 Annals of the South African Museum.

Ornamentation consists of numerous narrow, slightly raised ribs
separated by linear grooves. On the postero-dorsal region the ribs
become larger and more prominent. Concentric growth-lines, or
lamellae, occur and become more distinct on the postero-dorsal
region.

Length 21 mm. ; height, 14 mm.

Affinities. — This species, of which I have seen a single left valve
only, appears to be distinct from other Cretaceous forms of Barhatia.
It presents a slight resemblance to the Aachen species figured by
Holzapfel ''•'■ as Area, cf. Gallienei, d'Orbigny, but is less convex, and
has the posterior margin more oblique, and the ornamentation on
the posterior area more strongly developed.

Barbatia, sp.

A single imperfect left valve resembles the last species, but is
much larger and has a much more distinct ridge passing from the
umbo to the postero-ventral extremity.

Length about 100 mm. ; height 50 mm.

Genus TKIGONOARCA, Conrad.

Tkigonoarca capensis (Griesbach).

Plate XXXIV., figs. 1, 2.

1871. Area eapensis, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S. xxvii., p. 66, pi. iii.,

fig. 10.

Dcseription. — Shell stout, quadrate or sub-trapezoidal, moderately
convex ; length a little greater than height, but sometimes nearly
equal. Anterior margin slightly or moderately convex, forming an
angle with the dorsal margin and curving regularly at the antero-
ventral margin. Ventral margin slightly curved or almost straight,
placed a little obliquely. Posterior margin slightly convex, oblique,
forming an acute angle with the ventral margin and an obtuse angle
with the hinge-margin. Umbones of moderate size, incurved, nearly
median, but behind the middle of the hinge-area. Carina rounded;
the part of the valve behind it flattened but slightly convex and
sloping very rapidly to the posterior margin. Hinge-area long,
depressed, with its antero-dorsal margin raised, and with four liga-
ment grooves.

Ornamentation inconspicuous, consisting of numerous slightly
raised radial ribs which are somewhat wavy and separated by narrow,

' MoUusk. Aachen. Kreide (1889), p. 204, pi. xxii., fig. 7.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 289

shallow grooves. Numerous growth-lines cross the ribs and grooves.
On the posterior area the ornamentation is less distinct, and on its
dorsal part the ribs are narrower and the interspaces wider. Internal
margins of valves smooth.

Length 60-5 . 57 . 44 . 43 mm.

Height 58 . 51 . 41 . 39 „

Affinities. — This species, as mentioned by Griesbach, is allied to
Trigonoarca trichinopolitensis (Forbes).^'' It differs, however, in
having the umbones distinctly behind the middle of the hinge-area,
in the posterior part of the shell being relatively shorter, and in the
less rounded character of the anterior margin (especially its dorsal
part.) The ornamentation appears to be less developed than in
T. tridiinopolitensis , but that may possibly be due to difference of
preservation.

Trigonoarca umzambaniensis (Baily) I may be identical with
T. capensis, but unfortunately the type is missing, and Baily's figure
is not sufficient to permit a definite opinion.

Beviarks. — Twelve specimens, including the type which is in the
Hamburg Museum, have been seen.

Genus NEMODON, Conrad. |

Nemodon natalensis (Baily).

Plate XXXIV., figs. 3-7.

1855. Area natalensis, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 461, pi. xiii., fig. 2.
1904. Latiarca (?) natalensis, Etheridge, Second Eep. Geol. Surv.
Natal and Zululand, p. 77, pi. i., figs. 10-12.
Description. — Shell stout, sub-quadrate, inflated, inequilateral.
Anterior margin curving and passing gradually into the slightly
curved ventral margin, and forming with the hinge-line an angle
which is rather larger than a right angle. Posterior margin oblique,
nearly straight or slightly convex or sinuous, and forming with the

* Trans. Geo!. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 150, pi. xv., fig. 16. Stoliczka,
Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. iii. (1871), p. 353, pi. xviil., ligs. 12, 14, pi. xix.,
figs. 2, 3, pi. XX., pi. 2, 8, 9, 10.

t Q.J.G.S., xi. (1855), p. 460, pi. xiii., fig. 1. Etheridge, Second Rep. Geol.
Survey Natal and Zululand (1904), p. 76, pi. i, figs. 1-5.

I Amer. Journ. Conch, vol. v. (1869), p. 97 ; Kerr's Eep. Geol. Survey, N. Caro-
lina, vol. i. (1875), Appendix A, p. 3. Meek, Invert. Cret. and Tert. U. Missouri
(1876), p. 81.

290 Annals of the South African Museum.

ventral margin an acute but well-rounded angle, and with the hinge-
line an obtuse angle. Umbones large, incurved, pointed, with a
well-rounded carina extending to the postero-ventral extremity and
cutting off a steeply-sloping and flattened area which has a radial
furrow near its posterior third and a radial rib near its anterior third.
Hinge-line less than the greatest length of the valve. Hinge-area
broad, usually with from four to six ligament grooves.

Ornamentation of the left valve consists of strong radial ribs
separated by flattened interspaces of greater breadth than the ribs.
Both ribs and interspaces are crossed by fine, fairly regular growth-
lines, and at distant intervals by a few growth-furrows. Near the
anterior end the ribs become rather smaller, and posteriorly they
may become rather closer together. In the interspaces there are
sometimes a few fine radial ribs. At a short distance in front of
the carina the ornamentation changes suddenly — the strong ribs
being replaced by much finer ribs separated by linear furrows. This
kind of ornamentation is continued on to the posterior area, but
becomes rather finer and may be indistinct on its posterior portion.

On the right valve the radial ribs are broader than those on the
left, and are separated by narrow furrows ; the ribs may be absent
or indistinct near the anterior extremity, and continue with little or
no change to the carina. In well-preserved specimens the ribs bear
numerous transverse ridges. On the posterior area the ornamenta-
tion is much finer than on the rest of the valve.

The lateral teeth are long and parallel or nearly parallel with the
hinge-margin, and bear rather irregular transverse ridges. There
are a few small, transverse median teeth. Margins of valves coarsely
crenulate.

Length of hinge 27 . 25 . 24 . 14 mm.
Height of valve 28 . 27 . 26 . 13 „

Affinities. — This species resembles Area japetica Forbes,''' from
the Ariyalur, the Valudayur, and Trigonoarca Beds, but in the latter
the ventral margin has a greater curvature, the posterior extremity
is more rounded, the ribs on the left valve are more widely separated,
and the shell is relatively longer.

The examples from Saghalien referred to Maerodon jaj^eticum (?)
by Schmidt f and those of Ciieidlcea saehalinensis of the same

* Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 148, pi. xvi., fig. 2. Stoliczka,
Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. iii. (1871), p. 350, pi. xviii., figs. 6-11.

t Petrefakt. Kreideformat. Insel. Sachalin. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb.,
ser. 7, vol. xix., No. 3 (1873), p. 25, pi. v., fig. 5, pi. viii., fig. 8.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 291

author," may perhaps be related to N. natalensis, but the specimens
figured are not sufficiently perfect for comparison.

This species is referred by Etheridge to the genus Latiarca, but it
differs from that in the absence of a raised margin to the posterior
adductor impression, and in being more nearly equilateral ; also the
anterior teeth are relatively shorter and the posterior teeth longer.
It differs from Grammatodon in having the anterior teeth nearly
parallel to the hinge margin and the posterior teeth relatively
shorter; in these characters it agrees with Nemodon.

Bemarhs. — Twenty-one left valves, five right valves, and one
specimen with the valves united have been seen. The type is in
the British Museum.

Genus PECTUNCULUS, Lamarck.

Pectunculus africanus, Griesbach.

Plate XXXIV., figs. 8-12.

1871. Pectunculus africanus, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S. xxvii., p. 66,

pi. iii., fig. 8.

Description. — Shell rather small, more or less sub-quadrate but
rounded ; somewhat higher than long, the greatest length being
below the middle of the valve ; only slightly inequilateral, moderately
convex, with the postero-dorsal part compressed. Anterior margin
rounded. Dorsal part of posterior margin more or less truncate and
sometimes forming an obtuse angle with the part below which curves
and passes gradually into the ventral margin. Umbones small,
inconspicuous, only slightly curved. Hinge-line long, curving con-
siderably. In young specimens the outline of the shell is more
orbicular, the length and height are equal or nearly equal, and the
greatest length is at the middle of the valve.

Ornamentation consists of numerous narrow, only slightly raised
radial ribs, separated by linear grooves. On the posterior half of
the valve the ornamentation is rather more distinct than on the
anterior half owing to some of the ribs being rather more prominent.
Between the prominent ribs one or two smaller ribs occur. Internal
margins of valves coarsely crenulate.

Length 22 . 20 . 18-5 . 14 . 12 mm.
Height 23 . 21 . 20 . 14 . 13 ,,

Affinities. — This species presents some resemblance to P. subauri-

* Petrefakt. Kreideformat Insel. Sachalin. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb.,
ser. 7, vol. xix., No. 3 (1873), p. 24, pi. v., fig. 6, pi. viii., figs. 6, 7.

23

292 Annals of the South African Museum.

culatus, Forbes," from the Ariyalur Group, but is relatively shorter,
less rounded in outline, with the hinge-line more strongly curved
and the lateral teeth more oblique. The ornamentation also appears
to be somewhat different.

Bemarks.—¥oYty specimens of this species have been seen. The
type is in the Hambui'g Museum.

Family TEIGONIID^.

Genus TEIGONIA, Bruguiere.

Trigonia Shepstonei, Griesbach.

Plate XXXV., figs. 1, 2.

1871. Tri(jo7iia Sliepstonei, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 66,
pi. iii., fig. 11.

Description. — Shell subtrigonal, very inequilateral, produced
posteriorly ; length greater than height. Valves inflated anteriorly,
gradually compressed posteriorly. Anterior margin rounded, form-
ing a regular curve which passes gradually into the ventral margin.
The posterior part of the ventral margin slopes upwards to join
the short, oblique posterior margin. Postero-dorsal margin long,
concave. Umbones of moderate size, incurved, situated at a
distance from the anterior end equal to about a quarter of the
entire length of the shell. Area moderately large, flattened, some-
what truncated posteriorly, with a longitudinal furrow near the
middle. There is a narrow carina near the umbo, but it becomes
indistinct posteriorly. Escutcheon large, excavated.

Ornamentation consists of from 17 to 19 strong, slightly curved
costae, which are separated by rounded interspaces of much greater
breadth than themselves. The costae bear short, stout, erect spines.
Fine ridges cross both costae and interspaces. Near the umbo the
costae are concentric, but in the middle of the valve they run in
a dorso-ventral direction. They cut the anterior margin obHquely,
and are nearly perpendicular to the middle part of the ventral
margin ; towards the posterior extremity they slope posteriorly. On
the anterior part of the area there are transverse costellae ; in passing
posteriorly the costellae become more oblique and less distinct. The

* Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 150, pi. xvii., tig. 13. Stoliczka,
Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. iii. (1871), p. .349, pi. xvii., figs. 31, 32.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 293

posterior part of the area is nearly smooth except for growth-Hnes.
The whole of the escutcheon bears transverse costellae.

Length 53 . 43 . 35 mm.

Height 43 . 32 . 29 „

Affinities. — T. Shepstonci shows some resemblance to the Indian
forms of T. scahra, Lamarck, figured by Stoliczka,'" but is readily
distinguished by its area, by the finer costellae on the escutcheon,
and by the fewer and more spiny tubercles on the costae.

The area and escutcheon in T. Shepstonei resemble those of
T. crenulata, Lamarck, f but in the former the costae are less
numerous and bear fewer tubercles, and the anterior costae cut
the front margin more obliquely.

i?e7?iar /cs.—Griesbach's Fig. 11a does not give a correct im-
pression of the characters of this species. The costae are much
more prominent, and the concentric arrangement of the tubercles
is much less distinct than they appear in that figure. The posterior
part of the valve is also incorrectly drawn ; the area is really much
larger and the posterior costae smaller and more obhque.

The originals of Griesbach's Figs. 11, lib, and lie are in the
Hamburg Museum. The original of Fig. lla appears to be missing,
but a note with the Hamburg specimens states that " probably the
figure is constructed from several specimens." In the original of
Fig. 11 the valves are gaping, so that the shell is not quite so convex
as appears at first sight from the figure.

Fifteen specimens have been examined.

Trigonia elegans, Baily.
Plate XXXV., figs. 3, 4.
1855. Trigonia elegans, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 461, pi. xiii., fig. 3.
Description. — Shell ovately trigonal, somewhat produced pos-
teriorly, moderately convex with flattened sides. Greatest con-
vexity is along a line drawn from the umbo ventrally. Anterior
marginal part of the valve curves rapidly and becomes vertical to
the plane between the valves, or is sometimes even bent inwards.
This curvature decreases in passing along the ventral margin in a
posterior direction. The whole of the margin of the valve anterior
to the umbo forms a regular and considerable curve and passes
gradually into the ventral margin, the curvature of which decreases

* Cret. Fauna S. India (1871), p. 314, pi. xv., figs. 24-26, pi. xvi., figs. 35-40.
t For references see Woods, Mon. Cret. Lamell. England, vol. i. (1900), p. 82.

294 Ajinals of the So7ith African Museu77t.

posteriorly. Posterior margin rather short, slightly oblique. Postero-
dorsal margin long, slightly concave. Umbones inconspicuous,
recurved, situated at a distance from the anterior end equal to a
third or more of the total length of the valve. Area rather broad,
flattened, with a gentle dorsal slope, and divided near its middle by
a shallov^ furrow. Near the umbo there is a narrow carina, but
posteriorly it is absent or indistinct. Escutcheon rather small,
sloping gradually in the neighbourhood of the umbo, but more
rapidly behind.

Sides of valves ornamented with from 17 to 20 narrow, tuberculate
costae separated by broad, shallow interspaces. Near the umbo the
costae form a large curve and are very oblique to the margin of the
area, but in passing posteriorly the curvature decreases and they
become less oblique to the area. Near the umbo the costae are
continued on to the area, but the larger part of the area is almost
smooth except for fine growth-ridges. On the escutcheon there are
narrow costellae with broad interspaces. In young specimens
numerous fine, concentric, linear ridges run obliquely across the
costae and interspaces.

Length 32 . 27 . 20 mm.

Height 28 . 23 . 17 „

Affinities. — T. elegans does not appear to be closely allied to any
other species. It shows a slight resemblance to T. Meyeri, Lycett,"^-
but differs from it in several respects.

Bemark. — The type is in the Museum of the Geological Society of
London.

Family MYTILID^.

Genus MYTILUS, Linnaeus.
Plate XXXV., fig. 5.
A single imperfect specimen of a left valve of Mytilus or some
closely allied form is in the Griesbach collection belonging to the
Hamburg Museum.

Genus MODIOLA, Lamarck.

MODIOLA KAFPEARIA, Sp. nOV.

Plate XXXV., fig. 6.
Description. — Shell ovate-oblong, very convex, with rounded
extremities. Ventral margin nearly straight ; the opposite margin
* Brit. Foss. Trigoniae (1875), p. 125, pi. xxiii., fig. 6, pi. xli., figs. 15, 16.

TJie Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 296

moderately convex, so that the height of the valve is rather greater
at or near the posterior end of the hinge-line than elsewhere. Valves
divided into two parts by a rounded ridge extending from the umbo
to the postero-ventral extremity. The ventral part is flattened or
slightly concave and slopes rapidly to the ventral margin. The
dorsal part is rathei; larger than the ventral .part ; it is convex and
slopes gradually to the postero-cjorsal margiji. Umbones obtuse,
incurved. Surface of valves smooth except for growth-lines.

Length 25 mm. ; height 10 mm.

Affinities. — This species does not seem to be closely related to any
known form. M. araucana (d'Orbigny),"'- from the Quiriquina Beds,
although similar in some respects is easily distinguished by the
curvature of the ventral margin.

il/. Dieneri, Bohm,f is more curved, especially on the dorsal side,
and the anterior extremity is more rounded.

Family PECTINID^.

Genus PECTEN, Miiller.
Sub-genus CHLAMYS, Bolten.
Pecten (Chlamys) amapondensis, Griesbach.
Plate XXXV., figs. 7-9.
1871. Pecten amapondensis, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 66,
pi. iii., fig. 7.
Description. — Shell small, ovate, pointed dorsally, slightly inequi-
lateral, a little higher than long, antero- and postero-dorsal margins
nearly straight, the remaining margin forming a regular curve.
Apical angle about 95°. Eight valve moderately convex with from
11 to 15 radial ribs. On the dorsal part of the valve these ribs are
strong and separated by deep furrows; ventrally they become
broader and less prominent, and are separated by shallow inter-
spaces. Towards the anterior and posterior margins also the ribs
are less distinct than on the middle of the valve. In the furrows on
the dorsal part of the valve fine, rather irregular, radial striae occur.
Numerous fairly regular concentric lamellae are present ; but appear
to be absent near the umbo, and are closer together on the ventral
than on the more dorsal parts of the valve. Anterior ear rather

» Wilckens, Neues Jahrb. fur Min., &c., Beil. Band xviii. (1904), p. 227,
pi. xix., fig. 4.

f Zeitschr. d- deutsch. geol. Gesellsch,, vol. Iii. (1900), p, 218, pi. vii., fig. 12.

296 Annals of the South African Musexim.

large, with a small sinus ; ornamented with a few radial ribs crossed
by concentric ridges. Posterior ear rather smaller, triangular, with
its outer angle obtuse, and with a few radial ribs crossed by growth-
ridges. On the left valve the ribs are much narrower than the
furrows.

Length 20 . 19 . 14-5 . 13 mm.

Height 22 . 21 . 16 . 14 „

Affinities. — P. {Chlam7js) amapondensis does not appear to be
closely related to any known species. The ornamentation shows
some resemblance to that of P. carlottensis , Whiteaves,''' from the
Queen Charlotte Islands, but the ribs are less numerous, and the
shell is more ovate in outline.

Remarks. — The type is in the Hamburg Museum. Twelve right
valves and two imperfect left valves have been seen.

Pecten (Chlamys) capensis, sp. nov.
Plate XXXV., fig. 10.

Description. — Left valve ovate, slightly inequilateral, rather higher
than long, moderately convex. Antero- and postero-dorsal margins
of moderate length ; the remaining margins forming a regular curve.
Apical angle about 95°.

Ornamentation consists of 24 moderately broad, flattened ribs,
which are straight or slightly undulating and ornamented with
transverse projections at intervals. On some parts of the valve the
ribs are of two sizes, alternately larger and smaller — the former
starting from the umbo, the latter at some distance from it. Near
the anterior and posterior margins the ribs become rather smaller.
The interspaces are broad and flattened, and appear to have been,
when perfectly preserved, marked with radial striae, which curved
outwards on the anterior and posterior parts.

Ears rather large, attached to almost the whole of the antero- and
postero-dorsal margins. Posterior ear rather smaller than the
anterior, with its outer angle obtuse.

Length 20 mm. ; height 24 mm.

Affinities. — In the general character of its ornamentation this
species presents some resemblance to some forms of P. Bohinal-
dinus, d'Orbigny, but the height of the shell is relatively less.
P. (Chlamys) capensis also resembles P. granulatus, d'Orbigny, f

* Mesozoic Fossils (Geol. Survey of Canada), vol. i., part 3 (1884), p. 251,
pi. xxxiii., fig. 7.
t Voyage au Pol Sud, &c. (1847), pi. v., figs. 29, 30,

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondolaml. 297

but in the lattei- the height and length are equal, the apical
angle is larger, the ribs are larger and more distinctly of different
sizes.

Remark. — This species is at present known by a single left valve.

Section ^QUIPECTEN, Fischer.
Pecten (^quipecten) Kossmati, sp. nov.
Plate XXXV., fig. 11.

Description. — Left valve ovate, almost equilateral, slightly higher
than long, of very small convexity. Antero- and postero-dorsal
margins rather long, nearly equal, almost straight ; the remaining
margins form a regular curve. Apical angle about 95°.

Ornamentation consists of 16 strong, narrow, straight radial ribs
which are sharply limited and have rounded summits with scaly or
lappet-like projections. Near the anterior and posterior margins the
ribs are rather closer together. The interspaces are flat, and much
broader than the ribs, and are ornamented with fine but somewhat
irregular striae ; on the median part of the valve these striae are
parallel with the ribs, but on the anterior and posterior parts they
curve outwards and cut the ribs obliquely.

Anterior ear large, with its outer angle rectangular, ornamented
with two or three strong radial ribs and with growth-lines. Posterior
ear smaller than the anterior, with its outer angle obtuse, ornamented
with a few radial ribs having scaly projections.

Left valve not seen.

Length 18'5 mm. ; height 20 mm.

Affinities. — This species resembles P. acute-plicatus, Alth,='' from
the Senonian of Lemberg (Galicia), but differs in having broader and
flatter interspaces with radial striae, and in having a smaller apical
angle and larger ears.

Sub-genus CAMPTONECTES, Meek.

Pecten (Camptonectes) sp.

Plate XXXV., figs. 12, 13.

Description.- — Eight valve ovate, slightly inequilateral, with the

dorsal third pointed, and the margin of the remaining part forming

* Geogn.-palseont. Beschreib. v. Lemberg (Haidinger's Naturwiss. Abhandl.,
vol. iii., pt. 2, 1850), p. 248, pi. xii., fig. 34. Kner, Kreidverstein. v. Ost-
Galizien (Denkschr. d. k. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-nat. CL, vol. ill., 1852).
p. 316, pi. xvii., fig. 1. E. Favre, Moll, Foss, Craie de Lemberg (1869), p. 148,
pi. xiii., figs. 3, 4.

298 Annals of the South African Museum.

a regular curve. Antero-dorsal margin rather longer than the
postero-dorsal.

Ornamentation consists of numerous fine radial furrows. Near
the median part of the valve the furrows are nearly straight and
often discontinuous ; they are separated by broad, flat interspaces
on which fine concentric lines may occur. On the anterior and
posterior parts of the valve the furrows become more curved,
deeper, and more continuous, and the interspaces become narrower,
more raised, and rib-like. The furrows do not show punctae.

Anterior ear large, with its anterior margin nearly at right angles
to the hinge-line, ornamented with fine ridges parallel with the
anterior margin; byssal sinus of moderate size. Posterior ear smaller
than the anterior, with its outer angle obtuse, ornamented with fine
radial ribs and growth-ridges.

Left valve with ornamentation similar to, but rather coarser than,
that on the right valve. Anterior ear large with its outer angle
nearly rectangular. Posterior ear smaller than the anterior, with
its outer angle obtuse.

Length 17 mm. ; height 19 mm.

Affi.iiities. — -This belongs to the same type as P. virgatus, Nilsson,=*=
but appears to differ from the Swedish form in its finer ornamenta-
tion. In that respect it differs also from the forms from the
Ariyalur and Trichinopoli Groups figured by Stoliczkat as P.
curvatus, Geinitz. The Pondoland form appears to approach
most nearly the example from Texas figured by RomerJ as
P. virgatus.

Sub-genus NEITHEA, Drouet.

Pecten (Neithea) quinquecostatus, Sowerby.§

Plate XXXV., fig. 14.

Several examples of this widely distributed species have been

found, and seem to agree in every respect with European specimens.

They are perfectly preserved and show clearly the fine, regular

concentric ridges. || In some cases the small transverse denticles

are present in the hinge of the right valve.

* Petrific. Suecana (1827), p. 22, pi. ix., fig. 15. Hennig, Revision Lamell. i.
Nilsson's Petrific. Suecana (1897), p. 41, pi. ii., figs. 28, 33; pi. iii., figs. 32, 33.

t Cret. Fauna S. India (1871), p. 433, pi. xxxi., figs. 15, 16; pi. xli.,
figs. 4-G.

+ Kreidebild. v. Texas (1852), p. 66, pi. viii., fig. 5.

§ For synonymy see Woods, Mon. Cret. Lamell. England, vol. i. (1903), p. 202,

II Woods, ibid., pi. xl., tigs. 1, 2c, 4b.

The Cretaceons Fauna of Pondoland. 299

Family OSTEEID^.
Plate XXXV., fig. 15-17.
A few examples of small forms of Ostrca and Exogyra''- are
present in the Survey collection, but they are insufficient for specific
determination.

Family PERNID^.

Genus INOCEEAMUS, Sowerby.
Inocebamus expansus, Baily.
1855. Inoceramus expansus, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 462, pi. xiii.,

fig. 5.
1871. Inoceramus expansus, Stohczka, Cret. Fauna S. India,
p. 401 (No. 180).
Non 1863. Inoceramus expansus, Schafhiiutl, Sud-Bayerns Lethaea
Geognostica, p. 153, pi. xxxiv., figs. 1, 2, 6.
Description. — Shell very lai'ge, very inequilateral, longer than
high ; moderately convex near the umbones, flattened elsewhere,
with a steep slope near the anterior margin. Umbones moderately
prominent, curving anteriorly.

Surface with numerous narrow concentric ribs, separated by
shallow rounded interspaces. The ribs curve rather rapidly in
passing on to the postero-dorsal part of the shell, and cut the
posterior part of the dorsal margin obliquely.

Bemarks. — This species attains a very large size. An imperfect
specimen belonging to the Survey was at least 180 mm. in height.
Captain Garden estimated that some of the specimens which he saw
in situ must have been nearly 3 feet in height.

The type of I. expansus consists of the dorsal portion of a left
valve detached from the matrix. It is preserved in the Museum of
the Geological Society of London.

I. expansus appears to be allied to I. Cripsi, Mantell.f but more
numerous and more perfect specimens are needed before a satis-
factory comparison can be made. Forms either identical with or
allied to I. Cripsi have been described from many European

* For a discussion of the systematic value of the "genera" Ostrea, Exogyra,
Gryphea, Alectryonia, &c., see Peron, Explor. Scient. Tunisie, Descript. Brach.etc.
Terr. Cret. de la Tunisie (1893), pp. 107-9.

t Foss. S. Downs (1822), p. 133, pi. xxvii., fig. 11.

300 Annals of the South African Museum.

localities/'' as well as from Northern Africa,! Southern India,!
Australia,! America, j| &c. Some of the examples from Gosau
figured by Zittel closely resemble I. expansus.

Family ASTAKTID^.

Genus ASTAETE, Sowerby.

AsTARTE Griesbachi, sp. nov.

Plate XXXV., figs. 18, 19.

1871. Astarte, sp., Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 67, pi. iii., fig. 9.

Descri2)tion. — Shell small, moderately convex, subquadrate, slightly
longer than high, moderately inequilateral. Antero-dorsal margin
concave. Anterior and ventral margins rounded. Postero-dorsal
margin slightly convex, forming an obtuse angle with the slightly
curved posterior margin. Umbones pointed. Lunule smooth, rather
large, sharply limited. Escutcheon smooth, deep, long.

Ornamentation consists of from 7 to 10 prominent, stout, con-
centric ribs which curve rather sharply on the postero-dorsal part of
the valve. The ribs are separated by rounded furrows broader than
themselves. A few fine ribs are present on the main ribs and in the
furrows. Margin of valve crenulated.

Length 7-75 . 5 mm.

Height 7 . 4-5 „

Affinities. — This species belongs to the same type as Astarte
similis, Goldfuss.^ It resembles Gouldia trigonoides, Stoliczka.*'-'
but is* less elongate and not so narrow posteriorly ; also the ribs
appear to be closer together.

A. subnumismalis, Thomas and Peron,ff from the Santonian of

* Zittel, Bivalven d. Gosaugeb., pt. 2 (1866), p. 19, pi. xiv., figs. 1-5 ; pi. xv.,
figs. 1-5. Geinitz, Das. Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen, pt. 2 (1872), p. 49, pi. xiii.,
figs. 11-15. Schliiter, Zur Gattung Inoceramus (Palseontographica, vol. xxiv.
1877), p. 277.

t Peron, Brach. etc. Terr. Cret. de la Tunisie (1893), p. 242.

I Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India (1871), p. 405, pi. xxvii., figs. 1-3 ;
pi. xxviii., fig. 2.

§ Etheridge, Cret. Invert. Fauna N.S. Wales (1902), p. 70.

II Komer, Kreidebild. v. Texas (1852), p. 56, pi. vii., fig. 2.

11 Holzapfel, Mollusk. Aachen. Kreide (Palseontographica, xxxv., 1889), p. 194,
pi. xix., figs. 11-15.

** Cret. Fauna S. India (1871), p. 290, pi. x., figs. 4 8.

tt Explor. Scient. Tunisie, Descript. Brach. etc. des Terr. Cr6t. (1893), p. 268,
pi. xxviii., figs, 7, 8.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 301

Tunis, appears to be more nearly equilateral, and more rounded
posteriorly than .-1. Griesbachi.

Remarks. — The specimen figured by Griesbach as Astarte, sp., is a
portion of a left valve, and is now in the Hamburg Museum. Eight
examples of this species have been examined.

Sub-genus EEIPHYLA, Gabb.

Astarte (Eriphyla) lenticularis (Goldfuss).

Plate XXXV., figs. 20.

1840. Lucina lenticularis, Goldfuss, Petref. Germ. vol. ii., p. 228,
pi. cxlvi., fig. 16.

1840. Lucina Beichii, Geinitz, Char. d. Schicht. u. Petref. des

sachs. Kreidegeb., pt. 2, p. 49, pi. xvi., fig. 7.

1841. Lucina Beichii, Eomer, Die Verstein. d. nord-deutsch. Kreide-

geb., p. 73, pi. ix., fig. 15.
1841. Lucina ? lens, Eomer, Ibid., p. 73, pi. ix., fig. 14.
1843. Lucina lenticularis, Geinitz. Die Verstein. von Kieslingswalda,

p. 13, pi. ii., fig. 4.
1846. Lucina lenticularis, Eeuss, Die Verstein. der bohm. Kreide-

format., pt. 2, p. 4, pi. xxxiii., figs. 20-24; pi. xxxvii.,

fig. 17, pi. xh., fig. 10.
1850. Lucina lenticularis, d'Orbigny, Prodr. de Pal., ii., p. 241.
1850. Lucina lenticularis, Geinitz, Das Quadersandst. oder Kreide-
geb. in Deutschland, p. 158.
1860. Artemis lenticularis. Bosquet in Staring's Natuur. Hist, van

Nederland. De Bodem van Nederland, ii., p. 380.
1863. Lucina lenticularis, Drescher, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol.

Gesellsch., vol. xv.,p. 348.
1870. Eriphijla lenticularis, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. iii.,

p. 181, pi. vi., figs. 7-13.
1872. Eriphyla lenticularis, Geinitz, Das Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen

(Palaeontographica, vol. xx.,pt. 2), p. 62, pi. xvii., figs. 1, 2;

pi. xviii., figs. 1, 2.

1876. Eriphyla lenticularis, Brauns, Zeitschr. f. d. gesammt. Natur-

v^iss. vol. xlvi., p. 367.

1877. Eriphyla lenticularis, Fritsch, Stud, im Gebiete der bohm.

Kreideformat. ii., Weissenberg. u. Malnitz. Schicht. p. 116,
fig. 78.
1883. Eriphyla lenticularis, Fritsch, Ibid., iii., Iserschicht.
p. 101.

302

Annals of the South African Museiim.

1884. Eriphyla lenticularis, Holzapfel, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol.

Gesellsch., vol. xxxvi., p. 458, pi. vi., figs. 1, 2.

1885. Dozyia lenticularis, J. Bohm, Verhandl. d. nat. Verein. d.

preussisch. Eheinl., vol. xlii., p. 126.

1888. Astartc {Eriphyla) lenticularis, G. Miiller, Jahrb. d. k. preus-

sisch. geol. Landesanst. fiir 1887, p. 424.

1889. Eriphyla lenticularis, Fritscb, Stud, im Gebiete der bohm.

Kreideformat. iv. Teplitzer Schicht. p. 78.
1889. Eriphyla lenticularis, Holzapfel, Die Mollusk. Aachen. Kreide

(Palseontographica, vol. xxxv.), p. 195, pi. xiv., figs. 5-7.
1891. Lucina lenticularis, Langenhahn and Grundy, Das Kieslings-

walder Gestein und seine Versteinerungen, p. 11, pi. iii.,

fig. 21.

1893. Erijjhyla lenticularis, Fritsch, Stud, im Gebiete der bohm.

Kreideformat. v. Priesener Schicht., p. 91.

1894. Eriphyla lenticularis, Lundgren, Mollusk-faunan i Mamillatus

och Mucronata zonerna (K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Hand!.,
N. F. xxvi., No. 6), p. 48.

1897. Eriphyla leiiticularis , Fritsch, Stud, im Gebiete der bohm.

Kriedeformat. vi., Chlomek. Schicht., p. 55.

1898. Eriphyla lenticularis, G. Miiller, Mollusk. d. Untersenon v.

Braunschweig u. Ilsede, p. 56, pi. viii., fig. 3.

1900. Eriphyla lenticularis, Gagel and Kaunhowan, Jahrb. d. k.

preussisch. geol. Landesanst. fiir 1899, p. 232.

1901. Eriphyla lenticularis, Sturm, Jahrb. d. k. preussisch. geol.

Landesanst. fiir 1900, vol. xxi., p. 76, pi. vi., fig. 6.
1904. Eriphyla lenticularis, Etheridge, Second Eeport Geol. Survey
Natal and Zululand, p. 79, pi. i., figs. 20, 21.

Bemarks. — There are three examples of Astarte {Eriphyla) lenticu-
laris — two belonging to the Survey Collection and one to the Ham-
burg Museum. The latter shows the hinge clearly. This species
has been recognised by Etheridge from Umkwelane Hill (Zululand),
and by Stohczka from the Trichinopoli Group of Southern India.
It occurs in the Senonian and Turonian of various parts of Europe,
as may be seen from the references given above. The type came
from the Aachen Greensand,

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondolancl. 303

Family CEASSATELLITID^.

Genus Crassatellites, Kriiger.

Crassatellites africanus, sp. nov.

Plate XXXV., fig. 21. Plate XXXVL, figs. 1-3.

Description. — Shell triangular, high, regularly convex, but with
a narrow, flattened area extending from the umbo to the posterior
margin ; height sometimes only a little less than the length. Antero-
dorsal margin slightly convex. Anterior margin well rounded and
passing into the curved ventral margin. Postero-dorsal margin
very long, with a steep ventral slope, slightly curving or sinuous.
Posterior margin very short, obhque. Posterior angle rounded.
Umbones pointed, only slightly curved. Lunule large, with a sharp
edge. Escutcheon large, with its edge sharply defined dorsally, but
becoming indistinct ventrally.

Ornamentation consists of strong concentric ribs separated by
broad furrows. Smaller ribs occur between the stronger ribs. The
latter become less distinct towards the ventral margin of the valve,
and usually die out at or near the margin of the small posterior area,
but on the dorsal part of the valve they are sometimes continued to
the margin of the escutcheon, bending at an angle in passing on
to the posterior area. Margin of valves crenulate.

Length 34 . 33 . 33 . 31 . 29 . 28 mm.
Height 31 . 29-5 . 27-5 . 29 . 25 . 25-5. „

Affinities. — This species is distinguished by the very small posterior
area, and the very short posterior margin which gives a triangular
outline to the valve. It is somewhat similar to G. compactns, Gabb,"''
but is relatively higher, and is clearly distinguished by the strong
concentric ribs. Two species of Crassatellites occur in the Ariyalar
Group, f but they are quite distinct from C. africanus.

* Geol. Surv. Califorma, Palajont. ii. (1869), p. 190, pi. xxx., fig. 85.

t Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India (1871), pp. 29.5, 296, pi. v., figs. 12-19.

304 Annals of the Sonth African Miiseum.

Family VENEKID^.

Genus MEEETEIX, Lamarck.

Mebetkix umzambiensis, sp. nov.

Plate XXXVI., figs. 4-6.

Description. — Shell stout, convex, more or less triangular, with
rounded margins, very inequilateral. Lunular margin deeply con-
cave. Postero-dorsal margin long, curving, forming an obtuse angle
with the posterior margin, which is curved and passes gradually
into the ventral margin. The latter, together with the anterior
margin, make a strong and regular curve. Anterior extremity
rounded. Umbones pointed, with a strong anterior curvature.
Lunule large, cordate. Escutcheon large, depressed, with a sharp
edge.

Surface smooth, except for growth-lines, some of which, at fairly
regular intervals, are more distinct than the others. Sometimes
small ribs are present, especially near the margin of the lunule.
The lunular tooth in the left valve is long and stout.

Length 61 . 58 . 51 . 48 mm.
Height 54 . 52 . 48 . 43 „

Affinities. — This species is similar to M. plana (Sowerby)" from
the Blackdown Greensand, but is distinguished (1) by its large, deep,
and sharply limited escutcheon, (2) by the greater anterior curvature
of the umbones, (3) by its more concave lunular margin, (4) by the
greater relative height of the valves, (5) by its stouter shell, and
(6) by the longer lunular tooth.

Specimens of Meretrix [Cytherea] from Southern India have been
referred to M. plana by Stoliczka t and his figures appear to agree
closely with some examples from Blackdown, but I have had no
opportunity of examining any Indian specimens. Holzapfel also
identifies specimens from the Aachen Greensand with M. plana.

In the character of the escutcheon M. umzambiensis resembles
M. Benauxiana (d'Orbigny).|

M. umzambiensis is similar to M. polymorpha (Zittel), j from

* Min. Conch, vol. i. (1813), pi. xx. (lower figures), p. 58.
t Cret. Foss. S. India (1870), p. 169, pi. vii., figs. 1-4.

J Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii. (1850), p. 194 ; Pal. Fran^. Terr. Cret. vol. iii. (1845),
p. 447, pi. ccclxxxvi. figs. 1-3.

S Bivalv. Gosaugeb., pt. i. (1865), p. 126, pi. iii. fig. 6.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 305

Gosau, but has a longer lunular margin, a longer lunular tooth in
the left valve, and the posterior margin is less truncated.

Mebetrix euglypha, sp. nov.
Plate XXXVI., figs. 7-10.

Description.— ^YieW oval, of moderate or small convexity. Margin
near the lunule concave. Anterior margin well rounded, and forming
a continuous curve with the ventral margin. Posterior margin
rounded, but often slightly truncate. Postero-dorsal margin with
a gentle curvature. Umbones of moderate size, curving slightly.
Lunule small, elongate, bounded by a groove.

Ornamentation consists of numerous strong, sharp, regularly con-
centric ribs, separated by deep and narrow grooves. The ribs are
usually continued on to the lunule.

Interior of valves not seen.

Length 21 . 25 . 23 . 22 . 21 . 19 mm.
Height 25 . 20 . 19 . 18 . 17 . 15 „

Affinities. — M. Hornesi (Zittel) * from the Gosau Beds, is similar
to this species in outline and ornamentation, but the umbones have
a greater curvature anteriorly, the valves are less flattened, and the
lunule is smooth.

M. fahulina (Stoliczka) f differs from M. eughjplia in the more
anterior position of its umbones ; in having fewer ribs, which cut the
postero-dorsal margin less obUquely, and in the broader lunule and
distinct escutcheon. M. discoidalis, Stoliczka,]: is less elongate.

M. arata, Gabb, § has larger and more prominent umbones and
its ornamentation consists of " impressed lines."

M. Horni, Gabb, || is similar to M. euglypha, but the posterior end
is narrower, so that the outline of the valve is more ti'igonal.

M. (?) kaffraria (Etheridge) * may, perhaps, be closely allied
to M. euglypha, but the figures do not give a clear idea of the
characters of the species.

This appears to be the species which was referred by Griesbach to
Venus arcotensis, Forbes.

* Bivalv. d. Gos.augeb., i. (1865), p. 126, pi. iii., fig. 5.
t Ci-et. Fauna S. India, vol. iii. (1870), p. 174, pi. xvi., figs. 31-33.
+ Ibid., p. 17o, pi. vii., figs. 30, 31.

§ Geol. Surv. California, Palseont., vol. i. (1864), p. 166, pi. xxx., fig. 2.50.
II Ihid., p. 164, pi. xxiii., fig. 144.

H Second Report Geol. Survey Natal and Zululand (1904), p. 81, pi. ii.,
figs. 20-22.

306 Annals of the South, African Museum.

Family CARDIID^.

Genus CAEDIUM, Linnaeus.
Cardium denticulatum, Baily.
Plate XXXVI., fig. 11. Plate XXXVII., figs. 1-2.
1855. Cardium denticulatum, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 460,

pi. xiii., fig. 4.
1870. Cardium denticulatum, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India,
p. 214 {Acanthocardium).
Non 1871. Cardium denticulatum, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S. xxvii., p. 67,
pi. iii., fig. 12.
Description. — Shell stout, inflated, oval, higher than long, only
slightly inequilateral. Anterior and ventral margins rounded ;
posterior margin with a smaller curvature than the anterior. Pos-
terior part of the valve sloping more abruptly than the anterior part.
Umbones median, prominent, curving strongly inward and slightly
forward.

Ornamentation consists of fi'om 28 to 34 strong, sharp, much
elevated ribs with spinose or knotted summits, and separated by
deep furrows much broader than the ribs. On the posterior slope
of the valves the ribs are less spiny and closer together ; near the
anterior margin they are smaller. Fine growth-lines cross the
furrows and ribs. Margins of valves toothed ; the tooth-like pro-
jections being especially strong on the posterior margin.
Length 26 . 24-5 . 16 mm.

Height 30-5 .28 .21 „

Affinities. — C. denticulatum is allied to C. incomptum, Forbes,"
from the Trichinopoli Group, but the latter has fewer and broader
ribs with stronger spines on their summits.

C. acuticostatum, d'Orbigny,f from the Quinquina Beds, shows
some resemblance to C. denticulatum, but its height and length are
equal, or almost equal, so that the outline of the valve is more
nearly circular than in C. denticulatum ; the ribs are less distinctly

* Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 145, pi. xv., fig. 15. Stoliczka,
Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. iii. (1870), p. 216, pi. xi., figs. 3-7.

t Voy. Amerique Mer., vol. iii. (1842), p. 120, pi. xii., figs. 19-22. D'Orbigny,
Voy. Pol. Sud. (Atlas, 1847), pi. v., figs. 17-20. Moricke, Neues Jahrb. fiir
Min. etc., Beil. Band x. (1895), p. 103. Wilckens, Ibid., Beil. Band xviii. (1904,,
p. 231, pi. xix., figs. 7-10.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 307

spinose, and the lateral teeth are further removed from the
cardinals.

Remarks. — Five specimens have been seen. The type is in the
Museum of the Geological Society of London.

Caedium Griesbachi, sp. nov.
Plate XXXVII., figs. 3-5.
1871. Cardium denticulatum, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 67,
pi. iii., fig. 12 [non Baily).

Description. — Shell stout, inflated, oval, higher than long, only
slightly inequilateral. Anterior margin with a larger curvature than
the posterior margin. Ventral margin rounded. Posterior part of
the valve sloping rather more rapidly than the anterior part.
Umbones median, moderately prominent, curving inwards.

Ornamentation consists of from 37 to 39 strong radial ribs.
Except on the posterior slope, the ribs are broad and rounded, but
sometimes slightly ridged, and they bear numerous, regular, trans-
verse ridges ; the ribs are separated by very narrow furrows. On
the posterior slope of the valve the ribs are narrower and have
angular summits, and the furrows are broader and sometimes have
a fine rib in the middle ; also the ridges on the ribs are less
distinct and more curved. Margin of valves with tooth-like
projections which are especially strong on the posterior margin.
Length 17 . 15 . 14 . 13 . 13 mm.
Height 21-5 . 19 . 16-5 . 16 . 15-5 „

Affinities. — -This species is similar in form to G. denticulatum, but
has rather less prominent umbones, and is easily distinguished by
the much broader and more rounded ribs, the narrower furrows, and
by the transverse ridges on the ribs.

Remarks. — About 40 examples of this species have been examined,
all of which were of rather small size.

The specimen of this species which was figured by Griesbach as
G. denticulatum, is in the Hamburg Museum.

Genus PROTOCAEDIA, Beyrich.

Protoc.\rdia HiiiLANA (Sowerby) var.

Plate XXXVII. , fig. 6.

In form, and in the general character of their ornamentation, the

Pondoland specimens resemble P. Hillana (Sowerby)," of which the

* Min. Conch., vol. i. (1813), p. -11, pi. xiv.

24

308 Annals of the South African Museum.

type came from the Blackdown Greensand. In the former, how-
ever, the concentric ribs and furrows are broader and less numerous
than in the examples from Blackdown. The Pondoland specimens
agree closely with those from the Trichinopoh Group, which were
referred by Forbes and by Stoliczka" to P. Hillana.

The specimens from the Libyan desert, figured as P. Hillana by
Quaas,t have the ribbing coarser than in the examples from Black-
down. P. hiseriata (Conrad),]: from the Chalk of Syria, possesses
still coarser concentric ornamentation.

The Pondoland form does not appear to differ from P. Hillana var.
umkxoelanensis, Etheridge,§ but I have had no opportunity of com-
paring specimens. The largest example from Pondoland which I
have seen is in the Hamburg Museum, and agrees in size and form
with Etheridge's figure, but possesses more numerous ribs.

P. Hillana is abundant in the Blackdown Greensand, and varies
to some extent in its ornamentation, but I have seen no specimen
with the ribs so coarse as in the examples from the deposits men-
tioned above, and usually they are considerably finer.

Family SOLENID^.
Genus SOLECUETUS, BlainviUe.

SOLECUETUS? (AZOR?), Sp.

Plate XXXVII., fig. 7.
There are two specimens which resemble Solen Guerangeri,
d'Orbigny,|| but are less elongated. In this respect, however, they
agree with the example of that species from the Senonian of Chlomek
(Bohemia) figured by Fritsch.' Unfortunately the Pondoland speci-
mens are very imperfectly preserved, so that an exact determination
is at present impossible. Both specimens are left valves ; one shows
the exterior, but is much decorticated, so that the nature of the orna-
mentation cannot be seen ; the other example shows the interior,
but the characters of the hinge, the muscular impressions, and the

* Cret. Fauna S. India (1870), p. 219, pi. xii., figs. 8-10, pi. xiii., figs. 1-3.

t Obei-st. Kreidebild. i. d. libyschen Wiiste (Palteontographica, vol. xxx., 2, 1902),
p. 218, pi. xxiv., figs. 18, 19.

+ n. B.' Newton, Geol. Mag. (1898), p. 400, pi. xv., fig. 11.

§ Second Report Geol. Survey Natal and Zululand (1904), p. 79, pi. i., fig. 16.

II Pal. Franv Terr. Cret., vol. ill. (1845), p. .321, pi. cceli., figs. 1-2. Gueranger,
Album Paleont. de la Sarthe (18(57), p. 12, pi. xv., fig. 4.

% Stud, im Geb. d. bohm. Kreidef., vi. Chlomek. Schicht. (1897), p. 58, fig. 68.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 309

pallial line cannot be determined. Stoliczka" remarks of Solen
Gncraiujcri that it " belongs apparently to Pharella, or possibly to
Azor." In form the Pondoland specimens seem to approach more
nearly to Azor than to Pharella.

Family TEEEDINID^.

Genus TEEEDO, Linnaeus.
Teeedo, sp.
Plate XXXVIL, fig. 8.
1855. Tcrcilina, sp., Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 462.

Groups of somewhat irregularly curving tubes, some of which
have a diameter of 18 mm., are found in pieces of wood. There is
also an internal cast of the valves, showing a narrow furrow extend-
ing somewhat obliquely from the umbo to the ventral margin.
Behind the umbo there is another furrow, larger and deeper, passing
to the postero-ventral part of the valve.

This species was referred to the genus Teredina by Baily, but
since the tube does not appear to have been united to the valves,
and there is no evidence of the existence of accessory dorsal plates,
I think that it is more likely to be a Teredo. Better specimens,
however, are needed before its affinities can be satisfactorily
determined.

Associated with the specimens mentioned above are a few internal
casts of the valves of a small form, 4 or 5 mm. in height, which are
probably the young of the same species.

Family POROMYACID^.

Genus LIOPISTHA, Meek.

Section Psilomya, Meek.

LiopisTHA (Psilomya) coreugata, sp. nov.

Plate XXXVII., figs. 10-12.

Description. — Shell small, oval, moderately inequilateral, inflated,

with the postero-dorsal part compressed. Anterior and posterior

margins rounded. Ventral margin gently curved. Umbones very

prominent, curving inward and slightly forward.

Ornamentation consists of strong, rounded concentric ribs, which
disappear on the postero-dorsal part of the valve.
* Cret. Fauna S. India (1870), p. 99.

310 Annals of the South African Museum.

Length 9 mm. ; height 6-75 mm.

Bemarks. — This is distinguished from the other species of Liopistha
by the coarser ornamentation. There are three specimens in the
Museum of the Geological Society of London, all being internal casts.

Family PHOLADOMYID^.
Genus GONIOMYA, Agassiz.

GONIOMYA, Sp.

Plate XXXVII., fig. 9.
One specimen of a small Goniomya has been found. It is an
internal cast of a right valve, and is too imperfect for specific
description, but appears to be distinct from any of the few forms
known from the Upper Cretaceous deposits. The posterior ribs
slope towards the postero-ventral extremity, and apparently on the
median part of the valves ribs were either absent or poorly developed.

SCAPHOPODA.

Family DENTALIID^.

Some fragments of Dcntalium, or an allied form, are in the Gries-
bach Collection, but are too imperfect for identification.

GASTEROPODA.

Family TKOCHID^.

Genus MAEGARITA, Leach.-

Margarita radiatula (Forbes).

Plate XXXVIL, fig. 13.

1846. Trochiis radiatidus, Forbes, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii.,

p. 120, pi. xiii., fig. 11.
1868. Solariella radiatula, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii.,
p. 375, pi. xxiv., figs. 17-19 ; pi. xxviii., figs. 8, 9.
The examples of Margarita do not appear to difi"er from M. radia-
tula (Forbes) as figured and described by Stoliczka, except in the

* Dall and Pilsbury use Marijitritd in preference to Eani'irgavita, Fischer, 1885.
S3e Tryon and Pilsbury, Man. Conch., vol. xi. (1889), p. 285.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 311

absence of the fine spiral striae, which may be due, as in the case of
some of the Indian specimens, to imperfect preservation.

Stoliczka, from a comparison of specimens, identified M. glaher
(Muller)" from the Aachen Greensand, with M. radiatula, and this
identification is accepted by Holzapfel,f but not by Bohm.|

Family NEEITID^.

Genus NERITA, Linnasus.

Neeita umzambiensis, sp. nov.

Plate XXXVII., figs. 14, 15.

DescrijHiou. — Shell thick, semi-ovate. Height less than the
greatest breadth of the last whorl. Spire very small, flat. Last
whorl very large, inflated, somewhat flattened posteriorly, rounded
anteriorly. Aperture nearly semicircular ; anterior margin rounded,
posterior more or less straightened, reaching to the level of the
spire. Inner lip smooth, moderately convex, with its margin
straight and rather coarsely denticulate. Outer lip thick, with its
inner margin crenulate. Surface of shell smooth, except for a few
indistinct growth-lines, and, in some cases, faint spiral ribs.

Length 16 mm. ; breadth 21 mm.

Bemarks. — This species, of which there are three specimens in the
Survey Collection, appears to be distinct from any of the Cretaceous
forms already described. §

Neeita kafpeaeia, sp. nov.

Plate XXXVIL, fig. 16.

Description. — Shell semi-globose. Spire indistinct, flat. Last

whorl very large, inflated, broader than long, posterior part flattened,

the median part convex and rounded, the anterior part somewhat

produced. Aperture large, rounded. Outer lip thin. Inner lip

* Peti-ef. Aachen. Kreidef., pt. 2 (1851), p. 43, pi. v., fig. 6.

t MoUusk. Aachen. Kreicle (Palseontographica, vol. xxxiv., 1888), p. 171, pi. xvii.,
figs. 7-9. Kaunhowen, Gastrop. Maestricht. Kreicle (I'alffiont. Abhandl., viii.,
1897), p. 27, pi. v., fig. 4.

+ Verhandl. d. naturhist. Vereines d. preuss. Eheinl., vol. xlii. (1885), p. 38.

§ References to Cretaceous species of Nerita are given by Petho, Die Kreide- —
(Hypersenon — ) Fauna d. Peterwardeiner Gebirges (Palseontogiaphica, vol. Hi.,
1900), pp. 109-130.

312 Annals of the South African Museum.

smooth, nearly flat, depressed below the level of the outer lip ; with
its inner margin rather coarsely denticulate.

Length 16 mm. ; breadth 23 mm.

Bemarks. — This species is known by a single specimen, in which
the colour-bands are still fairly well preserved. It differs from N.
umzamhiensis in the posterior part of the last whorl being more
flattened, whilst the anterior part is produced and less rounded ;
also the inner lip is nearly flat and the outer lip is thin at the margin.

Family PYEAMIDELLID^.
Genus PSEUDOMELANIA, Pictet and Campiche.

PSEUDOMELANIA SUTHERLANDI (Baily).

Plate XXXVII., figs. 17, 18.
1855. Ghemnitzia Sutherlandii, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 459, pi. xii.,

fig. 5.
1871. Chemnitzia iindosa, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 65 (non

Forbes).
1871. Cerithmvi (Fibula ?) detcctum, Griesbach, ibid., p. 64 (oion

Stoliczka).

Description. — Shell turreted, consisting of eleven rather high
whorls. Spire very long, acute. Sutures rather deep. Whorls
near the apex are slightly convex. In the remaining whorls the
greatest convexity is at the junction of the anterior third with the
posterior two-thirds, the posterior part being flattened and the an-
terior part curving gradually to the suture. Base of last whorl
rounded. Aperture ovate, angular posterioi-ly ; inner lip thick.

Whorls near the apex ornamented with rather strong, rounded,
concave, transverse ribs, with very fine ribs between them ; also with
small spiral ribs. The remaining whorls are ornamented with
growth-ridges or lines which are indented so as to form a rounded
angle at about the middle of the whorl.

Length 95 mm. ; breadth 39 mm.

Affinities. — Griesbach regarded this species as identical with P.
undosa (Forbes),-'' from the Trichinopoli Group. But it is distin-
guished from the latter by its smaller apical angle, relatively higher
whorls, and much less distinct transverse ornamentation.

Griesbach also regarded Turritella Mcadi, Baily, as a young indi-

* Stoliczka., Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (1868), p. '286, pi. xvii., figs. 19-21,

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 313

vidual of P. Sutherlandi. The specimens of the former are poorly
preserved, but they differ clearly from P. Sutherlandi in having a
more acute and more elongate spire, and in the possession of dis-
tinct spiral ribs. Stoliczka ■•' examined Baily's types, and he states
that " The ornamentation of this species is very like that of Turri-
tella multistriata " (see p. 318).

The specimen identified by Griesbach as Ceritliium {Fibula ?)
detectum, Stoliczka, is in the Hamburg Museum, and appears to be
only a water-worn example of P. Sutherlandi.

The imperfect specimen figured by Etheridge f as Cliemnitzia
Sutherlandi ? seems to be distinct from that species.

Bemarks. — Fourteen specimens have been examined. The type is
in the Museum of the Geological Society of London. Baily's figure
is somewhat restored, and the flattening of the posterior parts of the
whorls is not clearly indicated.

Section OONIA, Gemmellaro.

PSEUDOMELANIA (OoNIA), Sp.

Plate XXXVIII., fig. 1.

1855. Turritella Benauxiana, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 458 {nan

d'Orbigny).
1870. Euchrysalis gigantea, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 65.

An imperfect specimen, which was erroneously referred to Turri-
tella Benauxiana, d'Orbigny, by Baily, is in the Museum of the
Geological Society of London ; the aperture is missing and the sur-
face of the shell is worn. This specimen was seen by Stoliczka, and
was identified by him with Euchrysalis gigantea from the Trichi-
nopoli and Ariyalur Groups. | In the Pondoland example the spire
is less elongated than in E. gigantea. More material is needed
before Stoliczka' s identification can be confirmed. Pseudomelania
Stoliczkai (Geinitz), § from the Cenomanian of Plauen, near Dresden,
also resembles the form from Pondoland. Specimens of Pseudo-
melania from the Chlomek Beds have been referred to P. gigantea
by Sturm.

* Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (1868), p. 226.

t Second Rep. Geol. Survey Natal and Zululand (1904), p. 88, pi. iii., fig. 2.

+ Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (1868), p. 289, pi. xxi., figs. :-5-5.

§ Das Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen (Paleeontographica, xx., pt. 1, 1874), p. 242, pi. liii.,
figs. 2, 3. Deninger, Die Gastrop. d. sachs. Kreidef. (Beitr. z. Paliiont. u. Geol.
Osterr.-Ungarns, &c., xviii., 1905), p. 12

314 Annals of the South African Museum.

Family SCALAKIID^.

Genus SCALA, Humphreys.

ScALA OBNATA (Baily).
Plate XXXVIII., figs. 2, 3.
1855. Scalaria ornata, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 459, pi. xii., fig. 2.
1871. Scalaria turbinata, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 64 {non
Forbes).

Description. — Shell elongate turbinate, imperforate, consisting of
ten or eleven convex, rounded whorls, with a rounded keel at the
periphery of the base. The posterior face of the keel is seen on the
whorls of the spire, but may be concealed by the overlap of the last
whorl. Spiral angle 27°.

Whorls ornamented with sixteen stout, rounded, transverse ril^s,
which are nearly straight and slightly oblique to the axis of the shell.
The ribs are separated by broad, rounded interspaces, and both are
crossed by fine, rounded spiral ribs separated by linear grooves. At
intervals some of the spiral ribs are shghtly larger than the others ;
near the middle of the whorl three or four smaller ribs may be seen
between the larger ribs. The spiral ribs are crossed by very fine,
sharp, linear, parallel, transverse ridges.

Affinities. — Griesbach thought that this species could be identified
with S. turbinata, Forbes," from the Ariyaliir Group, but it clearly
differs from that form by its smaller spiral angle, more elongate
spire, less convex whorls with the keel quite at the periphery ; also
the spiral ribs are placed more closely together. As was pointed out
by Stoliczka, *S'. ornata is allied to S. slmtanurcnsis, Stoliczka,! from
the Trichinopoli Group, but in the former the spiral ribs are much
finer and more uniform in size than in the latter.

The European forms to which S. ornata shows resemblance are
S. decorata (Komer) | and S. Diqyiniana, d'Orbigny.i- Gardner ||

* Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 124, pi. xii., fig. 18. S. suhturbi-
nata, d'Orbigny, Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii., p. 217. Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India,
vol. ii. (1868), p. 232, pi. xviii., figs. 2, 3.

t Ibid., p. 233, pi. xviii., figs. 6-8.

+ Verstein. nord-deutsch. Kreidegeb. (1841), p. 82, pi. xii., fig. 11. Geinitz, Das
Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen (Palfeontographica, vol. xx., 1874), pt. 2, p. 162, pi. xxix.,
fig. 4. Holzapfel, Mollusk. Aachener Kreide (Palseontographica, vol. xxxiv., 1888),
p. 165, pi. xix., fig. 1.

§ Pal. Fran(,'.. Terr. Cret., vol. ii. (1842), p. 54, pi. cliv., figs. 10-13. Gardner,
Geol. Mag. (1876), p. 100, pi. iv., figs. 5, 6.

Il Ibid., p. 107.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Poncloland. 315

thought that the last was indistinguishable from S. ornata, but a
comparison of specimens shows that S. Dujnniana possesses more
inflated whorls, fewer transverse ribs, and coarser spiral ornamenta-
tion than S. ornata.

Remark. — The type is in the Museum of the Geological Society.
The only other specimen seen is in the Survey Collection.

Family SOLAEIID^.

Genus SOLAEIUM, Lamarck.

Solarium Bailyi, Gabb.

Plate XXXVIII., figs. 4, 5.

1855. Solarium pulcliellum, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 457, pi. xii.,

fig. 3.
1871. Solarium Wieheli, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 65,

pi. iii., fig. 6.
1861. Solarium {Architectonica) Bailyi, Gabb, Proc. Amer. Phil.
Soc, vol. viii., p. 95.
Non 1850. Solarium 2)ulcheUum, d'Orbigny, Prodr. de Pal., ii., p. 104.
Description. — Shell small, depressed, conical, sometimes nearly
discoidal, consisting of five or six whorls with their upper surfaces
flattened. Last whorl larger than the one preceding. External
margin of shell rounded in fully-grown specimens, but thinner and
somewhat sharper in small examples. Base rounded. Umbilicus
small, with a diameter equal to a quarter or sometimes nearly a
third of that of the base.

Upper surface of shell ornamented with numerous, narrow trans-
verse ribs extending across the whorls somewhat obliquely. These
ribs are strongest near the posterior suture, at a short distance from
which they become smaller and new ribs are intercalated, or, some-
times, the old ones bifurcate. These more numerous and smaller
ribs are continued on to the base of the shell, and become stronger
for some distance around the umbilicus, to the margin of which they
give a toothed appearance. The upper surface of the whorls is also
ornamented with spiral grooves separated by broad flat interspaces ;
the grooves are closer together near the margin of the whorls and
also on the base of the shell, but are absent where the transverse
ribs become stronger around the umbilicus.

Length 7 . 6 . 5-5 . 3 mm.

Breadth 12 .10 . 10-5 . 7-5 „

316 A7inals of the South African Museum.

Affinities. — The height of the spire varies in different examples of
this species, and the margin of the shell is more rounded in old than
in young specimens. The greatest difference in appearance is due
to the state of preservation of the ornamentation. In some cases
the outer layer has been removed from a part or almost the whole of
the shell, leaving a nearly smooth surface. An example of this kind
was described and figured by Griesbach as a distinct species —
S. Wieheli — but, although stated by that author to be "perfectly
smooth," an examination of the type specimen shows that the
characteristic ornamentation is preserved near the apex and also on
the base of the shell. Griesbach also mentions as a point of dis-
tinction that "each whorl is double the width of the preceding one."
A comparison of Griesbach 's type with specimens of S. Bailyi shows
that this distinction does not hold good.

Solammi, sp. ind., from Umkwelane Hill, is stated by Etheridge "
to "possess the general facies of Solarium pulchellum, Baily."

Bemarks. — Pour species of Solarium are described by Stoliczka
from Southern India, but they are all clearly distinct from S. Bailyi.
The name pulchelhis had been previously used by d'Orbigny for
another species, consequently Gabb substituted the name Bailyi for
the Pondoland form. The type of S. pulchellus, Baily, is in the
Museum of the Geological Society. The type of >S'. Wieheli, Gries-
bach, is in the Hamburg Museum. In Griesbach's figure the width
of the last whorl is relatively too great. The characteristics of the
ornamentation on the upper surface of the shell are well shown
in Baily's figure. Sixteen specimens of this species have been
examined.

Family NATICID^.

Genus NATICA, ScopoH.

Sub-genus LUNATIA, Gray.

Natica (Lunatia) multistriata, Baily.

Plate XXXVIII., figs. 6-8.

1855. Natica multistriata, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 460, pi. xii., fig. 8.

Description. — Shell thick, of moderate size, higher than broad.
Spire somewhat elevated, formed of four moderately convex whorls.
Last whorl of moderate size, rounded. Sutures deep. A narrow
part of the whorls in front of the sutures is flattened or depressed.

* Second Hep. Geol. Survey Natal and Zululand (1904), p. 88, pi. ii., figs. 35-37,

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 317

Aperture semi-lunar, oblique. Inner lip nearly straight, oblique
to the axis of the shell, somewhat thickened. Umbilicus small.
Surface of whorls smooth except for numerous growth-lines, and,
in some cases, faint spiral ribs.

Length 15 mm. ; breadth 13 mm.

Bemarks. — This species belongs to the same group as Natica lyrata
of d'Orbigny.*

The type is in the Museum of the Geological Society ; the shell is
missing from the spire and part of the last whorl, but is restored in
Baily's figure.

Genus GYEODES, Conrad.

Gyrodes, sp.
Plate XXXVIII., figs. 9, 10.
Description. — Shell globose. Spire short, formed of four whorls.
Last whorl very much larger than the preceding whorl, much
broader than long, inflated, with rounded margin. Posterior part of
whorls flattened or depressed near the suture. Aperture not seen.
Umbilicus large.

Bemarks. — There are several examples of this species, but in all
the aperture is broken. It appears to resemble G. teneUus, Stohczka.f

Family TURRITELLID^.

Genus TUEEITELLA, Lamarck.

Sub-genus ZAEIA, Gray.
TuRRiTELLA (Zaria) Bonei, Baily.
Plate XXXVIII., figs. 11, 12.
1855. Turritella Bonei, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 458, pi. xii., fig. 7.
1871. Tttrritellamultistriata, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 64.
1904. Zaria Bonei (?), Etheridge, Second Eeport Geol. Survey Natal
and Zululand, p. 85, pi. ii., figs. 28-31 ; pi. iii., fig. 9.
Bemarks. — In the larger number of examples there are three
prominent spiral ribs on each whorl and a rather large space
between the suture and the first rib in front of it (fig. 12), but in
several specimens the number of ribs is four or five, and in such
cases one or two of the ribs may be smaller than the others (fig. 11).

* Pal. Franc,'. Terr. Cret., vol. ii. (1843), p. 161, pi. clxxii., fig. .5.
t Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (186s), p. 306. pi. xxii., fig. 14.

318 Annals of the South African Museum.

The Pondoland specimens do not seem to differ at all from the
examples found in the Ariyalur Group and figured by Stoliczka " as
Turritella {Zaria) multistriata, Eeuss. Holzapfel and Petho have
given reasons for using Goldfuss' f name, quadricincta, rather than
Tmdtistriata, Eeuss.

Turritella Bonei is very closely allied to T. quadricincta, I but
whether or not it is identical with the latter can be determined only
by a comparison of specimens, which I have had no opportunity of
doing. The examples of T. Bonei agree more nearly with the figures
of T. quadricincta given by Goldfuss and Petho, than with those
given by Favre, Holzapfel, and Miiller.

The type specimens of T. Meadi, Baily, are chiefly internal casts,
but in one fragment some of the shell is preserved and appears to
possess more numerous ribs than T. Bonei. Baily's figure is a
restoration, the form of the shell being drawn from an internal cast
and the ornamentation from the fragment mentioned above.

The types of T. Bonei and T. Meadi are in the Museum of the
Geological Society of London.

Family APOEEHAID^.

Genus APOREHAIS, da Costa.

Aporkhais, sp.

Plate XXXVIII., fig. 13.

Description. — Shell small, of moderate length. Spire formed of

seven whorls, of which the earlier are convex and rounded, whilst the

last two or three are angular owing to the development of a carina

in front of the middle of the whorls ; behind the carina these whorls

are flattened, in front of it they are more or less concave. The

whorls are ornamented with a few fine spiral ribs, and with a few,

still finer transverse ribs. Last whorl with two smaller carinas in

* Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (1868), p. 224, pi. xvii., figs. 8-14, 16.

t Petref. Germ., vol. iii. (1844), p. 106, pi. cxcvi., figs. 16, 17c.

\ For accounts of this species see Holzapfel, Mollusk. Aachen. Kreide (Palaeonto-
graphica, vol. xxxii., 1888), p. 157, pi. xv., fig. 16. G. Miiller, Mollusk. d. Unter
sen. v. Braunschweig u. Ilsede (1898), p. 99, pi. xiii., fig. 6. Quaas, Kreidebild. i.
d. libyschen Wiiste (Palasontographica, vol. xxx., 2, 1902), p. 246, pi. xxv., figs. 36,
37. Douville, Mission scient. Perse par -J. de Morgan, III., iv., Paleont. (1904),
p. 335, pi. xlvii., figs. 14, 15. Petho, Kreide— (Hypersen.—) Fauna d. Peterward.
Gebirges (Palasontographica, vol. Iii., 1906), p. 141, pi. viii., fig. 9. Compare also
T. Binkhorsti, Kaunhowen, Gastrop. Maestricht. Kreide (Palaeont. Abhandl.,
vol. viii., 1897), p. 47, pi. iv., figs. 2, 3.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 319

front of the principal carina. Posterior digitation of wing attached
to a part of spire, extending over rather more than two of its whorls.
Remarks. — In the only example of this species which has been
found the outer lip is very imperfect.

Geinus DICEOLOMA, Gabb.*
Sub-genus PEEISSOPTERA, Tate.

DiCEOLOMA (PeEISSOPTEEA), Sp,

Plate XXXVIII., fig. 14.

Description. — Shell elongate. Spiral angle 36°. Spire formed of
eight slightly convex, non-carinate whorls, ornamented with strong,
obhque, slightly curved transverse ribs, separated by broad rounded
interspaces ; both ribs and interspaces are crossed by numerous
small spiral ribs, which are rather coarser and more widely separated
just in front of the sutures than elsewhere. The last whorl is
rounded, but has an indistinct ridge posterior to the middle of the
whorl, and beginning at a short distance from the aperture ; the
transverse ribs are indistinct, and the spiral ribs can only be seen
near the suture.

Remarks. — ^There is only one example of this species ; its outer
lip is not preserved.

Family STROMBID^.
Genus PUGNELLUS, Conrad.

PUGNELLUS AUEICULATUS, Sp. nOV.

Plate XXXVIII., fig. 15.

Description. — Shell stout, fusiform, consisting of seven convex
whorls with deep sutures. Spire forming about a quarter of the
entire length of the shell. Spiral angle about 80°. Spire and
posterior part of last whorl conical. The whorls near the apex are
rounded ; the others are sub-angular — the angle being in front of the
middle of the whorls. The posterior part of the sub-angular whorls
is flattened, and bears, just in front of the suture, a spiral ridge
which becomes more prominent on the last than on the earlier
whorls. The anterior part of the last whorl is large and slightly
convex.

The whorls, with the exception of those near the apex, are orna-
mented with very strong, rounded, nearly straight, transverse ribs ;
* Syn. Alaria, Morris and Lycett, 1850 nuit Schrank, 1788.

320 Annals of the South African Museum.

on the penultimate and last whoiis these ribs become more promi-
nent at the angle of the whorl and on the spiral ridge in front of the
suture. On the last whorl the ribs may be continued for a short
distance in front of the angle but are less prominent, and bend
towards the aperture. Between the ribs fine growth-lines occur.

Aperture rather long, becoming somewhat narrower in front.
Anterior canal rather long, with thick walls, nearly straight, but
with the extremity bent inwai-ds to form a small, pointed projection.
Outer lip thick, wing-like, with a stout lobe projecting beyond the
level of the last suture, and with a deep posterior notch separating
the lobe from the rest of the lip. Externally the lobe is channelled,
and in front of it there is a sinuosity. Inner lip forms a large,
thick, rounded mass of callus, which extends across the whorls
nearly to the apex of the spire.

Length 41 mm. ; breadth 23 mm.

Affinities. — Pugncllus auriculatus appears to be readily distin-
guishable from the other known species by the character of its
ornamentation. The genus is widely distributed and is especially
characteristic of the Chalk of the Indo-Pacific region, having been
found in the Libyan Desert, Madagascar, Baluchistan, Southern
India, Borneo, New Zealand, Colorado, California, Texas, Utah,
Wyoming, Quinquina (Chili), and Southern Patagonia. Cossmann '-^^
states that Stromhits crassilabrum, Zittel, from the Gosau Beds,
probably belongs to this genus. In Pondicherri Pugnellus is found
in the Valudayur and Trigonoarca Beds, and in Trichinopoli in the
Trichinopoli and Ariyalur Groups.

Pugnellus, sp.
Plate XXXVIIL, fig. 16.
1871. Pugnellus uncatus, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 62 {non
Forbes).
An imperfect specimen was identified by Griesbach with P.
uncatus (Forbes),! but it differs from that species in several
respects : the shell is more elongate, the spiral angle smaller, the
whorls of the spire more flattened, the posterior part of the last
whorl is concave, transverse ribs occur on the penultimate as well as
on the last whoi'l, and spiral ribs appear to be absent. The trans-
verse ribs become broader and more prominent where they cross the
angle of the last whorl.

* Paleoconch. Comparee, vi. (1904), p. 38.

t Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. 1867), p. 22, pi. iii., tigs. 9-13.

The Cretaceous Funna of Pondokaid . 321

This species differs from P. aunctdatus in having a smaller apical
angle, and in the transverse ribs crossing the whorls obliquely
and bending towards the aperture.

The apertui'e and outer hp are not preserved, and the callus
is not developed, but the general character of the ornamentation
of the shell is similar to that of some other species of Pugncllus.
Griesbach's specimen is in the Hamburg Museum.

Family FUSID^.

Genus CEYPTOEHYTIS, Meek.

Cryptoehytis rigida (Baily).

Plate XXXIX., fig. 2. Plate XL., fig. 1.

1855. Voluta rigida, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 459, pi. xii., fig. 4.

Non 1867. Fasciolaria rigida, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii.,

p. 109, pi. X., figs. 10-16.

Description. — Shell fusiform, scalariform. Spire shorter than the
last whorl, consisting of six convex whorls with deep sutures. Pos-
terior part of whorls with a concave depression or sulcus, having a
tumid margin or ridge near the suture. Spiral angle 54°.

Ornamentation consists of broad, rounded, often prominent, trans-
verse folds, which are indistinct on the posterior sulcus and dis-
appear near the middle of the last whorl. Numerous strong,
narrow, spiral ribs are present, except on the posterior sulcus, and
are sepai'ated by interspaces wider than themselves. Very much
finer spiral ribs cover the entire surface of the shell, and growth-
lines and growth-ridges also occur.

Aperture angular behind. Outer lip crenulate, angular at the
limit of the sulcus. Inner lip thin, concave. Columella without
folds. Anterior canal moderately long, slightly bent.

Length 52 mm. Breadth 24 mm.

Affinities. — The specimens agree with the figure given by Baily
except in having fewer and broader transverse folds. Examples
from the Trichinopoli Group were identified by Stoliczka with this
species, but were placed in the genus Fasciolaria, and have since
been referred by Meek ■'■ and Cossmann f to Cryptorhjtis, and by
Dall \ to Bostellites. Whilst the Trichinopoli specimens resemble

* Invert. Cret. and Tert. Foss. U. Missouri (1876), p. 367.
t Paleoconch. Comparee, livr. iv. (1901), p. 57.

I Tertiary Fauna of Florida (Trans. Wagner Free Instit. Sci., vol. iii., 1890),
p. 72.

32i^ Annals of the South African Miisenni.

in general form the species described by Baily as Voluta fig id a, they
differ in possessing folds on the columella, in the crenulate or
tuberculate character of the margin in front of the suture, and in the
weaker spiral ribs. M. Cossmann informs me that the columellar
folds are sometimes obsolete in CryjJtorhytis. Since this species
agrees in other respects with Gryiitorliytu it may still be placed in
that genus.

Bemarks. — Nine specimens have been examined. The type
appears to have been lost.

Cryptorhytis, sp.
Plate XL., fig. 2.
1871. Tritonidca tricliinopolitensis, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 62
{non Forbes).
A specimen, which is now in the Hamburg Museum, was identi-
fied by Griesbach as Tritonidea trichinopolitensis (Forbes)."'' It
appears to me to be distinct from that form, and to resemble closely
Cryptorhytis rigida, but differs in its less elongate shell, in the more
extensive depression on the posterior part of the whorls, in the fewer
and broader spiral ribs and in the less prominent transverse folds.

Family TURBINELLID^.

Genus PYEOPSIS, Conrad.

Pyropsis africana, sp. nov.

Plate XXXVIIL, fig. 17. Plate XXXIX., fig. 1.

Description. — Shell large, thick, globose, consisting of four or five
whorls. Spire very short, with a deep suture between it and the
last whorl.

Last whorl very large, ventricose, carinate. The part of the
whorl behind the carina is concave, and rises just in front of
the suture to form a prominent, sharp ridge, which terminates in the
posterior canal, where it projects beyond the level of the apex of
the spire. Between the ridge and the spire there is a deep channel.
The part of the whorl in front of the carina is convex and gently
rounded.

The last whorl is ornamented with numerous, rounded, spiral ribs,
which are more or less nodular. On the carina the nodular character
becomes more prominent. The ribs are not of uniform size, and are

* Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 127, pi. xv., fig. 7. Stoliczka, Cret.
Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (18G7), p. 126, pi. xi., tig. 4.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 323

separated by shallow interspaces. Growth-ridges cross the spiral
ribs.

Aperture very large, more or less oval, but angular anteriorly and
posteriorly and at the carina. Posterior canal well developed, but
short. Anterior canal rather short in old specimens, of moderate
length in younger examples, slightly curved outwards. Outer lip
smooth ; thin, except posteriorly. Inner lip large, becoming very
thick and expanded in old individuals.

Affinities.— P. africana resembles the examples of i?ajja can-
cellata (Sowerby) figured by Stoliczka" from the Trichinopoli
Group, but possesses more numerous and closer spiral ribs, a
better developed posterior canal, and, in most cases, a shorter
spire. Examples from the Upper Turonian and Lower Senonian
of Europe have been identified with Raioa canceUata by Geinitz,
Fritsch, Sturm, Deninger, &c.

In its well-developed posterior canal, and in the prominent ridge
behind it, P. africana is similar to the larger example of P. Hom-
hroniana (d'Orbigny) figured by Wilckenst from Quiriquina, but it
differs in the character of its ornamentation.

An imperfect specimen from Umkwelane Hill (Zululand), figured
by Etheridge,:J: may perhaps be related to P. africana.

Bemarks. — There are three examples of Pyropsis africana, which,
with the exception of the anterior canal, are well preserved.
When perfect the canal may have been fairly long, but was
evidently relatively longer in young than in old individuals. The
posterior canal and the prominent ridge behind it appear to develop
chiefly in old individuals, so that the resemblance to Rapa canceUata
is greater in young than in old specimens. The genu.s Piiropsis is
included by Zittel and by Cossmannj in Tiulicnla, to which it is
certainly closely related.

P. Braircli, Meek and Hayden, is found in the Pox Hills Group of
Missouri, and P. coloradoensis, Stanton, occurs in the Pugnellus
Sandstone of the Colorado Formation of Colorado.

* Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (18G7), p. 154, pi. xii., figs. 12-16, pi. xiii.,
figs. 1-4.

t Neues .Jahib. Mr Min., &c. Beil.-Band xviii. (1904), p. 213, pi. xviii., fig. 8.
Also d'Orbigny, Voy. Pole Sud., *c. (1847), pi. iv., fig. 31.

\ Second Rep. Geol. Surv. Natal and Zululand (1904), p. 85, pi. iii.,
figs. 10, 11.

§ Paleoconch. Comparee, iv. (1901), p. 68.

25

324 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus PIRIFUSUS, Conrad.

PiRiFusus Bailyi, sp. nov.

Plate XL., figs. 3, 4.

1871. Pollia pondicherriensis, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 62 [noii

Forbes).

Description. — Shell ovate-conical. Spire moderately short, com-
posed of four or five flattened or slightly convex whorls. Sutures
deep. Last whorl large, rounded, with a sulcus in front of the
suture ; ornamented with strong transverse ribs, and smaller spiral
ribs which give a tuberculate appearance to the transverse ribs.
The transverse ribs extend across the sulcus.

Aperture large, ovate, angular and notched posteriorly. Outer lip
crenulate, curving gradually to the end of the canal. Inner lip
callous, extensive. Columella curved. Anterior canal short, bent,
with a few small ridges on its inner border.

Bemarks. — There are two imperfect specimens of this species in
the Griesbach Collection ; one consists of the last whorl and a part
of the penultimate whorl, the other shows the spire and a part of the
last whorl. These specimens were identified by Griesbach with
Pollia pondicherriensis (Forbes),* but they seem to be quite distinct
from that form. They show some resemblance to Pirifusus fencs-
tratus (Miiller), I and to P. granulatus (Stoliczka). :|:

Genus SEMIFUSUS, Swainson.

Semifusus '? (Mayekia ?), sp.

Plate XL., fig. 5.

A single specimen, in which the aperture and anterior part of the

last whorl are not preserved, presents considerable resemblance to

Lagena secans, Stoliczka, § from the Ariyalur Group, but differs in

that the suture of the last two whorls is in front of the second carina.

L. secans is regarded by Cossmann ij as probably belonging to

* Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 127, pi. xiii., fig. 20. Stoliczka,
Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (1867), p. 127, pi. xi., figs. 10-12. ? Canthanda.-<,
Cossmann, Paleoconch. Coniparee, iv. (1901), p. 173.

t Holzapfel, MoUusk. Aachen. Kreide (Palseontographica, xxxiv., 1888), p. 109,
pi. X., figs. 13, 14. Cossmann, op. cit., iv., p. 84, pi. vi., fig. 22.

+ Oj). cit., p. 125, pi. xi., figs. 6, 7. Compare also P. auhdeimitus, WhitAeld,
Gasterop. and Cephalop. Earitan Clays, &c. (Mon. U.S. Geol. Sm'vey, xviii.,
1892), p. 48, pi. iv., figs 1-3.

§ Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (1867), p. 138, pi. xi., figs. 19, 20.

II Paleoconch. Comparee, livr. 4 (1901), p. 94.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 325

Semifusus {Maycria). Since the aperture is missing in the Pondo-
land specimen the generic position of the species cannot be satisfac-
torily determined. That species also shows some resemblance to
Serrifusus dakotensis, Meek and Hayden, var. Vancouver ensis, Whit-
eaves,"'' of which the generic position is likewise uncertain.! Whether
the two forms are really related or not cannot be determined at
present.

A specimen which was recorded by Griesbach as Lagena nodulosa,
Stoliczka, resembles the example referred to above, but possesses
a shorter spire (Plate XL., fi.g. 6).

Family VOLUTID^.
Genus VOLUTILITHES, Swainson.

VOLUTILITHES, Sp.

Plate XL., fig. 7.
A single imperfect specimen of a large Volutid is provisionally
referred to the genus Volutilithes. The spire is short and conical.
The ornamentation consists of a few strong, transverse ridges, which
are prominent at the angle of the whorl but soon decrease in size
anteriorly. There are also indications of spiral ribs. The aperture
is broad and canaliculate posteriorly ; the outer lip is toothed. On
the columella there are four oblique folds, of which the two posterior
are shghtly stronger than the two anterior. A very small fold is
present between the first and second main folds, and another
between the third and fourth.

Family MITEID.^.
Genus TUERIS, Montfort.j
TuRRis (?) KAFFRARiA (Griesbach).
Plate XL., figs. 8, 9.
1871. Ccrithium kaffrarium, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 64, pi. iii.,
fig. 5.
Description. — Spire elongate, turreted, formed of numerous mode-
rately convex whorls. Spiral angle 32°. Sutures deep, with the

* Mesozoic Fossils, vol. i. (1879), p. 119, pi. xv., fig. .5 (Geol. Survey, Canada).
Meek, Invert. Cret. and Tert. Foss. U. Missouri (1876), p. 375, pi. xxxii., fig. 7.
t Cossmann, op. cit. (1901), p. 8.
\ Syn. Turricula, Klein.

326 Annals of the South African Museum.

anterior margins somewhat tumid. Ornamentation consists of
strong, slightly curved, transverse rihs — about nineteen on a whorl
— separated by broader furrows. The ribs are more or less com-
pletely interrupted by a spiral furrow at a short distance in front of
the suture, but appear again near the suture. The transverse ribs
and furrows are crossed by small spiral ribs placed at regular inter-
vals. Columella with three oblique folds.

Remarks. — The generic position of this species is somewhat
uncertain since the character of the aperture is unknown. Gries-
bach referred it to Cerithium. The specimen which he figured does
not show the columella, but in another example in his collection two
of the whorls are broken across exposing the columella, on which
three folds, resembling those of Turris, are seen. It should be
noted that Griesbach's figure is enlarged about 1^.

Family CANCELLAKIID.E.

Genus CANCELLAEIA, Lamarck.

Cancellaeia mebidioxalis, sp. nov.

Plate XL., figs. 10, 11.

Description. — Shell ovate. Spire short, forming about a quarter
of the entire length of the shell, and consisting of three or four
flattened whorls. Spiral angle 82°. Last whorl large, ventricose,
with a sulcus on its posterior part having a more or less sharp
border in front and a tumid ridge near the suture.

Last whorl ornamented with from thirteen to fifteen strong, broad
transverse ribs which extend across the posterior sulcus, but are less
prominent on that part. About twelve strong, rather narrow spiral
ribs cross the transverse ribs and their interspaces. The transverse
ribs become rather more prominent at the margin of the sulcus,
producing a tuberculate appearance. In the sulcus spiral ribs
are either absent or very small. Numerous fine ridges are present,
running parallel with the transverse ribs. On the penultimate
whorl similar ornamentation occurs, but the whorls near the apex
appear to be nearly smooth.

Aperture large, angular and canaliculate behind. Outer lip thick,
with folds corresponding to the spiral ribs; curving regularly except
at the level of the sulcus where it is slightly angular. Inner lip
with a thin callus extending on to the whorl. Columella with two
oblique folds in front of the middle. Anterior canal bent.

Length 25 mm. ; breadth 17 mm.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondolaiul. 327

Remarks. — This species is represented by three examples in the
Siu^vey Collection. It does not appear to resemble very closely any
forms from Upper Cretaceous deposits which have already been
described in the works of Stoliczka, Holzapfel, Gabb, Stanton,
Kaunhowen, &c.

Cancellaria, sp.
Plate XL., fig. 12.
This species, which is represented by a single imperfect specimen
in the Griesbach Collection, is distinguished from C. meridionalis by
its more elongate shell, the more convex and rounded whorls of the
spire, the absence of a sulcus on the posterior part of the whorls,
and the much smaller transverse ribs.

Family PLEUEOTOMID^.
Genus EOSTELLITES, Conrad.

EOSTELLITES CAPENSIS, Sp. nOV.

Plate XL., fig. 13.
1871. Fasciolaria assiviilis, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 62 (not
Stoliczka).

Description. — Shell slender, fusiform, consisting of about seven
whorls. Spire acute, forming rather less than one-third of the
entire length of the shell. Spiral angle about 48°. Whorls convex,
subangular just in front of the middle. The part of the whorls
behind the angle is flattened.

Most of the whorls of the spire are ornamented with nearly straight
transverse ribs, which are more prominent on the anterior than on
the posterior part of each whorl. On the penultimate whorl these
ribs become less distinct, and on the last whorl the only ornamenta-
tion consists of numerous tine growth-lines, which on the posterior
flattened part slope backwards to the suture.

Aperture long, rather narrow, passing gradually into the anterior
canal. Outer lip thin, sharp. Columella with four oblique folds
near the middle or just posterior to it ; the anterior fold is less pro-
minent than the other three, which are strong and narrow.

Length 63 mm. ; breadth 23 mm.

Affinities. — This species resembles B. gracilis, Stanton, ■' from the
Pugnelhis Sandstone of Colorado, but differs in that the whorls are

* The Colorado Formation (Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 106, 1H93), p. 1.57,
pi. xxxiv., figs. 1-3.

328 Annals of the South African Museiim.

sub-angular owing to the flattening of the posterior part of each, and
also in possessing four folds on the columella. Both species differ
from the other forms of BostelUtes in the slight development of the
ornamentation.

BostelUtes is placed in the family Pleurotomidfe by Holzapfel and
Cossmann, and in the family Volutidae by Fischer and Dall."

Bemarhs. — Some examples of this species were identified by Gries-
bach with Fasciolaria assiviilis, Stoliczka. Eleven specimens have
been seen.

Family ACT^ONIDiE.

Genus ACTJEON, Montfort.

Action, sp.

Plate XL., fig. 14.

Description. — Shell moderately elongate. Spire consisting of
about five moderately convex whorls. Last whorl large, somewhat
cylindrical in form. Ornamentation consists of numerous narrow
spiral grooves, crossed by very fine transverse ridges, and separated
by rather broad, flat, smooth interspaces. The grooves are deeper
and further apart on the spire than on the last whorl. Aperture
long, narrow posteriorly, rounded anteriorly.

Bemarks. — In form this species presents some resemblance to
Actaon curculio (Fovhes),] but is less elongate, and the spiral grooves
are much more numerous.

In the only example which I have seen the surface of the shell is
poorly preserved, and the aperture is imperfect, so that the generic
position is not quite free from doubt.

Genus ACT^ONELLA, d'Orbigny.
Sub-genus TROCHACT^ON, Meek.

ACT.EONELLA (TrOCHACT.EOn), Sp.

Plate XLL, fig. 1.
The only example of Actceonella (Trochactaon) consists of an
internal cast with a small part of the shell preserved at the anterior
end of the aperture. The apex and one side of the spire are

* Ball, Tert. Fauna Florida, pt. i. (Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. iii., 1890),
p. 71. Cossmann, Paleoconeh. Comp., livr. 2 (1896), p. 114.

t Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 135, pi. xii., fig. 25. Stoliczka,
Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (1868), p. 417, pi. xxvii., figs. 12, 13.

The, Cretaceous; Fauna of Pondolanrl. 329

broken. This specimen resembles Actceonella Bej/richi, Drescher,'''
from the Lower Senonian of Lowenberg, but the spire is longer than
is usually the case in A. Beyrichi, and the tubercles, which are found
on the posterior part of the whorls at the margin of the ledge,
appear to be more numerous. Without more specimens a detailed
comparison is not possible, especially since A. BeyricJii shows con-
siderable variation in the height of its spire and in other characters.
ActcBonella cretacea (Miiller),! from the Aachen Greensand, shows
a slight resemblance to the Pondoland species.

Family KINGICULID^.

Genus ERIPTYCHA, Meek.

Eriptycha perampla, sp. nov.

Plate XLI., fig. 2.

1871. Avcllana ampla, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 62 {uon

Stoliczka).

Description. — Shell globose, consisting of four convex, rounded
whorls, which are slightly compressed near the suture. Spire
forming about a quarter of the total height of the shell.

Ornamentation consists of linear spiral grooves separated by
broad, flat, nearly smooth interspaces. The grooves are placed at
nearly regular intervals, and are closer together and broader on the
spire than on the last whorl ; they are marked by fine transverse
ridges.

Aperture large ; narrow and pointed behind, broad and rounded in
front. Outer hp with a narrow external thickening, which is
broadest near the anterior end. Columella with a single anterior
fold. Inner lip with a strong ridge.

Length 12-5 mm. ; breadth 11 mm.

Affinities. — This species was identified by Griesbach with Avcllana
ampla, Stoliczka,!: but it differs from that form in possessing con-
siderably fewer spiral grooves, and in the grooves not being in pairs ;
also the interspaces appear to be without transverse ridges.

* Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., vol. xv. (1863), p. 337, pi. ix., iigs. 8-11.
Sturm, Jahrb. d. k. preussisch. geol. Landesanst. fiir 1900, vol. xxi. (1901), p. 73,
pi. v., fig. 9. Fritsch, Die Chlomeker Schichten (Stud, im Geb. d. bohm. Kreide-
format., vi., 1897), p. 48, fig. 46.

t Holzapfel, MoUusk. Aachen. Kreide (Palaeontographica, vol. xxxiv., 1888),
p. 82, pi. vii., figs. 11, 14-16.

\ Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (1868), p. 420, pi. xxvi., fig. 8 ; pi. xxviii., fig. 20.

330 Annals of tlie South African Museum.

Avellana sculptiUs, Stoliczka," is somewhat similar in form, but
its spire is more pointed, and the ornamentation is coarser.

EripUjcha Humholdti (Muller) f has a relatively higher shell and
more numerous spiral grooves than E. pcrampla.

CEPHALOPODA.:

NAUTILOIDEA.

Genus NAUTILUS, Linnteus.

Nautilus, sp.
Plate XLI., fig. 3. Text fig. 1.

Description. — Shell sub-globose, without umbilicus. Greatest
thickness at from one-third to one-fourth of the height of the last
whorl. Height of last whorl slightly less than its thickness, except
in small specimens. Last whorl indented to about two-fifths of its
height. Periphery convex and rounded. Sides convex but slightly
flattened, sloping inwards to the umbilical region, where there is
a broad, funnel-shaped depression. Siphuncle a little above the
centre. Sutures not seen. Surface of shell nearly smooth, bearing
fine growth-ridges only, which bend gently forwards in passing from
the umbilical region to the sides of the shell, and afterwards curve
more rapidly backwards in passing on to the periphery, where they
form a broad rounded sinus.

The approximate dimensions of the largest specimen are :
height 110 mm. ; thickness 120 mm. ; diameter 165 mm.

Bemarhs. — There are two more or less perfect specimens and two
fragments of this species.

It shows some resemblance to N. Dekayi var. montanacnsis ,
Meek,§ but the whorls are not so thick relatively, and the greatest
thickness is not so near the umbilical region. It is also similar to

* Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (1868), p. 422, pi. xxvii., fis. 1 ; pi. xxviii., fig. 22.

f Holzapfel, MoUusk. Aachen. Kieide (Palseontographica, vol. xxxiv., 1888),
p. 84, pi. vi., tigs. 19-21. Cossmann, Palasoconch. Comp. , livr. 1 (1895), p. 124,
pi. iii., figs. 10, 11.

+ I gladly take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to Mr. G. C. Crick
for assistance in comparing the Pondoland Cephalopods with specimens from
Southern India in the British Museum, and for advice on several difficult
points.

S Invert. Cret. and Tert. Foss. U. Missouri (1876), p. 498, pi. x.Kvii., fig. 2.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondolaml.

331

the species from the Ariyahir Group referred by StoHczka* to
X. suhlavigatm, d'Orb., var., but the thickness is much less and the
sides of the aperture are less convex.

Fig. 1. Xatttilini, sp. x 3. South African Museum.

AMMONOIDEA.

Genus PHYLLOCERAS, Suess.

Phylloceras, sp.

Plate XLI., fig. 4.

There is one small specimen (with a diameter of 13 mm.)

* Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. i. (1866), p. 203, pi. v., figs. 1, 3. Compare also
Notling, Cret. Mari Hills (Palasont. Indica, ser. xvi., vol. i., 1897), p. 69, pi. xix.,
pi. XX., figs. 1, 2.

332 Annals of the South African Museum.

which shows some resemblance to the Indian forms of P. VelUdcB
(Michelin)." The principal difference appears to be that the ribs on
the outer third of the whorl are distinctly coarser than on the inner
two-thirds. The latter at first curve gently backwards, and then
forwards ; the coarser ribs pass directly over the external margin.

P. VelledcR is the type of de Grossouvre's genus Schluteria, and
occurs in the Gault of Europe, the Lower Utatur Group of Southern
India, and in the Chalk of Saghalien and Yesso ; perhaps also in
California and Vancouver.

Phylloceras, sp.
Plate XLI., fig. 5.
There are two specimens of Phylloceras which resemble P.
Forbesianum (d'Orbigny),f but differ in having the sides of the
shell flattened, and the height of the whorl rather greater. In the
larger specimen the measurements are : Diameter 30 mm. ; height
18 mm. ; thickness 14-5 mm.

P. Forhcsianum occurs in the Valudayur Group of Pondicherri.

Genus HAUERICERAS, de Grossouvre.

Hauericeras gardeni (Baily).

1855. Ammonites Gardeni, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 456, pi. xi.,

fig. 3.
1864. Ammonites Gardeni, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. i.,

p. 61, pi. xxxiii., fig. 4.
1879. Ammonites Gardeni, Whiteaves, Cret. Eocks Vancouver (Geol.

Surv. Canada, Mesozoic Foss., vol. i.), p. 102.
1884. Desmoceras Gardeni, Zittel, Handb. d. Palaeont., ii., p. 466.
1890. Desmoceras Gardeni, Yokoyama, Palaeontographica, xxxvi.,

p. 184, pi. XX., fig. 10.

* D'Orbigny, Pal. Fran?. Terr. Cret., vol. i. (1841), p. 280, pi. Ixxxii. Pictet
and Eoux, Moll. Foss. Gres verts de Geneve (1847), p. 30, pl. ii., fig. 1. Pictet and
Campiche, Terr. Cxii. de Ste. Croix, ser. 1 (1860), p. 268, pl. xxxvi., fig. 8.
Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna B. India, vol. i. (1865), p. 116, pl. lix., figs. 1-4. Schmidt,
Kreidef. Insel Sachalin (1873), p. 10, pl. i., figs. 3, 4. Yokoyama, Palaeonto-
graphica, xxxvi. (1890), p. 177, pl. xix. , fig. 1. Kossmat, Beitr. z. Palaont. u.
Geol. Osterr.-Ungarns, etc., ix. (1895), p. 108, pl. xv., fig. 3. Whiteaves, Trans.
Eoy. Soc. Canada, ser. 2, vol. i. (1895), p. 128.

t Forbes, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vi. (1846), p. 108, pl. viii., fig. 6. Compare
also P. Whiti'dvexi, Kossmat, Beitr. Palaont. u. Geol. Osterr.-Ungarns, etc., ix.
(1895), p. 109, pl. XV.. fig. 1, and vol. xi. (1898), p. 124. Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S.
India, vol. i. (1865), p. 117, pl. lix., figs. 5-7.

Tlie Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 333

1895. Dcsiiiocems Gardcni, Wliiteaves, Trans. Eoy. Soc. Canada,

ser. 2, vol. i., p. 131.
1898. Haiiericeras Gardeni, Kossmat, Beitr. z. Pal. u. Geol. Osterr.-

Ungarns u. d. Orients, xi., p. 123, pi. xviii., figs. 7, 8, 10.

1903. Hauericems Gardeni, Whiteaves, Addit. Foss. Vancouver

Cret. (Geol. Surv. Canada, Mesozoic Foss., vol. i.), p. 352.

1904. Hauericeras Gardeni, Yabe, Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, vol. xx.,

p. 32.

This species has a wide geographical range. It is found in the
Ariyalur Group, and perhaps also in the Upper Trichinopoli Group
of Southern India. It also occurs in Yesso and Vancouver, and is
represented by a closely allied species, H pseudo-Gardeni (Schlilter),
in the lowest beds of the Campanian (Upper Senonian) of Europe.
Pervinquiere records Hauericeras aff. Gardeni from Central Tunis.

The type is in the Museum of the Geological Society of London.
The ribs are not so distinct as represented in Baily's figure.

Hauericeras Eembda (Forbes).

1846. Ammonites Benibda, Forbes, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii.,

p. Ill, pi. vii., fig. 3.
1846. Ammonites Durga, Forbes, ibid., p. 104, pi. vii., fig. 11.

1864. Ammonites Rembda, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. i.,

p. 63, pi. xxxiii., fig. 5.

1865. Ammonites Durga, Stoliczka, ibid., p. 143, pi. ixxi., fig. 5 (nan

figs. 6, 7).
1868. Ammonites Bembda, Stoliczka, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. i.,

p. 33.
1871. Ammonites Bembda, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 63, pi. iii.,

figs. 2, 3.

1897. Puzosia Bembda, Kossmat, Rec. Geol. Survey India, vol. xxx.,

p. 100.

1898. Hauericeras Bembda, Kossmat, Beitr. z. Pal. u. Geol. Osterr.-

Ungarns u. d. Orients, xi., p. 124, pi. xviii., fig. 9.

The only specimens seen are the three examples figured by
Griesbach, which are now in the Hamburg Museum. H. Bembda
is found in the Valudayur Group of Pondicherri, and appears to be
closely related to H. Fai/oli, Grossouvre, from the Upper Campanian
of Charente. De Grossouvre records Hauericeras sp. cf. Bembda
from Madagascar.

334- Annals of the South African Jliiseum.

Genus PSEUDOPHYLLITES, Kossmat.
PsEUDOPHYLLiTES Indra (Porbes).

1846. Ammonites Indra, Forbes, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii.,

p. 105, pi. xi., fig. 7.
1846. Ammonites Garicda, Forbes, ibid., p. 102, pi. vii., fig. 1.
1865. Ammonites Indra, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. i.,

p. 112, pi. Iviii., fig. 2.
1865. Ammonites Gariula, Stolickza, ibid., p. 149, pi. Ixxiv., fig. 5.
1868. Ammonites Indra, Stoliczka, Eec. Geol. Survey India, vol. i.,

p. 34.
1879. Animonites Indra, Whiteaves, Mesozoic Fossils (Geol. Survey,

Canada), vol. i., pt. 2, p. 105, pi. xiii., fig. 2.
1895. Lytoceras (Pseudophyllites) Indra, Kossmat, Beitr. z. Palaont.

u. Geol. Osterr.-Ungarns, &c., vol. ix., p. 137, pi. xvi.,

figs. 6-9, pi. xvii., figs. 6, 7, pi. xviii., fig. 3.
1895. Fhijlioceras Indra, var., Whiteaves, Trans. Eoy. Soc. Canada,

ser. 2, vol. i., p. 129.
1903. Pseudopliyllites Indra, Whiteaves, Mesozoic Fossils, op. cit.,

pt. 5, p. 331.
1906. Lytoceras Indra, Boule and Thevenin, Annal. de Paleont.,

vol. i., p. 44, text-fig. 2, and pi. i., fig. 1.

This species is represented in the Survey collection by portions of
two large specimens, one of which had, when perfect, a diameter of
about 20 cm.

Psciidophyllites Indra has a wide geographical range. It occurs
in the Valudayur and Trigonoarca Beds of Pondicherri, and
in the Nanaimo Group of Vancouver. M. de Grossouvre considers
that it is identical with Gaudryceras Colloti, de Grossouvre," from the
Upper Campanian of the south-east of France. It is also allied to
Gaudryceras postremuni (Eedtenbacher)t from Gosau.

The type of this species, and of Ammonites Garuda, which was
shown by Stoliczka to iDe only a young form of Pseudophyllites
Indra, are in the Museum of the Geological Society ot London.
Both come from Pondicherri.

A small specimen of Pseudophyllites (pi. xli., fig. 6), is closely
allied to, and perhaps identical with P. Indra.

* Ammon. Cmie superieur (1893), p. 229. pi. xxxvii., lig. S. Eechei'ch. sur la
Ciaie super. (1901), p. 723.

t Cephalop. d. Gosauschicht. (1873), p. 11-5, pi. xxvi., fig. 3.

Tlie Cretaceous Fauna of rondolaml . 335

Genus TETEAGONITES, Kossmat.

Tetragonites, sp., aff. Gala (Forbes).

Plate XLI., fig. 7.

A small specimen, having a diameter of 29 mm., appears to be
closely related to, or perhaps identical with, Tetragonites Gala
(Forbes), ^'^ which is found in the Valudayur Group of Pondicherri.
The umbilicus in this specimen is not quite so wide as in Tetra-
gonites Gala, but the suture-line agrees very closely with the one
figured by Kossmat. t

In the form of the shell it is also similar to Gaiiclr)/ceras
Sacya (Forbes), J, but the suture-line differs considerably.

Genus GAUDRYCERAS, Grossouvre.

Gaudryceeas Kayei (Forbes).
Plate XLI, fig, 8. Plate XLIL, fig. 1.

1846. A)iinionites Kayei, Forbes, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii.,

p. 101, pi. viii., fig. 3.
1866. A))iinonites Kayei, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. i., p. 156,

pi. Ixxvii., fig. 1.
1871. Ammonites Kayei, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 63.
1895. Lytoceras Kayei, Steinmann, Neues Jahrb. fiir Min., itc.

Bail. -Band x., p. 86, pi. v., fig. 5.
1895. Lytoceras {Gaudryceras) Kayei, Kossmat, Beitr. z. Pal. u. Geol.

Osterr.-Ungarns u. d. Orients, ix., pp. 124, 162, pi. xvi.,

fig. 5, pi. xvii., fig. 2.

A small specimen of this species was obtained and identified by
Griesbach. Three other small, but less perfect, specimens have
been found by the Survey. In India G. Kayei occurs in the
Valudayur Group of Pondicherri. Steinmann identifies a specimen
found at Quiriquina with this species. It has also been recorded by
Pervinquiere from Central Tunis.

* Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 104, pi. viii., fig. 4.

t Beitr. z. Paliiont. u. Geol. Qsterr.-Ungarns, &c.. vol. ix. (1895), p. 13(j.
pi. xvii., tig. VI.

+ Forbes, op. cit.. p. 113, pi. xiv., figs. 9, 10. Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India,
vol. i. (18(>5). p. 154, pi. Ixxv., figs. 5-7, pi. Ixxvi., figs. 2, 3. Kossmat, op. cit.,
p. 119.

336 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gaiulryceras denmanense, Whiteaves,"'' from the Nanaimo Group
of Vancouver, is included by Kossmat in G. Kayei, but is regarded
by Yabe as a distinct species.

Genus HOLCODISCUS, Uhlig.

HoLCODiscus, sp.

Plate XLII., fig. 2.

Description. — Shell discoidal, compressed, consisting of about
four whorls. Last whorl with flattened, convergent sides, and
rounded periphery ; its greatest thickness is near the umbilicus
and is equal to about | of the height ; its height is about {'^ of the
diameter. Umbilicus small, with a steep margin, at the summit of
which are a few pointed tubercles.

Whorls ornamented with small flexuous ribs. Last whorl with
seven rather strong ribs bounded on each side by a furrow ; the
ribs are slightly sigmoidal, being convex forwards on the inner half
of the whorl, concave on the outer half ; they cut the external
margin obliquely. Between the stronger ribs are several small ribs,
some of which start from the tubercles at the umbilical margin ; a
few of the ribs bifurcate and new ribs are introduced on the outer
portion of the whorl. Sutures not seen.

Diameter 26 mm. ; height 12 mm. ; thickness 8 mm.

Bemarks. — There is only one example of this species. It appears
to be distinct from the Indian species described by Stoliczka and
Kossmat. In general form and in the occurrence of tubercles at the
umbilical margin it shows some resemblance to H. maclrasinus.
Stoliczka,! from the Ariyalur Group, but the ribs are much finer.

Genus SCHLCENBACHIA, Neumayr.

ScHLCENBACHiA Umbulazi (Baily).

1855. Ammonites Vmbulazi, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 456, pi. xi., fig. 4.

1871. Ammonites CJ/ufeo/a^?', Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 63, pi. iii.,

fig.l.
1904. Muniericeras (?) Umbolazi, Solger, Foss. Mungokreide in
Kamerun, p. 205.

Between 20 and 30 specimens of this species have been obtained
by Griesbach and the Survey. One example has a diameter of

* Mesozoic Fossils (Geol. Survey, Canada), vol. i. (1879), p. Ill, pi. xiii., fig. 3,
and (1903) p. 329. Trans. Eoy. Soc. Canada, ser. 2, vol. 1. (1895), p. 129, pi. ii.,
figs. 1, 2. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. xv. (1901), p. 32.

t Cret. Fauna S. India (1865), p. 139, pi. Ixx., figs. 1-3.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 387

88 mm., but most of the specimens are of smaller size than the type.
The ribs are not so prominent as they appear to be in Baily's
figure. Kossmat-''- regards this species as belonging to the more
involute group of Schlo^nbachia (Prionocyclus).

The type cannot be found. The specimens figured by Griesbach
are in the Hamburg Museum.

S. Umbulazi appears to be confined to Pondoland.

Genus EULOPHOCERAS, Hyatt.

EULOPHOCEEAS >fATALENSE, Hyatt.

Plate XLIL, fig. 3.

1903. Eulophoceras natalense, Hyatt, Pseudoceratites of the Creta-

ceous (Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. xliv.) p. 86, pi. xi.,

figs. 2-6.
For the identification of this species I am indebted to Mr. G. C.
Crick of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). It is the type of the
genus Eulophoceras, Hyatt. The species was founded on a single
imperfect specimen which is stated to have come from ' Port Natal,'
and is now in Yale Museum. Other species of EulopUoceras from
Pondoland, of which Mr. Crick hopes to give an account of shortly,
are in the British Museum.

Genus MOETONICERAS, Meek.

MoRTONiCERAs SouTONi (Bally).

Plate XLIIL, fig. 1.

1855. Ammonites Soutonii, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 455, pi. xi., fig. 1.

1895. Mortoniceras Soutoni, Kossmat, Beitr. z. Paliiont. u. Geol.

Osterr.-Ungarns, &c., ix., p. 184.

1904. Mortoniceras (?) Soutoni, Solger, Foss. Mungokreide in

Kamerun, p. 205.

This species is closely allied to M. texanuvi (Romer) f from the
Austin Chalk of Texas, but the ribs are more numerous than in
Romer's type, and there are some difi'erences in the sutvires. Accord-
ing to de Grossouvre \. M. texanum is found in the Lower Santonian

* Jahrb. d. k.k. geol. Reichsanst., vol. xliv. (1894), p. 464.

t Kreidebild. v. Texas (18.52), p. 31, pi. iii., tig. 1. Lasswitz, Kieide-Ammoniten
V. Texas (Geol. u. Palseont. Abhandl. v. Koken, N.F., vi., 1904), p. 30, pi. vii.,
fig. 2. Gerhardt, Neues Jahrb. fiir Min., &c., Beil.-Bd. xi. (1897), p. 70, pi. i., fig. 1.

I Les Ammonites de la Craie super. (1903), p. 80, pi. xvi., figs. 2-4, pi. xvii.,
fig. 1.

338 Annals of tJie South African Museum.

of Europe, but Lasswitz,"-^' who has recently given a revision of the
Chalk Ammonites of Texas in Eomer's collection, considers that the
examples figured by de Grossouvre belong to another species —
Ammonites quinquenodosuSy Eedtenbacher, vt^hilst he regards ilfo;Yo7i/-
cei^as cavipaniense, de Grossouvre,)- as an example of M. texanum
(Eomer). If this view is correct then the horizon of M. texanum in
Europe is Campanian. M. de Grossouvre \ considers that M. Sonioni
is related to M. Bontanti, ^ but it appears to me to differ consider-
ably from that species, and to resemble much more closely M.
texanum.

Examples of Mortoniceras from Algeria, Palestine, and Venezuela
have been referred to M. texanum. Mortoniceras appears to be
unknown in the Senonian of India. The individuals of M. Soutoni
attain a very large size. The largest at present known is the type
which is in the Museum of the Geological Society, and has a
diameter of nearly 48 cm.

Mortoniceras Stangeri (Baily).

Plate XLIV., fig. 1.

1855. Ammonites Stangeri, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 455, pi. xi., fig. 2.
1872. Ammonites Stangeri, Schliiter, Cephalop. d. oberen deutsch.

Kreide, p. 45.
1895. Mortoniceras Stangeri, Kossmat, Beitr. z. Paliiont. u. Geol.

Osterr.-Ungarns, kc, ix., p. 184.
1904. Mortonicoris (?) Stangeri, Solger, Foss. Mungokreide in

Kamerun, p. 205.

This species has been compared with Peroniceras subtricarinatum
(d'Orb.) by de Grossouvre, j| but though it is, as pointed out by
Kossmat, like Peroniceras in the young stages, it subsequently
develops the characteristics of Mortoniceras.

M. Stangeri appears to be confined to Pondoland. The individuals
do not reach so large a size as in the case of M. Soutoni. The type
has a diameter of 32 cm., and is in the Museum of the Geological
Society of London.

* Op. cit., p. HI, pi. viii., fig. 4.

t This has since been identified by de Grossouvre with M. delaicarense (Morton).
See Grossouvre, Recherch. sur la Craie super. (1901), p. 379.
+ Recherch. sur la Craie super. (1901), p. 926.
§ Ammonites de la Craie super. (1893), p. 77, pi. xvii., figs. 2, 3.
II Amm. de la Craie super. (1893), p. 94, pi. x., figs. 1, 2, pi. xi., fig. 1.

The Cretaceous Fauna of rondoland. 339

Genus HETEROCEKAS, d'Orbigny.
Heteroceras, sp.
Plate XLII, fig. 4.
A small portion of a specimen of Heteroceras is elliptical in section,
and is ornamented with strong, oblique ribs, which become obsolete
on the inner margin of the whorl. At intervals some of the ribs are
more prominent than the others ; between the prominent ribs from
four to six of the smaller ribs are seen.

This species shows some resemblance to H. Reussianum
(d'Orbigny)," but the ribs are more widely separated, and the more
prominent ribs are not produced into spines.

Heteroceras, sp.
Plate XLII., fig. 5.

Some portions of the evolute part of a species of Heteroceras show
a slightly elliptical or nearly circular section, and are ornamented
with numerous, sharp, narrow ribs which cross the whorls somewhat
obliquely and do not bear tubercles. The sutures are deeply
divided.

This species shows some resemblance to H. indicum (Stoliczka) f
but the whorls are more slender and the transverse constrictions
appear to be absent.

Genus HAMITES, Parkinson.

Sub-genus ANISOCERAS, Pictet.

Hamites (Anisoceras) subcompressus, Forbes.

Plate XLIII., fig. 2.

1846. Ha)uites subcompressus, Forbes, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2,

vol. vii., p. 116, pi. xi., fig. 6.
1866. Anisoceras indicum, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. i.,

p. 181, pi. Ixxxv., figs. 1-5 (non H. indicus, Forbes).

1895. Hamites {Anisoceras) subcompressum, Kossmat, Beitr. z.

Palaont. u. Geol. Osterr.-Ungarns, &c., ix., p. 145, pi. xix.,

figs. 10-12.

? 1903. Anisoceras subcompressum, Whiteaves, Mesozoic Fossils

(Geol. Survey, Canada), vol. i., pt. 5, p. 338, pi. xlv. fig. 1.

* For references to figures and descriptions of this species see Woods, Q.J.G.S.,
lii. (1896), p. 74.

t Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. i. (1866), p. 184, pi. Ixxxvi., fig. 1.

26

340 Ayinals of the South African Museum.

There is a portion of an example of this species which seems to
agree perfectly with the Indian specimens and with the figures
given by Forbes, Stoliczka, and Kossmat. In Southern India
Hamites {Anisoceras) compressus occurs in the Valudayiir Group
and perhaps also in the Utatur Group. A very closely alhed form
is figured by Whiteaves from the Nanaimo Group of Vancouver.

Hamites (Anisoceras) indicus, Forbes.
Plate XLIV, fig. 2.

1846. Hamites indicus, Forbes, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii.,

p. 116 {noil pi. xi., fig. 4).
1866. Anisoceras suhcomiyressum, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India,

vol. i., p. 179, pi. Ixxxv., fig. 7.
1866. Anisoceras rugatum, Stoliczka, ibid., p. 178, pi. Ixxxv., figs.

10-13.
1866. Anisoceras tenuisulcatum, Stoliczka, ibid., pi. Ixxxv., fig. 14

{7ion figs. 15, 16).
1871. Anisoceras rugatum, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 63, pi. iii.,

fig. 4.
1895. Hamites (Anisoceras) indicus, Kossmat, Beitr. z. Paliiont u.

Geol. OsteiT.-Ungarns, &c., ix., p. 145, pi. xix., fig. 4.

A small portion of an example of this species was figured by
Griesbach as Anisoceras rugatum, and is now in the Hamburg
Museum. A small example of Anisoceras, which was collected by
the Survey, probably belongs to this species. The Indian specimens
occur in the Valudayur Group of Pondicherri.

Hamites (Anisoceras), sp.

Plate XLIV., fig. 3.

There are two imperfect specimens of a species in which the
ribs are sharp and very oblique, and the section of the shell is
elliptical or nearly circular. This species differs from H. (Anisoceras)
indicus by the obliquity of the ribs and the elliptical section ; and
from H. (Anisoceras) tenuisulcatus, Forbes, '■■ by the fewer, stronger,
and more oblique ribs.

* Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 116, pi. x., fig. 8, pi. xi., fig. 3.
Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. i. (1866), p. 177, pi. Ixxxv., figs. 15, 10 (not
fig. 17). Kossmat, Beitr. z. Paliiont. u. Geol. Osterr.-Ungarns, &c., ix. (1895),
p. 147, pi. .xix., figs. 5, 6.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 341

Genus BACULITES, Lamarck.

Baculites sulcatus, Baily.

Plate XLIV., fig. 4.

1855. Baculites sulcatus, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 457 {partim), pi. xi.,

fig. 5c {non 5a, b).

B. sulcatus of Baily included two species. In the smaller example
figured by that author, for which the name sulcatus is obviously
appropriate, there are strong rounded I'ibs which extend obliquely
backwards fpom the siphonal margin ; below the middle of the shell
they become broader and bend towards the anti-siphonal margin.
Between the ribs are broad, rounded furrows. The section of the
shell is oval, and more compressed on the siphonal than on the anti-
siphonal side. The sutures are not visible. The only specimens
seen are the types in the Museum of the Geological Society of
London.

The ribs are somewhat similar to those of B. anceps, d'Orbigny,'''
but the shell is much less ovate in section, and the siphonal margin
is more rounded. In B. vertebralis, Lamarck, | the ribs are not so
strong as in B. sulcatus.

Baculites Bailyi, sp. nov.

Plate XLIV., fig. 5.

1855. Baculites sulcatus, Baily, O-J-G.S., xi., p. 457 {partim), pi. xi.,
fig. 5rt, h {non 5c).

Description. — Shell increasing in diameter very slowly. Section
oval, compressed, rather narrower on the siphonal than on the anti-
siphonal side. A small carina is seen in specimens which have the
shell well-preserved. Lobes and saddles narrow and rather deep ;
the superior-lateral lobe is symmetrically divided by a deep rounded
saddle, and each part is divided by a similar but rather smaller
saddle.

Ornamentation consists of small, inconspicuous ribs, which bend
rapidly backwards from the siphonal margin ; below the middle of
the shell they curve round and pass forward over the anti-siphonal
margin.

* Pal. Franv. Terr. Cret., vol. i. (1842), p. 565, pi. cxxxix., ligs. 1-7. Schluter,
Cephalop. oberen deutsch. Kreide (1876j, p. 145, pi. xl., fig. 2.

f Binkhorst, Gasterop. et Cephalop. Craie super, du Limbourg (1861), p. 40,
pi. \d., tig. 1. Schluter, ojj. cit., p. 143 1. xxxix., figs. 11-13, pi. xl., figs. 4, 5, 8.

342 Annals of tlie Smith African Museum.

Affinities. — This species appears to be related to B. teres, Forbes,"
but possesses an oval, instead of a circular or nearly circular section,
and fine ribs instead of gentle undulations across the siphonal margin.
B. teres is found in the Valudayur Group of Pondicherri.

Bemarks. — B. Bailyi is easily distinguished from B. sulcatus by
the character of the ribs. The specimen figured by Baily may be
taken as the type of the species. Several other specimens vs^ere
collected by the Survey and by Griesbach. The ribs are not so con-
spicuous as they are represented in Baily's figure.

Baculites capensis, sp. nov.
Plate XLIV., figs. 6, 7.

Description. — Shell large, increasing in diameter very slowly.
Section ovate ; sides flattened. Siphonal margin rounded, narrower
than the anti-siphonal margin. On each side of the shell, at a short
distance from the anti-siphonal margin, there is a row of large, blunt
tubercles which are elongated longitudinally. The surface of the
shell is ornamented with small, rounded, sometimes indistinct
transverse ribs ; in passing from the siphonal margin on to the sides
they bend rapidly backwards, thus becoming very oblique, but at the
level of the row of tubercles they curve round and pass forwards
over the anti-siphonal margin where they form a broadly rounded
fold. Just above the row of tubercles, at about the middle of the
shell, there is a shallow longitudinal sulcus.

The largest specimen is 24 mm. in height and 18 mm. in width.

Affinities. — This species is closely allied to B. incurvatus,
Dujardin,t which occurs in the Senonian of Europe, but it differs in
having a longitudinal sulcus on the side of the shell, and in the
tubercles being elongated instead of rounded. There are also some
small differences in the sutures.

• Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 115, pi. x., fig. 5. Stoliczka, Cret.
Fauna S. India, vol. i. (1866), p. 197, pi. xc, fig. 12. Kossmat, Beitr, z. Paliiont.
u. Geol. Osterr.-Ungarns, &c., ix. (1895), p. 155. The type of B. teres is in the
Museum of the Geological Society of London.

t Mem. Soc. geol. de France, ii. (1837), p. 232, pi. xvii., fig. 13. D'Orbigny,
Pal. Franc?. Terr. Cret., i. (1842), p. 564, pi. cxxxix., figs. 8-10. Fritseh and
Schlonbach, Cephalop. d. bohm. Kreidef. (1872), p. 51, pi. xiii., fig. 21. Schliiter,
Cephalop. oberen deutsch. Kreide (1876), p. 142, pi. xxxix., figs. 6, 7, pi. xl., fig. 3,
Fritseh, Stud. d. bohm. Kreidef. vi. Chlomeker Schichten (1897), p. 40, fig. 23.
Holzapfel, Mollusk. Aachen. Kreide (Palteontographica, vol. xxxiv., 1887), p. 64,
pi. iv., figs. 5, 6.

The Cretaceous Fanna of Pondoland. 343

Another allied species is B. asper, Morton," which differs in
having larger and transversely elongated tubercles. Bacnlites vagina,
Forbes, i belongs to the same group of species but is clearly distinct
from B. capensis.

Genus SCAPHITES, Parkinson.

SCAPHITES, sp.

Plate XLIV., fig. 8.

Description. — The whorls of the involute part are rounded but
become somewhat flattened in approaching the evolute part of the
shell. Umbilicus rather large. The evolute part increases in
height only slightly in passing from the involute part towards the
aperture ; its sides are flattened, and its external margin is mode-
rately broad and rounded.

The involute part is ornamented with a few strong, nearly
straight ribs which are continued over the external margin and
sometimes bifurcate ; one or two more ribs are intercalated at
the external margin. On the evolute part a few tubercles form a
row near the external border of the side of the shell, and each
tubercle is continued as a strong, rather oblique rib across the whorl
to the inner margin where another tubercle may be developed. On
the external margin there are smaller and fairly numerous ribs.

Suture line : saddles broader than lobes, with rounded termina-
tions. Siphonal lobe deep, broader than the superior-lateral lobe
which is divided into two nearly symmetrical parts each having three
digitations of which the lowest is the largest. Inferior-lateral much
smaller than the superior-lateral lobe, and divided into two parts.
Siphonal saddle very broad, divided into two parts of which the
outer is much larger than the inner. Superior-lateral and inferior-
lateral saddles much smaller than the siphonal saddle, each divided
by a small lobe into two broadly rounded parts.

Beviarks. — This species is known at present by one somewhat
imperfect specimen. It shows some resemblance to S. Meslei, de
Grossouvre, ]; from the Coniacian of France, but the height of the

* Synopsis Org. Eem. Cret. U.S. (1834), p. 43, pi. i., figs. 12, 13, pi. xiii.,
fig. 2. Romer, Kreidebild. v. Texas (1852), p. 36, pi. ii., fig. 2. Stanton, Colorado
Formation, Bull. U.S., Geol. Survey, No. 106 (1893), p. 167, pi. xxxvi., figs. 4, 5.

t Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. i. (1866), p. 198, pi. xc, figs. 14, 15,
pi. xci., figs. 1-6. Kossmat, Beitr. z. Paliiont. u. Geol. Osterr.-Ungarns, &e. , ix.
(1895), p. 155, pi. xix., figs. 13-17.

J Ammonites de la Craie super. (1893), p. 239, pi. xxxii., figs. 4, 7.

344 Annals of the South African Museum.

evolute part remains more uniform and is relatively less throughout ;
also the tubercles are near the outer margin.

The ornamentation on the evolute part is somew^hat similar to
that of one of the specimens of S. similaris figured by Stoliczka,"
but the ribs are fewer and stronger.

THE AFFINITIES, DISTRIBUTION AND AGE OF
THE FAUNA.

The resemblance between the Cretaceous faunas of Pondoland and
Southern India, to which attention has been called by previous
writers, consists to a larger extent in the occurrence of allied species,
and in almost the same assemblage of genera, than in the presence
of the same species in both regions. Thus, out of a total of 92
species which have now been found in Pondoland only 10 are known
to occur in Southern India. The proportion of the species common
to both is greater in the Cephalopoda than in other groups.

The species found in both regions are : —

Pecten (Neithea) (jninqucco)<tatHs, Sow.
Astarte {Eriphyla) lentic.uhirin (Goklf.).
Margarita radiatula (Forb.).
Turritella (Zaria) Bond, Baily.
Hauericeras Gardeni (Baily).
,, Remhda (Forb.).

Pseudophyllites Indra (Forb.).
Gaudryceras Kayei (Forb.).
Hamites (Anisoceraa) subcampressus, Forb.
,, ( ,, ) indie us, Forb.

It will be noticed that all of these, with the exception of the last
two, are widely distributed forms. In addition to these, Griesbach
identified 10 other species of Gasteropods with forms found in
Southern India ; but after examining Griesbach' s specimens I am
unable, as will be seen from the preceding account, to accept those
identifications.

In addition to the species mentioned above as common to Pondo-
land and Southern India there are 11 species of Mollusca represented
by allied forms.

If the Ammonites be taken as the sole guide in correlation, then it
is clear that the Cretaceous deposit of Pondoland is represented by
the Ariyalur Beds of Trichinopoli, and the Valudayur and Trigonoarca
Beds of Pondicherri, because all the species which are common to

* Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. i. (18G6), p. 107, pi. Ixxxi., tig. 6. Eec. Geol.
Survey India, vol. i. (1868), p. 30.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 345

the two regions occur in the Ariyalur Beds or in their equivalents
the Valudayur and Trigonoarca Beds, and not one (with the possihle
exception of Hamriceras Gardeni) is found in the TrichinopoH Beds
below. The abundance of Hamites {Anisoceras) and the presence of
Tetragonites aff. Gala in Pondoland form a further link with the
Valudayur Beds.

If, however, we compare only the LamellilDranchs and Gasteropods
and take into account both identical and allied forms, then the
relationship of the Pondoland deposit seems to be as close to the
Trichinopoli Beds as to the beds of Ariyalur age. But it is difficult
to know what value to give in correlation to the evidence furnished
by allied forms, and likewise to determine whether the resemblance
in the gasteropod and lamellibranch faunas is not due to similarity of
conditions rather than to identity in age. In any case, for the
correlation of deposits so widely separated as those of South Africa
and Southern India, the evidence of the Cephalopods will be
admitted to be of far greater importance than that of other groups of
fossils.

Of the Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods found in Pondoland and
represented in Southern India by either identical or allied species
the following occur in, but not above, the Trichinopoli Group :
Trigonoarca cajjensis (Griesb.), Astarte {Eriphyla) lenticular is
(Goldf.), Cardium dcnticulatum, Baily, Protocardia Hillana (Sow.),
Scala ornata (Baily), and Cnjptorhytis rigida (Baily). On the other
hand, forms allied to the following species do not occur beloio the
Ariyahir Beds : Nemodoii natalensis (Baily), Inoceramus expansus
Baily, Semifusus {Mayeria) sp., and perhaps Meretrix umzamhiensis ,
sp. nov.

The following species or forms allied to them are found in both the
Trichinopoli and the Ariyalur Groups : Pecten (Neithea) quinqupxos-
tatus, Sow., Margarita radiaUda (Forb.), Pseudomelania [Oonia) sp.,
and Turritella Bonei, Baily.

Kossmat"- has expressed the opinion that the upper part
of the Trichinopoli Group, as well as the Ariyalur Group, is
represented in the Pondoland deposit. But the Ammonites seem
to give no evidence for the existence of the former horizon, and I
believe that the whole of the Pondoland deposit is of the age of the
Ariyalur Group.

M. A. de Grossouvre t doubts the correctness of the view of the
close affinity between the Pondoland and South Indian faunas which

* Eec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xxx. (1897), p. 71.
t Rechereh, sur la Craie Super. (1901), pp. 92G, 927.

346 Annals of the South African Museum.

was put forward by Baily and by Griesbach, and was supported by
Kossmat after a careful study of the geographical distribution of the
Ammonites of Southern India. M. de Grossouvre concludes that
the Pondoland fauna is at least as closely related to the fauna of
the Chalk of Europe as to that of Southern India.

Whilst it must be allowed that the relationship of the Pondoland
and South Indian faunas is not so close as Griesbach supposed,
there is nevertheless a considerable resemblance between them, and
it seems to me to be greater than the resemblance of the Pondoland
fauna to that of the European Chalk. Only three species appear to
be common to Pondoland and Europe, viz., Pecten (Neithea)
quinquecostatus, Sow., Astarte {Eripliyla) lenticularis (Goldf.), and
Pseudoj^hyllites Inclra (Forb.). Eleven others are represented in
Europe by allied forms, viz., Inoceramus cxpansus, Baily, Protocardia
Hillana (Sow.), Margarita radiatula (Eorb.), Pseudomelania [Oonia)
sp., Turritella Bonei, Baily, Actceon {Trochactaon), sp., Hauericeras
Gardeni (Baily), H. Bembda (Forb.), Gaudryceras Kayei (Forb.),
Mortoniceras Soutoni (Baily), and Baculites capensis sp. nov. The
resemblance is naturally greater to the European faunas which are
of fairly shallow water character than to those of deep water.

A point of difference between the Pondoland and South Indian
faunas is seen in the presence of the genus Mortoniceras, which
is abundant in the former, but apparently does not occur in the
Trichinopoli and Ariyaliir horizons of India. This genus is also
well represented in Europe and North America. Another difference
is the absence of Pachydiscus in Pondoland, whilst it is well repre-
sented in Southern India.

De Grossouvre considers that the Pondoland deposits are of
Lower Senonian age, and belong in part at least to the Coniacian.
He places them at the limit of the Coniacian and Santonian
divisions, but admits that the existence of Campanian (Upper
Senonian) is indicated by the presence of Pseudophyllites Indra
and Gaudryceras Kayei. The opinion that the deposits are of
earlier date than the Campanian appears to be based chiefly on
the presence of Mortoniceras Soutoni and M. Stangeri, which
De Grossouvre regards as closely allied to species found in the
Coniacian and Santonian stages in Europe. Another allied
species of Mortoniceras does, however, occur in the Campanian
of Europe. That the two Pondoland species {M. Soutoni and
M. Stangeri) are really of Campanian age is, I think, established
by their association in the same bed with Hauericeras Bemhda,
Gaudryceras Kayei, and Hamites (Anisoceras) indicus, not one

Tlic Crckiccous Fauna of Poidnland . 347

of which occurs below the Yaludayur Beds wliich aie admitted
to be of Campanian age. Further, the al)seiice of any horizon in
Pondoland earher than the Campanian is shown by the fact that
specimens of Pscudophyllites Indra were found by the Survey in
the basement bed of the deposit. The probability that one zone
only is represented is supported by the ol)servations made by the
Survej^that most of the species range throughout the deposit, as well
as by the small thickness of that deposit.

Schlc?)ibac}iia Umhvlaxi was regarded l)y Kossmat as probably
a Lower .Senonian form, but its horizon is similarly tixed by its
association with characteristic Campanian species.

Kocks of the same age as those of Pondoland are found along the
coast of Zululand from Port Durnford to beyond St. Lucia Bay, and
are probably continued as far north as Delagoa Bay. An account
of the fossils from one part of this region, Umkwelane Hill north
of St. Lucia Bay, has been given by Mr. E. Etheridge.^'-

Still further north, on the coast at Sofala, in hit. 20" S., the
presence of beds of the same age is indicated by the occurrence
of Alectryonia wujulata (Schlotheim).!

Deposits representing the Ariyalur Beds have been proved to
occur near the coast on the nortli, east, and south-west of
Madagascar. Thus from Diego Suarez M. de Grossouvre \ has
recorded Nautilus Bouchardi, Scaphitcs sp., Hauericeras sp. cf.
Bemhda, Bralimdites Brahma, Piizosia sp., and Fhylloceras sp.,
and he concludes that the fauna is closely related to that of the
Ariyalur deposits of Southern India. On the east coast of Mada-
gascar Cretaceous fossils have been found at Fanivelona and
Marohita, and have been described by Prof. Boule and MM.
Thevenin and Lambert, j Nearly all of the Mollusca are found in
the Cretaceous rocks of Southern India. The following species are
. recorded : —

Lytoceras India (Foib.). Tnrritelht cf. dijiciliii, d'Orb.

Volutilitlies faiiii-eluni'ii>:i.->, Boule and ,, cf. mxioxn, Horn.

Thev. ,. Brcantiana, d'Orb.

Fusus excavatwi, Blanf. Oxtrea (Alectryonia) ungulata, Schloth.

Pugnellug crassicostatiis, Notl. ,, (Gryphea) ve.'~.iculuri$, Lam.

* Second Ileport Geol. Survey Natal and Zululund (1904), p. 71.

t R. B. Newton, Jouin. Conch., viii. (1806), p. 13(3.

I Bull. Soc. geol. de France, ser. 3, vol. xxvii. (1899), p. 378.

§ Annal. de Paleont., vol. i. (1906), p. 43. Lambert, Bull. Soc. geol. de France,
ser. 3, vol. xxiv. (1896), p. 313, and ibid. ser. 4, vol. iii. (1903), p. 75. Alectryonia
ungulata and other species are recorded from Madagascar by R. B. Newton, Q.J.G.S.,
xlv. (1889), p. 333.

27

348 Annah of the Soutli African Museum.

Ostrtd, cf. XicaUei, Coq. Ciipi-iiia cordialis, Stol.

SpondyluK rulciinitui', Forb. Epiastcr nutri.v, Lamb.

Trtgonia, cf. xcdhrii. Lam. Hemiaater, sp.

Glycimerifi oricntalis (Fovb.). Nu'tlirKjia Boulei, Lamb.
Auatina (Cnroinija) (irciKita, Foib.

At Tullear, on tlie west coast, Pacliydiscus colligatus has been
found.

The discovery of Senonian deposits in Madagascar has obviously
an important bearing on the question of a land connection between
South Africa and Southern India which many writers believe to have
existed at this period. In connection with this subject, attention
may be called to the resemblance which Pervinquiere '■■ has shown
to exist between the Upper Cretaceous faunas (especially the
Senonian) of Tunis and Southern India, which resemblance he
considers can be explained only by a direct marine communication
between the two regions. The absence of this land barrier would
account more readily for the resemblance between the faunas of
Southern India and those of Central Europe, than if the migration
took place by way of South Africa as supposed by Kossmat.j

Deposits of tlie same age as that of Pondoland, and possessing
more or less similar faunas, have been found in Assam, Borneo,
Yesso (Hokkaido), Vancouver Island (Nanaimo Group), California
(upper part of Chico Series), and Quinquina (Chili).

* Etude geoL de la Tuuisie Ccntrale (1903), pp. 64-152.

t Kossmat, Jahrb. d. k. geol. Reichsanst. xliv. (1891), p. 466. Eec. Geol. Sm-vey
India, xxviii. (1895), p. 45, and ihid. xxx. (1897), p. 75. Geol. d. Sokotra, &c.,
Denkschr. d. k. Akad. Wissen. ^lath.-nat. CI., vol. Ixxi. (1902), pp. 61, 62.

The CretaccoKS Fauna of Pondoland.

349

Distribution of the Echinoidea, Polyzoa, and Mollusca.
[The presence of a species is indicated by x . The occurrence of an allied species
is shown by the letter (i. In the European column the horizons are shown by the
abbreviations Cret., Cen., Tur., Sen., and Camp., for Cretaceous, Cenomanian,
Turonian, Senonian, and Campanian respectively.]

Trichinopoli

Pondi-

District.

District.

Europe

Pondoland

•■3

u

•r^

2

Page.

-0 P<

o c-

sa-

i?ai

o»

*5 3
cS O

■^ o

to

'O?!

1^

p5

.go

>

Echinoidea.

Cldaris, sp. cf. hiriido, Sorij,'

,(

a Cen. Tur.

276

Ftieudodiiuli'iiia Grieshaclii, Woods . .

•276

Ca^^^idnliis iiiiibonattis, Woods

277

Ctinlidstn- ii/ricanus. Woods

279

Iletinaater Fofbcxi, Baily

280

PoLYZOA.

Bcicnicea fiyacilis (M. Edw. )

X Cret.

282

Elea mcridiinia, Lan^

283

Meinbriinipord irreiiidaris (d'Orb.) ..

X Sen.

285

2)erf'orata (Reuss)

X Cen.

286

Eiycliara Roi/ana, d'Orb

X Sen.

286

,, Dclarneana, d'Orb

X Sen.

286

Lamellip.raxchia.

NkciiIiiihi, sp

287

4 red SI)

287

.11111, NJI

Jidrliiilid )iii'ridid)id. Woods

287

sp

288

Tri<n>noarca capensis (Griesb.)

rt

288

Xciitodon natalensis (Baily)

a

(I

(I

289

J'ecluiictdiis ufricamis, Griesb

291

Triijnnid Shepstoiiei, Griesb

292

elp<jnm, Baily

293

Mi/tilus, sp

294

Mndidld kdiii-drid, Woods

294

rrftni{( 'ldd)iiji.-<)d}iidpondci)sif:XTl'n-)^h.

295

,, ' ,-dpciisi>:, Woods

296

,, {.Kiiiiipcctcii) Ko»s)iiati, Woods

297

„ {Cdti,jd.n,evt('>^), sp

297

(Srllhvd) quilKlllfrdstiails, Sow.

(htrcd, sp

X

X

X

X Cret.

298
299

K.nxjiini. sp

299

ludrcrnmii^ tj-p-i iisii.- . IJailv

(I

(1

299

Asldrlr (irif^hdrhi. Wonds

•)„

300

., ll-:ripln/Id)!n,tir„ldri.-<{GnUU.)

'x

X Tur. Sen.

301

r/v(x.-7(^■//(7(^^• dfricdiiti.--, Woods ....

303

Mcntri.i- tttii:(tiid)ifiisis. Woods

•?<(

a*

304

nifiliiphd, Wooi}^

305

( 'dnliinit dcntiruldtuiii. Bail>

((

306

(iricxhdilii. Woods'

307

I'ntldrnrdid Ililhntd (Sow.), rar

"

<( U.Crel.

307

Sdhu-urtK^ .' {Ann- '\. sp. . .

308

Tnrdn. sp

309

/./oyj/s/Z/oli'--'/'"" .'/")'•'"■'■".'/"'". 'Woods

309

i lOlllDlll l/d . sp

310

SCAI'HOI'OD.V.

I >i'lltdlilUII , sp .'

310

to or actually from the Ariyalur (t

350

Anital'; of the SoutJi African Museum.

I^i«'-«'- ! District.

I

Europe.

Pondoland.

%.

1

\u

d

s

Page.

2 -

o a

^Sl^l

o4

1

Po

•SO

^0

■5«
>

GaSTEEOI'OIjA.

M(ir<i(irita radiatitla (Forbes)

i ^^

X

X

(/ Sen.

310

Scrit/i iii)i:aiiihic)Hiis, Woods

811

Idllniria, Woods

311

I\^ru(li>iiichiiiin Siithcrlandi (Baily) ..

312

(Ounia), sp

a

a

a Sen.

313

Scald oniala (Bailv) . .

d

314

SolariHiii Baili/i, Gabb

315

Natica {LunatUi) iiitiUistri'ila, Baily

316

Gi/rodes, sp

317

Turritella [Zari'i) liuiici, Baily ....

X

X

a Sen.

317

318

Dicruloiua (Pcris.'iupterd), sp

819

PitiiucUus (niricidaliis. Woods

319

320

Cnijil(irlii//is i-hjidn (BaMy)

a

821

«p

822

322

324

Semijvmts ? (Mai/eria ?), sp

a

824

Volutilithcs, sp

325

Tttrris ?■ kaffraria (Griesb.)

325

Cdiicelland mcridionaUa, Woods ....

826

sp

327

Jio.-itellites rdjtcii>ih, Woods

327

Actcvon, sp

328

Actceonella (Trorhactcron), sp

a L.Sen.

328

Eriptycha perampla, Woods

829

CeI'IIALOI'ODA.

Ndntiliis, sp

330

PJiylhiCCVdt;^ sp . .

331
382
832

,, sp

Hancrinrdti Gdrdcni (Bailv)

?

X

a L.Camp.

llemhdd (Forbes)

X

d U.Camp.

333

P.ieiid(iphijUiti'>s Indrti (Forbes)

X

X

X U.Camp.

834

'r('ti-d!i(>i}itr.-< sp. [aft'. Cdld, Forbes] . .

a

385

(idudn/ccras Km/ci (Forbes)

X

d U.Camp.

385

Jlolrudhrus, sp

836

SchUinhaclna Umhuldzi (Baily)

336

J'Juloplioreras natalcnae, Hyatt

337

Murtu)iiceras Sotitoni (Baily)

a Sen.

887

,, StaiKicri (Bailv)

888

Iletcniccrds, sp

339

sp

389

Hdiiiite-'i (Anisoceras) xubcompressus,

339

Forbes

X
X

Hamites (Ainsocems) indicus, Forbes

340

340

341

Ildiliji, ^XoodL.

341

(■iqu'iixis. Woods

a L.Sen.

342

Scd2)ldtc.'<, sp

343

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

The figures are of natural size unless the amount of enlargement or reduction is
stated. The specimens are in the South African Museum except when another
collection is mentioned ; those collected by the Survey and by Capt. Garden are
from the cliffs near the mouth of the Umzamba Eiver; those collected by Griesbach
are labelled " Umtamvuna."

Plate XXXIII.

FIGS. PAGE

1, 2. Pseudodiadema GriesbacM, sp. nov. ... ... ... ... 276

la, part of upper surface; Ih, side view of the same specimen ;
Ic, portion of an interambulacral area from just above the
ambitus to near the peristome x 4.
2. Ambulacral area x 4. Griesbach Collection.

3, 4. Cassidulus iivihonatiis, sp. nov. ... ... ... ... ... 277

3a, upper surface ; 3/^ left side ; '6c, posterior end ; 'id, peristome
and floscelle.

4a, upper surface x IJ ; 4b, right side x 1^ ; 4c, base x IJ ; 4rf,
antero-lateral ambulacrum x 4.

5-7. Car^iasier rt/rican?/s, sp. nov., Griesbach Collection 279

5a, upper surface ; bh, ventral surface ; 5c, anterior end.
6. Part of posterior end showing periproct and fasciole x 3.
7a, dorsal surface; lb, left postero-lateral part x 2.

8,9. Hemiasier Forbesi, Bsi\lj. Griesbach Collection 280

8a, upper surface; 8h, left side; 8c, part of left half of dorsal
surface x 2.

9. Base.

10-12. Elea meridiana, lj3i.ng ... ... ... ... ... ... 283

10. Four normal zooecia and one closed zocecium. The former
show transversely elongate apertures with rims thickened dis-
tally. The latter has a dome-shaped perforate cap. x about 40.
Specimen 4.

11. Two normal and six closed zooecia. The former do not
exhibit the Eleid chai'actei's of a transversely elongate aperture
and distally thickened rim so well as those represented in Fig. 10.
The closed zooecia are short with dome-shaped, perforate caps,
x about 40. Specimen 6.

12. Six closed zoojcia. One has a flat imperforate covering. In
two zooecia the flat covering has a perforation, which in one case
is surrounded by a little rim of its own. Two others are produced
distally to a snout-like perforated termination. The remaining
zooecium resembles the two latter, but is smaller, x about 40.
Specimen 4.

13. A'^?fc«Zaj?a, sp. Griesbach Collection 287

Eight valve x 3.

14. Barbatia meridiana, s-p. noY. ... ... ... ... ... 287

14rt, left valve x 1 J ; lib, dorsal view.

Ann.S.Afr.Vms.\/'ol.IV:

PI XXXIII

Landon Stereos ec

Cretaceous Fauna qf Poi^dolanb.

Plate XXXIV.

FIGS. PAGE

1,2. Tr igonoarca cajiensis (Griesh.) ... ... ... ... ... 288

1«, right valve ; Ih, hinge of same.

'2a, left valve ; 2h, dorsal view ; '2(\ hinge.

3-7. Nemodon natalensis (Ba.[\y) 289

3a, left valve ; 'db, part near the middle of the valve x 3.

4. Left valve of a variety with smaller ribs. Griesbach Collection.

5«, right valve ; 5/>, dorsal view.

6. Interior of left valve.

7. Ribs near the anterior third of right valve x 4. Griesbach
Collection.

8-12. Pectunculus africa7ius (Griesb.) 291

8. Left valve.

9«, the type, right valve ; 9h, posterior part x 6 ; 9(', anterior
part X 6. Griesbach Collection.

10. Interior of right valve.

11. Right valve.

12. Griesbach Collection. Left valve.

ATin.S.Afr.Miis.VoIIV

PI. XXXIV.

Cretaceous Fauna of PoTrooLANi]

Plate XXXV.

FIGS. PAGE

1, 2. Triffonia Shepstonci, Griesb. 292

1. Left valve. Griesbach Collection.

2. Right valve.

3,4. Trigonia elegans, Bsiiiy 293

3. Eight valve.

4a, left valve of a small specimen x 2 ; 4/>, part of the same < 4.

5. Mytilus, sp 294

Part of left valve. Griesbach Collection.

6. Modiola haffraria, sp. nov. ... ... ... ... ... ... 294

a, left valve; h, anterior view x 1^.

7-9. Pecten {Chlamys) amapondensis, Grieah. ... ... ... ... 295

7, 8. Eight valves. Griesbach Collection x 1:^.
9. Left valve. Griesbach Collection.

10. Pecten {Chlamijs) cajjensis, sp. nov. ... ... ... ... 296

fl, left valve ; b, part x .3.

11. Pecten {/Eqwipecten) Kossmati, sp. nov. ... ... ... ... 297

a, left valve ; h, part near the ventral margin x 4.

1%13. Pecten {Cam2)toncctes),si:) 297

12fl, right valve x IJ; 126, part near the posterior border x 6;

12c, part near the mid-ventral border x 6.

13. Part of left valve x IJ. Griesbach Collection.

14. Pecten (Neithea) qtiinqiiecostatiis, Sow. ... ... ... ... 298

Eight valve.

15. Ostrea,si:> 299

a, exterior ; Ii, interior of left valve.

16. Ostrea, sii 299

(I, exterior ; /), interior of left valve.

17. Exogyra, sp 299

Eight valve.

18,19. Astarte Griesbachi, s^). nov. Griesbach Collection 300

18fl, right valve x 1^ ; IHh, dorsal view x 1^.
19a, left valve x 2 ;"l9&, interior x 2.

20. Astarte {Eripliyla) lenticidaris (Goldf.) 301

Eight valve. Griesbach Collection.

21. CrassatcUitcs africanus, sp. nov. ... ... ... ... ... 303

21a, left valve; 21/>, interior ; 21c, anterior view ; 21(/, part near
the middle of the valve x 4.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.VolIV:

PI. XXXV.

T A Brock del

London Stereoscopic Cc

Cretaceous Fauna of Pot^doland.

Plate XXXVI.

FIGS. PAGE

1-j. G ycifiiiatcllitcs africauKS, Up. no\. ... ... ... ... ... 303

la, left valve ; 11), dorsal view.
2. Right valve.
ii. Left valve.

4-6. Meretrix titiizambiensis, sp. no v. ... ... ... ... ... 304

4a, left valve ; 4b, interior of same.

5. Right valve.

6rt, right valve ; 6^, interior of same ; 6c, dorsal view.

7-10. Meretrix euglyjjha, sp. nov. ... ... ... ... ... 305

7a, right valve x IJ; lb, dorsal view; 7c, median part of valve x 8.
8«, right valve ; 8b, anterior view.

9. Left valve.

10. Right valve.

11. Cardiam denticidatii III, B&i\y 306

llrt, right valve; 11?;, part near the mid-ventral border x 2.

Ann.S.Afr.MiisVol.jy

PL XXXVI.

Cretaceous Fauna of Pond gland

Plate XXXVII.

FIGS. PAGE

1,2. Cardiuni dent lea la tain, 'B&ily ... ... ... ... ... 306

la, left valve ; lb, interior of same.
2. Left valve. Griesbach Collection.

3-5. Cardium GriesbacJii, sp. nov. Griesbach Collection. ... ... 307

3a, right valve ; 3b, posterior view ; 3c, anterior view ; 3(/, dorsal

view.

4(1, interior of right valve ; 46, hinge x 2.

5. Ornamentation of right valve x 4.

6. Protocardia Hilhma (Sow.) var. ... ... ... ... ... 307

Left valve.

7. Solccurtiis .^ (Azof .^), STp 308

Decorticated left valve.

8. Teredo, sp 309

Left valve.

9. Goniomya, sp. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 310

Eight valve.

10-12. Porofnya {Liopistha) corrugafa, sp. nov. ... ... ... 309

Museum of the Geological Society of London.

10. Left valve.

11. Right valve.

12a, right valve ; 12b, dorsal view.

13. Margarita radiatula (Forh.). Griesbach Collection ... ... 310

rib X n.

14,15. Nerita uninarubienfi is, sp. now ... ... ... ... ... 311

14^^, apical view of 14«.
15b, apertural view of 15a.

16. Nerita kaffraria, sp. nov. ... ... ... ... ... ... 311

Showing colour markings.

166, apertural view ; 16c, apical view of livi.

17, IS. Ptseiidoubelania Sittherlaudi (Baily) ... ... ... ... 312

18. Apical part of specimen in the Griesbacli Collection x 3.

Ann.S Afr.MusVol.IV:

PL XXXVII.

I

■"' ii '

^.^

111 1

4a.

3h.

^ 4

13 a. ^<^.

'>«

y

16a,

¥mi

T A Brock, del. londDn Sto=oscomc Cc.mp.

Cretaceous Pauna of Powdoland

Plate XXXVIII.

FIGS. PAGE

1. Fseadomelania (Oonia), sp. ... ... ... ... ... ... 313

Museum of the Geological Society of London, No. 11,386.

2, 3. Scala ornata(Bai\y) 314

2. Spire.

3. Part of last whorl of the Type in the Museum of the Geo-
logical Society x 4.

4,5. Solarium Bailiji, G'Ahh ... ... ... ... ... ... 315

4. Apical view x 3.

5. Base x 3.

Q-S. Natica (Litnatia) ))iiiUititriata,Bsii\y 316

8. Griesbach Collection.

9, 10. Gyrodes, sp 317

10 Griesbach Collection.

11,12. TiirriteUa{Zaria)Bonei,B-Ai\y 317

11. Variety with five ribs.

12. Variety with three ribs. Griesbach Collection.

loa-c. A2}orrhais, s]). 318

13c, part of one of the whorls of the spire x 4.

lAa,b. Dicroloma {Pcrissojjtera), s]i. ... ... ... ... ... 319

14?), part of one of the whorls of the spire x 6.

15a, b. Fiignellu8 auriciilatus, a-p. now ... ... ... ... ... 319

16. Pugnellus, sp. Griesbach Collection ... ... ... ... 320

17. Pi/ro2)sis africaiia, a-p. no\. ... ... ... ... ... ... 322

Ann.S^Mr.Mus.Vol.IV:

PI. XXXYIII.

London Stcoosccpic Co. imp

]RETACEGL"S FATJNA OF P0]\TD0LAN3.

Plate XXXIX.

FIGS. PAGE

1. Pyropsis africana, sp. no v. ... ... ... ... ... ... 322

lb, apertural view ; Ic, apical view of la.

2a-c. Cryptorhjjtis rigida (Buiiy) 321

2c, part of last whorl x 6.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.IY

PI. ZXXIX

T A Brock del

Landon Stereoscopic Cc- imp.

Cretaceous Fauna of P'o-ndolane

Plate XL.

riGS. PAGB

1. CruptorliyHs rigida (Baily). Griesbach Collection 321

2(7, h. Cryiyforliytis, sp. Griesbach Collection ... ... ... ... 322

3, 4. Pirifiis7is Bailyi, si^. nov. Griesbach Collection 324

'Sa, h, specimen with the spire and the anterior part of the aperture

broken.

4. Spire and part of last whorl.

5. Semifusus ? (Mayeria /), sp. ... ... ... ... ... 324

5(1, specimen with the anterior part of last whorl missin;^- ;
5/v, ornamentation of last whorl x 6.

6. Semifusus ! {Mayeria .'), ^^. Griesbach Collection 325

7. Volutilithes, sp 325

7rt X ^; 7h folds on columella x i|.

8, 9. Tiirris ! haffraria (Griesb.). Griesbach Collection ... ... 325

Qa, the Type ; 8/^ part of the last whorl of the same x 2.
9. Specimen with whorls of spire broken to show columella.

10, 11. Cancellaria }ncridionaJis, sp. nov. ... ... ... ... 326

12«, h. Caucellaria. sp. Griesbach Collection. ... ... ... ... 327

l'6a, b. Rostellites rajyeiifiis, sp. no\. ... ... ... ... ... 327

14a-c. Actceon, sp 328

14c, part of last whorl near tlie suture x 0.

Ann.S.Afr.Mias.Vol.IV

London Stereoscopic ■^ imp

Cp.etaceouS Faitna of Pondolanl.

Plate XLI.

FIGS.
1.

Actceonella {Trochactceon}, sp.

2a-d. Erijjtijcha jjerampla, sp. nov.
2d, part of last whorl x 8.

3. Nautilus, sp. ...

4. PliyUoceras, sp. Griesbach Collection

4a, X 2; 4/*, apertural view ; 4c, suture x 6.

5«., h. PliyUoceras, sp.

6rt, b. Pseucloph'jllites, sp. ...

la-c. Teiragonites, sp. aff. Gala (Forb.)

Ic suture x 3.

8. Gaudryceras Kayei (Forbes). Griesbach Collection
8a x IJ ; 8& apertural view of 8a.

... 328

... 329

... 330

... 331

... 332

... 334

... 335

... 335

Arai.S.Afr.M^Js.Vol.IV

PI. XLI

Lonecn Stereoscopic Cc imp

.RETACEOUS FAUNA OF PONDOLANL.

Plate XLII.

FIGS. PAGE

1. Gauclrijceras Kayei (Forbes) ... ... ... ... ... 335

Portion of external margin x 1§.

2. HolcodiscKs, sp. ... ... ... ... ... ... •.• 336

2rt X li; 2b, apertural view of 2a.

3. Eulophoceras natalense, Hyatt ... ... ... ... ... 337

3b suture of Sa.

4. Heteroceras, sp. 339

External margin of evolute portion.

5. Heteroceras, sp. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 339

5a external view ; ?)b, internal view of evolute part; or, suture x 3.

Ann.S.Afr-MrjsVoLIV.

PI. XLII.

I/-.

y

c^?^'

' ^^'^^o.^^ r,.

'^^'''^fniiiiiufi^s

r^M':^msvijj-:-r-^

T A Brook del

Lender.. Steraos=cpic Cc. imp

Cretaceous Fauna op Pomolao.

Plate XLIII.

IGS. ^ PAGE

1. Mortoniceras Soutoni (Baily) 337

1« X f ; 1?>, suture of 1« nat. size.

2. Haniites (Anisoceras) snhcompressiis, Forbes ... ... ... 339

2(1, lateral view ; '2h, section.

Ann. S. Air. Mils Vol. IV

PI. XLHI.

^/^r"l^

Linden Stereotdcpic

Cretaceous Fauna of Pondolan^

Plate XLIV.

1. Mortoniceras Stangcrl (Baily) ... ... ... ... ... 338

la X ij ; 1/;, suture.

2. Hamites (Aiiisoceras) indicus, Forbes ... ... ... ... 840

Specimen figured by Griesbach. 'la, lateral view; 2Ji, section of 2a.

3. Hamites (Anisoceras), sp. ... ... ... ... ... ... 340

3o, lateral view ; 3b, section of the broader end of '6a ; '6c, section
of the narrower end ; 3d, external margin of broader part of 3a.

4. Bactiiites sulcatus, Hsiily ... ... ... ... ... ... 341

The Type, Museum of the Geological Society of London.

5. Baciilites Bailyi, sp. nov. ... ... ... ... ... ... 341

Suture of a specimen in the Griesbach Collection x 3.

6,7. Baculitcs ca2)ensis, sp. now ... ... ... ... ... ... 342

6a, lateral view; 6/;, section passing through tubercles. 7a,
lateral view ; lb, anti-siphonal border ; 7c, section passing
through tubercles.

8. Scaj)Jdtes,sp 343

6b, external margin of 8a ; 8r, suture of 8a x 3.

Arin.S.MrMrisVoLIV

PI, XLlV.

. Stereoscopif. C<. imp.

Cretaceous Runa of Pondolan^

( 351 )

13. — Contributions to South African Vertebrate Palceontology .

2. — On the Pareiasaurian gemis Propappus. — By E. Bkoom, M.D.,
D.Sc, Victoria College, Stellenbosch.

(Plate XLY.)

In the Proc. Eoy. Soc, vol. xliv., No. 267 (1890), there appeared
an abstract of a paper by Professor Seeley, " On a Large Humerus
from the East Brak River, South Africa, indicating a New Order of
Fossil Animals which was more nearly intermediate between Reptiles
and Mammals than the Groups hitherto known." The type speci-
men is a bone. No. 36250, in the British Museum Collection, and
the name proposed for it is Propappus omocratus. No description is
given of the specimen in the abstract, though one or two compari-
sons are made with the humeri of various reptiles and mammals.

In the Catalogue of the Fossil Reptiles in the British Museum,
which appeared in the same year, Lydekker accepts Seeley' s deter-
mination of the bone as a humerus, but gives no description by
which the form might be recognised. He figures, however, a pelvis
which probably belongs to the same animal.

At this time almost nothing was known for certain of the limb
bones of Pareiasaurus. In 1889 the Tamboer's Fontein specimen
was obtained, and during 1890 it was being developed by Mr. Hall
m the British Museum. When the femur was displayed it must
have become at once evident that the specimen which had been
regarded as a humerus of a new type of reptiles was really the some-
what crushed thigh bone of a Pareiasaurian. Seeley's original paper
never appeared, but when, in 1892, he published his account of the
skeleton of Pareiasaurus he figured and described the specimen
which had been referred to Propappus as a right femur referable to a
species of Pareiasaurus or an allied genus, and gave it the name
Pareiasaurus {Propappus) minor.

28

352 Annals of the South African Museum.

Nothing further has been known about Propappus until a year
ago, when Mr. A. J. Louw, Vice-principal of the Graaff Eeinet
College, discovered on the farm Welgevonden, 12 miles north of
Graaff Eeinet, the greater part of a large skeleton, which on exami-
nation proved to belong to Propappus, and which enables us to show
that it is a genus, though closely allied to, yet distinct from, Pareia-
saurns. The specimen was found lying on a bank of weathered
shale, where it must have been exposed for many years. Most of
the anterior half of the animal was gone, though many fragments
were found scattered further down the slope, but the greater part of
the hind half was still in sitn, though some parts were badly
weathered. When the fragments were fitted together it was found
that there was some evidence of most parts of the skeleton.

The head is very imperfect, being represented only by a large
portion of the right mandible, a fragment of the maxilla, portions of
the palate, and a few other fragmentary remains. Of the vertebral
column there is a series of 6 well-preserved dorsals and a number
of other less perfect presacral vertebrse and a series of 6 caudals.
The anterior limbs are represented by parts of the shoulder girdle, a
fairly well preserved humerus, and portions of the radius and ulna.
The pelvis is badly weathered, but much of it is preserved. Both
hind limbs are nearly perfect. The most remarkable feature of the
specimen is the presence of large numbers of dermal ossicles, with
which the back must have been covered. A number of ribs are
preserved, showing the large dermal bones attached to their outer
sides.

Skull.

The fragment of maxilla is a portion about 10 cm. in length, and
containing the bases of 11 teeth, and the crowns of 3 immature
replacing teeth. In general the fragment is fairly like the corre-
sponding part of Pareiasaurus, but probably the head was less flat
in Propappus. The roots of the first 3 teeth preserved, which are
probably 2nd, 3rd, and 4th of the maxillary series, measure together
29 mm. The first measures 8 mm. by 7*5 mm. Behind the 3rd tooth
there is a short gap, followed by 4 other teeth. These 4 measure
45 mm. The roots of the teeth are embedded in cancellous bony
tissue, from which it is difficult to be sure that the tooth-roots are
quite free. The crowns of the 3 immature teeth are fairly well pre-
served. The 1st of these, which lies behind the 2nd preserved
mature tooth, has a flattened semicircular crown with 11 cusps
round the top and sides. The whole length of the crown is 14 mm..

On tlie Pareiasauriau f/eiius Propappus. 353

and the height ahove the circular root ahout 15 mm. The cusps are
sharp and directed upwards. Five are situated on the top and 3 on
each side.

The mandible has the greater part of both dentaries preserved, the
whole of the right splenial, and most of the right angular. The
dentaries have been broken through at the symphysis, but it is
believed that little is missing. There are 12 teeth-roots preserved in
the right dentary, and there may have been 2 others in a missing
fragment from the posterior part of the bone, but if nothing is
missing from the front of the bone it is unlikely that there were
more than 14 teeth in each jaw. The 12 teeth measure in a direct
line 132 mm. A number of badly preserved crowns of immature
teeth are seen, and in character they resemble those of the maxilla,
but the cusps are smaller. The dentary bone forms the greater part
of the outer side of the front part of the jaw. Its maximum depth
is about 65 mm., and its greatest length probably 170 mm. The
whole of the low^er border of the front part of the jaw and much of
the inner side is formed by the splenial, which on the inside of the
jaw measures 130 mm. The large angular bone fits in between the
posterior part of the dentary and the splenial. In Pareiasaurus it
has a single large rounded horn-like process, which passes down-
wards. In Propappus there are two horns. The posterior one,
which is by far the larger, measures 33 mm. in diameter at its base,
and it is 40 mm. in length. Its surface is not covered over by dense
bone like the rest of the jaw, and from its rough surface and cancel-
lous tissue one may infer that it was covered by horn. In front of
it is the second small horn core, whose basal diameter is 23 mm. by
18 mm., and whose height is only 15 mm. On the inside of the
angular is a fragment of the surangular, but there is no coronoid
bone preserved. Possibly it did not occur. The greatest thick-
ness of the jaw is near the posterior end of the dentary, where
it measures 45 mm.

Vertehk^.

The vertebrae are typically Pareiasaurian, though they present
some points of difference from those of Pareiasaurus. The 7 fairly
well preserved vertebrae are probably the 7 last dorsal. If we assume
that Propappus had 20 presacral vertebrae \\ke Pareiasaurus serridens,
then the 7 vertebrae would be the 14th to the 20th, which they may
be provisionally called. Each of the 7 resembles the others so
closely that it seems unnecessary to describe each separately.
Their chief characteristics are a rather slender elongated body.

354 Annals of the South African Museum.

broad powerful transverse processes and a short spine. The bodies
measure in length from 60 mm. in the 14th to 65 mm. in the 19th
vertebra. The greatest w^idth in each case is about 60 mm., but
though the bodies are as broad as long they are so much narrowed in
the middle that they appear elongated. On the lower side both
ends of the body are truncated obliquely to accommodate well-
developed intercentra. Those preserved measure about 40 mm.
by 20 mm. The bodies are biconcave but not deeply excavated.
From the upper part of the front end of each body passes out the
large transverse process. It springs from the greater part of the
body, but while the posterior part passes almost directly outwards,
the anterior passes upwards and slightly forwards. When viewed
from the outside each transverse process is somewhat triangular in
shape, the posterior side of the triangle forming the large articula-
tion for the rib, and the anterior angle being formed by the anterior
zygapophysis. The posterior zygapophysis is of large size, and is
situated considerably behind the upper end of the articulation for
the rib. The articulation for the rib in the 14th vertebra measures
78 mm. in length, but in the succeeding vertebrae the upper part of
the articulation becomes steadily reduced. The spines are short and
stout. That of the 16th vertebra measures about 28 mm. above the
general level of the arch, and the whole vertebra measures 145 mm.
in height. The 19th vertebra measures 160 mm. in height.

The best preserved caudal vertebrae are a series of 5, probably the
first 5. Together they measure in length 200 ram. The tips of the
spines and of the transverse processes are gone, but so far as pre-
served they closely agree with those of Parciasaurus except in size
There seem to be no chevrons to these vertebrae. In one or two
later caudals the chevrons are well developed.

Shouldee Girdle.

A considerable portion of the right shoulder girdle is preserved.
It represents the lower half of the scapula and a portion of the
coracoid, but it is too imperfect for description.

Humerus.

The right humerus is fairly well preserved, and resembles in
general that of Pareiasaurns. In greatest length it measures
318 mm. It is constricted in the middle and greatly expanded at
the ends. The distal end measures 208 mm. in width. As in
Pareiasaurns, there is a large rounded prominence for the articula-

Oil tlie Pareiasauriaii genus Propappus. 355

tion of the radius and ulna, but it is situated slightly more internal
in Propappus. The inner condyle is here flatter and its upper part
projects more inwards. The outer condyle is probably fairly like
that in Pareiasaurns, but it is somewhat imperfect. As in the older
genus there is an entepicondylar foramen. The constricted portion
of the humerus measures 53 mm. by 42 mm. The proximal end has
lost the delto-pectoral ridge, but so far as preserved agrees fairly
with Pareiascmrus. The articular end is considerably narrower, and
its posterior end is directed a little more inwards.

Ulna.

The upper half of the right ulna is preserved. It resembles that
of Pareiasaurns except that it is smaller and ratlier more slender. It
has a well-developed olecranon process.

Pelvis.

A large part of the pelvic girdle is preserved, but not in good con-
dition. The greater part of both pubes and ischia are present, but
only the acetabular portions of the ilia. The various bones are
anchylosed, but the symphysis is probably not united by bone. The
remains are unfortunately too imperfect to decide with certainty
whether the pelvis, figured by Lydekker as (?) Propappus omocratus,
is rightly determined, but it seems probable that the determination
is correct. From the lower margin of the acetabulum to the lower
part of the symphysis is 130 mm.

Femue.

Both femora are well presei'ved, and though they differ a little in
appearance there can be no reasonable doubt that they belong to the
same species as the British Museum type. Each femur measures
about 335 mm., or practically the same as the British Museum
specimen. Though in general there is considerable resemblance to
the femur of Pareiasaurns, there are a number of points of difference.
The head is more distinctly differentiated from the great trochanter,
the small trochanter is more prominent, and the shaft much more
constricted in Propappus.

The head of the bone is 75 mm. wide and 117 mm. long, and
whereas in Pareiasaurns the articular surface for the head is con-
tinued on to the trochanter, here there is a distinct division between
the two. The great trochanter is here also directed much more

356 Annals of the South African Mtisenm.

backwards than the better-known genus. The small trochanter is
very prominent, and passes backwards and upwards from the neck
of the bone. Between the two trochanters and the head there is
formed a deep depression. The front of the bone is fairly similar to
that in Pareiasauriis, but below the great trochanter the constriction
is much more marked, being only 60 mm. The lower end of the
bone is much narrower than in Pareiasauras, measuring only
137 mm. across.

Tibia and Fibula.
Both tibiae are preserved complete and portions of the fibulie.
The bones resemble so closely those of Pareiasaurus that no lengthy
description is necessary. The tibia measures 200 mm. in length.
The upper end is 110 mm. by 85 mm. The lower end measures
90 mm. by 60 mm. The shaft at its narrowest part measures
52 mm. by 35 mm. On the outer side of the right tibia, near the
middle of the shaft, is a prominent bone tubercle about as large as a
horse bean. Posteriorly the bone is considerably excavated in its
lower 3rd. The lower surface slopes a little more downwards and
inwards than in Pareiasaurus.

Pes.

The greater part of both hind feet were in position where found,
but unfortunately in removal the digits have to some extent got
mixed owing to the very friable nature of the matrix having resulted
in the contacts becoming lost.

Both large proximal tarsal bones are beautifully preserved. They
very closely resemble those of Pareiasaurus, though there are minor
differences of contour. A large round foramen passes through the
middle of each bone, and on the back a very deep groove extends
down from the foramen. The greatest width of the bone is 114 mm.,
and the greatest length 87 mm. It probably represents the tibiale,
fibulare, and intermedium fused together.

The distal tarsal elements are probably small and cartilaginous
for the most part. There are, however, 2 bones which appear to
be tarsals. One of these is probably the 1st tarsal. It measures
36 mm. by 20 mm., and is attached to the element which is believed
to be the 1st metatarsal.

Though the bones of the digits are in one or two cases slightly
displaced it is possible to reconstruct the pes with some degree of
certainty. In the left foot 3 digits are preserved in position, and 2
of these are fairly complete, and the bones of the other 2 toes are

On the Pareiasaurlan genus Propappus. 357

preserved though not in position. Of the right foot there are 3 toes
fairly well preserved. The well-preserved toes of the left foot are
believed to be the 3rd and 4th, because the most internal has
3 phalanges preserved, and as the last is not the ungual phalanx
this toe must have had 4 phalanges, and could therefore not be
either the 1st or 2nd. As there are 2 toes on its outer side we must
conclude that it is the 3rd toe. Assuming this to be so, the follow-
ing are the measurements of the bones : Metatarsal 45 mm. in length
and 35 mm. broad at its proximal, and 37 mm. at its distal end ;
1st phalanx 22 mm. in length and 36 mm. broad ; 2nd phalanx about
12 mm. in length and 29 mm. broad ; 3rd phalanx 10 mm. in length
and about 28 mm. in breadth. In the toes of the right foot the 3rd
toe is equally well preserved, and here the ungual phalanx is pre-
served. It measures 37 mm. in length and 33 mm. in breadth. The
4th toe is about as well preserved as the 3rd. The metatarsal
measures 55 mm. in length by 35 mm. broad at its distal end ; the
1st phalanx is 25 mm. long and 33 mm. broad ; the 2nd phalanx is
16 mm. long by 29 mm. broad ; the 3rd 15 mm. by 28 mm. In the
right foot the 3 terminal phalanges are preserved in contact, as well
as the metatarsal and 1st phalanx, but these latter not in contact.
The ungual phalanx measures 32 mm. long by 24 mm. broad ; the
penultimate phalanx 13 mm. by 28 mm. ; and the 3rd last 15 mm.
by 28 mm. It therefore seems probable that the 4th toe had
5 phalanges. The 5th toe is badly preserved. The metatarsal is
elongated and more slender than the 4th. The Ist phalanx measures
15 mm. long by 24 mm. broad. The other phalanges are not pre-
served in either foot. The 2nd toe has been reconstructed. The
3 phalanges are in contact, and the metatarsal is most probably
rightly identified. The latter measures 33 mm. long by 32 mm.
wide. The 1st phalanx is 13 mm. long by 35 mm. wide; the 2nd
10 mm. by 32 mm. wide ; and the ungual phalanx 35 mm. long by
34 mm. wnde. The 1st toe is much stouter than the others. The
metatarsal measures 37 mm. long by 50 mm. broad. The 1st
phalanx is 35 mm. long and 37 mm. broad. It is very thick, but
whether this is due to the bone itself or to a dermal ossification above
the bone is uncertain, but the appearance suggests a dermal ossifica-
tion. The terminal phalanx is 40 mm. long by 38 mm. broad.

Though all doubt is not yet removed, some further light is thrown
on the debated point of the digital formula oi Pareiasaiirus. Almost
the only evidence we have had hitherto has been the British Museum
specimen described by Seeley. Unfortunately in it, though most of
the phalanges were discovered, they were considerably displaced.

358 Annals of the SoutJt African Museum.

and much doubt left as to their relative positions. In describing the
specimen Seeley considered that there were 5 toes on each foot, but
was doubtful as to the number of phalanges in each toe. He says
(p. 363) : "I have no certain evidence of more than 3 phalangeal
bones in any digit, but it is possible that one may have had 4."
From further study of the specimen he stated, in 1895, that the digital
formula of Pareiasaurus appeared to be " I., 3 ; II., 4 ; III., 4 ; IV.,

3 ; v., 3 " ; or 17 phalanges on each foot. As the 1st and 2nd digits
are very unlikely to have had more than 2 and 3 phalanges respec-
tively — numbers never exceeded in land animals — we may infer that
the 2 extra phalanges belong to the 4th toe, and we would thus have
Pareiasaurus with the typical formula of primitive reptiles, viz., 2, 3,
4, 5, 3. When in 1903 I described the South African Museum
specimen of Pareiasaurus 1 was unable to give any definite digital
formula, as the phalanges were mostly displaced. Two toes, how-
ever, had the phalanges in contact — one with 3 and the other with

4 phalanges. These I inferred to be the 2nd and 3rd toes, and I
thought it likely that the whole formula wovild prove to be similar to
that of Procoloplioa. In 1904 Boulenger definitely stated that the
formula of the British Museum specimen is 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, but he does
not say how the conclusion has been arrived at, and if Seeley was
unable to tell even to which foot the different toes belonged, and was
not very sure whether any one had 4 phalanges, it is difficult to see
how Boulenger obtained his result. The allied reptile Sclerosaurus
is rather badly preserved, but the formula appears to be 2, 3, 3, 4, 3,
and Pareiasaurus might well have had the same. The evidence
derived from Propappus, however, casts some doubts on this formula,
as it is very unlikely that these two genera, which are so closely
allied, had different phalangeal formulae. Now it can be stated with
much certainty that two digits in the pes had more than 3 phalanges.
These are the 3rd and 4th. The 1st and 2nd digits there can hardly
be any doubt had 2 and 3 phalanges respectively, and the 3rd cannot
have had more than 4, while there is a fair amount of evidence in
favour of the 4th digit having had 5 phalanges. The specimen
affords no evidence of the number of phalanges in the 5th digit. It
was probably feebly developed. On the whole, the most likely
digital formula for Pareiasaurus and ProjMppus is 2, 3, 4, 5, 3. It
certainly cannot be 2, 3, 3, 4, 3 in the latter.

Dermal x\rmour.
The most remarkable characteristic of Propappus, and the most
marked feature which distinguishes it from Pareiasaurus, is the great

On the Pareiasaurian genus Propappus. 359

development of dermal ossifications. PareiasaurHs is known to have
a few small bony plates round the spines of the vertebrae, but Pro-
pappus must have had the whole back and probably sides covered
with a carapace of bony plates somewhat after the manner of the
crocodile. They vary in size from plates 50 mm. in diameter to
little bony nodules about the size of peas. The larger ones have a
central boss and irregular radiating ridges. At the edges they over-
lap each other, and it seems probable that the carapace was not
quite rigid. It extended at least as far out on the sides as 300 mm.
from the middle line. There is no evidence of any plastron.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Plate XLV.
Fig.

1. Eight humerus of Propappux omocratu-s. x i

2. Left femur of P. omocnitiix. x ^.

3. „ „ X i

4. Right tibia of P. omocratus. x ^.

5. Right proximal tarsal bone of P. oniocyatus. x
(i. Series of dorsal vertebrae of P. oinocrutus. x 3.

7. „ „ „ „ X I.

8. Portion of right maxilla of P. omocratus. x 4.

9. Right dentary of P. omocratux. x i.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.IV.

Pl.XLV.

2.

JR. Broom del.

West, Newman lith.

(361)

3. — On Some New Therocephalian Reptiles.— By R. Broom, M.D.,
D.Sc, C.M.Z.S.

Within the last 18 months a number of new TherocephaHans have
been found in the Lower Karroo Beds, which, though for the
most part only represented by imperfect skulls, seem woi'thy of
description.

Alopecodon priscus, g. et sp. nov.

The remains of this animal were discovered by Mr. P. H. du
Plessis about 9 miles north-west of Zeekoegat, in association with an
enormous number of shells of the genus Palcwmutela. A skeleton
of a small Pareiasaurus was found near by but at a slightly higher
level. The fossil bones had been long weathered out of the shale,
and were very much broken. As not infrequently happens, the
remains of two individuals were found close together, so that it is
impossible to say to which of the two skulls the fragmentary limbs
and vertebrae belong. One skull consists of the anterior three-
quarters much crushed from side to side ; the other skull is repre-
sented by the posterior two-thirds much crushed from above down-
wards. There is no conclusive proof that the two belong to the
same species, but by comparing the orbital, frontal, and other regions
preserved in both specimens it is manifest that the two are fairly
closely allied forms, and as they are animals of similar size and
found together the presumption is that they belong to the same
species. The specimen which shows the teeth will, of course, be
taken as the type.

Though allied to other previously known TherocephaHans,
Alopecodon differs in having an unusually large number of incisor
teeth.

The maxillary bone is of the usual shape, and the bony fibres radiate
out from a little behind the root of the large canine. The pre-
maxilla is overlapped as far as the root of the -Ith incisor. The
canine is very long and considerably curved. It measures 45 mm. in

362 Annah of tlic South African Mtiscnm.

height, and its greatest length is 13 mm. There are no serrations
on the edges visible, but the edges are not very satisfactorily dis-
played. The tooth has a very long root, almost equal in length to
the exposed portion. At its end there is a large open pulp cavity
showing. In front of the large canine is a small tooth which I
believe to be the 1st canine, as in Scylacosarsus. It is situated
3 mm. from the large canine, and it is about 2 mm. in length, and
7 mm. in height. The posterior maxillary teeth are very badly
weathered. A considerable portion of 3 and the root of a 4th
remain on the one side and portions of 5 on the other. Unlike
the molars of the Therocephalians generally, the teeth are much
flattened and have minute serrations at least on the posterior
edge. From the length of the maxillary and the size of the teeth, I
think it probable that the full number of molars has been 8.

The premaxillaiies are not well preserved, but most of the
incisors are satisfactorily displayed. The 1st incisor is a rounded
tooth, but the others are somewhat flattened. It is probable that
there are serrations on both the anterior and posterior edges of all
the teeth, but in only a few are the serrations visible. From the 1st
to the 4th the teeth increase in size, while from the 5th to the 8th
they steadily decrease. It is difficult to be quite sure of the margin
of the bone, but the following measurements are at least approxi-
mately correct : —

^ht c

)f i' 11

r- 14

i3 (?)

i4 21
is 16

i7 9

i^ 8

mm.

Len

gth 3 mm
4
4
4
4
3
2
2

The nasals are broad in front and narrow behind. The nostrils
are supported inferiorly by the premaxillary processes which pass
between the maxillae and the nasals. The nares are large, and a
distinct septo-maxillary can be seen as in most Therocephalians.

The frontals are large and fairly flat. The interorbital measure-
ment is about 40 mm. The diameter of the orbit is 37 mm. There
is a large parietal foramen. A distinct post-frontal bone cannot be
made out, but the specimen is not in a satisfactory condition for
seeing sutures. The post-orbital passes on to the parietal in the

On Some Neiv TJicroccpliaUan Bcpliles. 363

usual way. The temporal arch is formed by the squamosal and the
jugal, the latter being of large size and forming the lower half of
the bar. There is evidence of a columella cranii.

The mandible is fairly well preserved. The dentary is of large
size and has a well-developed coronoid process. Behind it there is
a large I'adiating angular and above it a surangular, very like those
bones in Lycosuchus. ■ There are 3 fairly large incisors and a single
large canine.

The second specimen is not in very good preservation. It is
chiefly of value in showing the structure of the squamosal, which is
a large bone somewhat similar to that of the Anomodonts, having a
descending process which supports the quadrate.

Alopecodon rugosus, n. sp.

This species is founded on an imperfect skull from near Zeekoegat.
The fragment wants both the front of the snout and the back of the
head. There is thus some doubt as to whether it should be referred
to the genus Alopecodon. As the molars are of the same flattened
type as in A. priscus, and the maxilla, mandible, and other bones of
a similar type, I think it advisable to refer this species to the
same genus. It is undoubtedly a distinct species, and the above
name is proposed for it in allusion to the very rough condition of
the maxillary bone. The animal is about two-thirds the size of
A . priscus.

The maxilla is of the same radiating type as in most Thero-
cephalians. It is chiefly remarkable for the very marked pitting on
the surface of the upper part of the bone. Whether this is due to
glands below, a soft skin, or to sense organs homologous with those
at the base of the tactile hairs in mammals, or to the close adherence
of horny plates to the bone is not manifest. Perhaps the suggestion
that the pits are due to sense organs is the most probable, but against
it is the fact that in no known Therocephalian has a large infra-
orbital foramen been detected, and that hence if the maxillary branch
of the 5th nerve passed on to the face as is probable it must have
been small.

On the one side there are evidences of 6 and possibly of 7
molars, but on the other side only 5 can be made out. Probably
the complete number is 8, as in ^. priscus. The teeth are flattened
and relatively shorter than in A. priscus. Three of them show
serrations on the posterior margin, but none on the anterior. The
average height of the first 3 molars is 5*5 mm., and the average

364 Annals of the South African Museum.

length 3 mm. The first 5 together measure 22 mm. The large
canine measures 11 mm. in length, and is thus relatively larger
than in A. prismis. Behind it are the remains of the root of a
deciduous canine similar to that found in a number of other
Therocephalians.

The nasals are long and narrow. Posteriorly they broaden out
considerably. In front they are imperfect. There are evidences of
pitting on the anterior part of the bone.

The frontal region is badly preserved, but the interorbital
measurement is probably about 30 mm. The parietals form a pro-
minent median ridge. The shape and relations of the postorbital
bone are as in better-known Therocephalians.

In one of the orbits is seen a scale-like bone, which is probably a
sclerotic plate.

There are a number of small rounded teeth on the pterygoid
bones.

Columellae cranii are preserved as in A. priscus.

The mandible is very similar to that of the larger species.

Hy^nasuchus Whaitsi, g. et sp. nov.

This new genus and species is represented by a nearly perfect
skull, obtained at Eietfontein, 30 miles N.E. of Prince Albert, by
the Eev. Mr. J. H. Whaits, whose conspicuous enthusiasm has
been rewarded by the discovery of a number of new types, both of
reptiles in the Karroo Beds and of molluscs in the Bokkeveld Beds.

In general this genus resembles Lycosuchus, but differs in having
6 incisors and 4 molars instead of 5 incisors and 1 molar, as in the
latter. The type species is rather larger than Lycosuchus vanderrieti.
The length of the skull is 280 mm., and the greatest breadth is
152 mm.

The premaxilla is of the usual structure, and carries 6 large pointed
teeth. Each tooth appears to have 2 edges, a posterior and an
antero-internal, and both edges are serrated. The total length of the
incisor series is about 53 mm.

The maxillary bone is fairly well preserved. Its anterior end lies
above the front of the 4th incisor. There is less of a transverse
ridge for the support of the lip than in Lycosuchus. There are two
large canines with anterior and posterior edges, which are probably
both serrated. On the right side the anterior canine is broken off
at its base, but the posterior is nearly perfect. It measures about
55 mm. in height and about 15 mm. in length. On the left side

On Some New Thcrocephalian IleptUcs. 365

both teeth have much of their crests missing, but the anterior appears
to have been complete when the animal died. It is a very large
tooth, the root alone measuring 55 mm., and the antero-posterior
length at the base must have been at least 20 mm. The posterior
canine is not yet fully grown, but is nevertheless a large functional
tooth. Behind the second canine are 4 small molars. Together they
measure 26 mm. They are serrated at least on the point.

The nasals appear to be very like those of better known Thero-
cephalians. The frontals, prefrontals, and lachrymals are very
badly preserved. There is clear evidence of both postorbitals and
postfrontals, as in Scylacosaunis, but there is no preparietal.

The parietals are united, and have an interdigitating suture a
little in front of the parietal foramen with the frontals, the post-
frontals and the postorbitals. Posteriorly the parietal meets the
supraoccipital (or possibly it is the interparietal) in the middle line
and laterally the squamosals.

The jugal is fairly well preserved on both sides. It has an
ascending postorbital process which lies behind the postorbital bone,
and a posterior process which lies under the squamosal and forms
with it the temporal arch.

The squamosal is remarkable for the large size of the outer
portion, which passes forwards and downwards as a fan-shaped
expansion. It overlaps the jugal in front and supports the rather
small quadrate.

A section through the postorbital region shows that the pterygoid
has a number of moderate-sized rounded teeth.

The mandibles are fairly well preserved. The dentary, as in
other Therocephalians, has a large coronoid process. The dentition
is not shown except in a transverse fracture. There is at least 1
large canine which lies in front of the anterior canine of the upper
jaw. An immature canine, not yet through the gum, lies to the
inside of the canine of the left side. There is no evidence of a
2nd canine, but there are 5 small molars, the anterior 2 or 3
of which lie in the region corresponding to the 2nd canine. The
angular is a large fiat oval-shaped bone, which forms the greater
part of the outer side of the posterior half of the jaw. On the
right side it is almost perfectly preserved. Internal to it and forming
the upper margin of the back part of the jaw is the large surangular.
Behind the surangular is the small articular.

Portions of some cervical vertebrae are preserved. They are very
deeply biconcave, and possibly notochordal. There is a large inter-
centrum present between the axis and the 3rd cervical, and another

366 Annals of the South African Museum.

behind the 3rd cervical. The odontoid process is not anchylosed to
the axis.

The specimen is chiefly valuable, in addition to being a new genus,
from its show^ing clearly the distinctness of the postfrontal and post-
orbital bones, from its giving evidence that the 2 upper canines
are not merely temporary and replacing teeth but morphologically
distinct, from its revealing the structure of the auricular, and for the
evidence it gives of the structure of the cervical vertebrae.

Trochosuchus acutus, g. et sp. nov;

This new^ genus and species is represented by an imperfect skull,
also obtained by the Kev. Mr. Whaits at Eietfontein. The specimen
is the preorbital portion of the skull of a small Therocephalian
which in general appearance is not unlike xElurosaurus. The incisor
region of the upper jaw is shallow and the front part of the dentary
very deep. It differs from ^^lurosaurus in having 5 incisors, 2
canines, and only 3 or perhaps 4 molars.

The premaxilla carries 5 pointed incisors which are oval in section
with a feeble posterior ridge which is serrated in the only tooth in
which it is preserved. They are longer than in ^■Elurosaurus.
Together they measure 24 mm. Above the premaxilla is seen the
rather large septomaxillary.

The maxilla is of the usual radiating type. Its anterior border
hes above the 4th incisor. About 4 mm. behind the 5th incisor is
situated the 1st canine. In size it resembles the incisors, but is
flatter and has distinct anterior and posterior edges, both of which
are probably serrated — the anterior certainly. The second canine is
very much larger and is situated 2 mm. behind the first. In section
it is oval, with a slight posterior, but apparently no anterior edge.
It measures in antero-posterior length about 7'5 mm. There are
2 well-developed functional molars and in front of them the roots
of 2 others. These anterior 2 are the much-decayed roots of teeth
which had ceased to be functional during the animal's life. The
first is very small, but the second is equal in size to the 2 functional
teeth. The 4 measure 125 mm. Each is oval in section and has
no anterior or posterior edges.

The pterygoids have a number of rounded teeth.

The nasals are large, and about as broad in front as behind.
They measure 50 mm. in length, and 12 mm. in greatest width.

The length from the front of the orbit to the front of the snout
is 73 mm.

On Some New TJicrocephatian Beptiles. 367

Pardosuchus whaitsi, g. et sp. nov.

This interesting Tlierocephalian was discovered by the Eev. Mr.
Whaits near Fraserburg Koad Station. The type specimen is the
front portion of the skull, broken off through the middle of the
orbit, and in very fair condition.

The animal has a rather short snout, considerably broader in the
canine region than immediately behind this. The incisor region is
broad and rounded. At the orbital region the jugals pass markedly
outwards, and the back part of the skull must have been very broad

The preniaxilla is of the usual shape, making with its neighbour
almost a regular semicircle in front. The incisor teeth are un-
usually small, and are fairly round on section. Posteriorly there
is a small edge which is serrated. The first 4 teeth are subequal,
and together measure 20 mm. ; then follows a smaller 5th incisor,
and behind this a very small 6th incisor. The septomaxillary is well
preserved and its outer part displayed. It forms apparently the
whole of the outer border of the nasal opening and sends a process
inwards a little below the middle of the opening.

The maxillary bone has two canines the anterior of which is very
small. The large canine measures about 11 mm. in anteroposterior
diameter and is about 38 mm. in height. Behind it are evidences
of 5 small molars, which together measure 23 mm. So far as
preserved the molars are oval in section, and there is no evidence
of serrations, though there are no crowns at all well preserved.
The large canine has serrations on its posterior edge.

The following are some additional measurements of the skull : —

Width of snout at roots of canines 50 mm.

Distance from front of orbit to front of snout 95 mm.
Distance between the orbits 40 mm.

Pardosuchus ivhaitsi is more closely allied to Glanosuchics macrops
and to Scylacosauriis sclateri than to other known Therocephalians.
It is very distinct specifically from both these forms, but the dental
formula is so near that of the large type as to suggest the advisability
of placing it in the same genus. Glanosuchus macrops has, however,
a very differently shaped skull, and the fact that it has only the
single large canine with no trace of the small anterior one makes
it more convenient to keep the two genera distinct.

29

( 369 )

4. — On the Inter -relationships of the Knotun Therocephalian
Genera.— By E. Broom, M.D.

When the palate of the primitive Permian " Theriodonts " was
discovered, it became manifestly impossible to retain them in the
same group as the Triassic " Theriodonts," such as Galesaums.
In these Triassic forms there is the typical mammalian secondary
palate, but in the former the palate is a modification of the
Rhynchocephalian type, and thei-e are many other distinguishing
characters. I therefore proposed in 1903 the name Therocephalia
for the Permian forms, and 0\Yen's name, Cynoclontia, proposed in
1861, should be retained for the higher types in preference to the
name Tlicriodontin, proposed in 1876, the retention of which latter
name can only give rise to confusion.

In 1890, when Lydekker's Catalogue of the British Museum
Reptiles was published, only 6 Therocephalian genera were known,
and 2 others which are doubtfully referred to the Therocephalia.

Seeley, in 1895, described an additional species Pristerognatlms.

Within the last four years a considerable number of new forms
have been discovered, and it seems advisable to review the present
state of our knowledge of the group.

The following are the species which have been described and
which I believe to be distinct. A "?" is placed at those which
may not be Therocephalians, and one which is too imperfectly
known to be certainly distinct is placed in brackets : —

Cynochampsa laniaria, Owen (1860).
Lycosaurus pardalis, Owen (1876).
Lycosaiirus tigrinus, Owen (1876).
Lycosaurus curvimola, Owen (1876).
Tigrisuchus simus, Owen (1876).
Gynodraco serridens, Owen (1876).
Cynodraco major, Owen (1876).

370 Annals of the Soutli African Museum.

Cynosuchus suppostus, Owen (1876).
? Scaloposaurus constrictus, Owen (1876).
? Gorgonops torviis, Owen (1876).

^lurosauTus felinus, Owen (1881).

Therioclesmusjyhylarchns, Seeley (1888).

[Hyorhynckus platyccps, Seeley (1889).]

PristerognatJms piohjodon, Seeley (1895).

Ictidosuchus jprimcBvus, Broom (1901).

Lycosuchus vanderrieti, Broom (1903).

Lycosuchus mackayi, Broom (1903).

Scylacosaurus sclateri, Broom (1903).

Ictidosaurus angusticeps, Broom (1903).

ScymnosauTus ferox. Broom (1903).

Glanosuchus macrops, Broom (1904).

Pristerognathus haini, Broom (1904).

Scymnosaurus warreni, Broom (1907).

Alopccodon priscus, Broom (1907).

Alopecodon rugosus, Broom (1907).

HycenasucJmis whaitsi, Broom (1907).

Trochosaurus acutus, Broom (1907).

Pardosiichus ivhaitsi, Broom (1907).

Arnognathus parvidens, Broom (1907).
? Galechirus scholtzi, Broom (1907).

In addition to the 3 forms which are queried as doubtfully
belonging to the Therocephalia, there are 2 others, viz., Ictidosuchus
yrimcevus and Arnognathus parvidens, which though manifestly
Therocephalians must be placed in a family by themselves. Most
of the others may conveniently be regarded as belonging to one
family. Lycosanrus, Tigrisuchus, and Gynodraco appear to belong
to a somewhat more advanced family, and they certainly occur at
a higher horizon than most of the others, but they are too
imperfectly known to admit of their position being determined to
any certainty.

Alopecodon , Glanosuchus, Lycosuchus, Hycenasuchus, Pardosuchus,
Trochosaurus, and Pristerognathus all occur in the Pareiasaurus
beds, which may be regarded as somewhere near the middle of the
Permian age. Lycosanrus, Tigrisuchus, and Gynodraco are from
beds considerably nearer the top of the Permian, but no genus has
yet been found in beds which are Triassic with the doubtful
exception of Arnognathus.

The older genera differ from the more recent in the larger number

Liter-relationships of the Known Thcrocephalian Genera. 371

of incisors present, and we are probably justified in assuming that
the forms with many incisors are ancestral to those with few.

Alopecodon with 8 incisors and 2 canines might readily be
assumed to be the ancestor of all the later more normal types.
From such a type a i*eduction of the incisors to 5 large and 1 small
would give rise to the genera Scylacosaurus and Pardos7ichus, forms
which, though differing much in size and shape, agree in the
number of incisors and canines. In Glanosuchus the incisors are
still 5 large and 1 small, but the anterior canine is lost. A further
reduction of the incisors would give rise to such a type as
Scymnosaurus, where there are only 5 incisors, all large, and only
1 canine. In Ictidosatirus the little interior canine is retained, but
the incisors are reduced to 4 large and 1 small.

Gynosuchus, Cynodraco, jElnrosaurns, Lycosaurus, and Tigrisuchus
are probably all further specialisations along this same line.

By a second line Pristerognatmis may also have sprung from
Alopecodon. Here the incisors are 6, all large, and there is only
1 canine.

A third line of descent appears to have given rise to some
genera which are characterised by having 2 large canines. Of
these Hycenasuclms has 6 large incisors, 2 lai'ge canine, and 4
molars. Trochosuchus has 5 large incisors, 2 large canines, and
3 molars ; while Lycosuckus has 5 large incisors, 2 large canines,
and only 1 molar.

IctidosucJius and Arnognatlias appear to belong to a common
family which is not very nearly related to the better-known forms,
and Theriodesmus probably also belongs to the same family ; but
nothing further is known of their affinities.

In the following diagram the relations of the better-known genera
are seen as far as the dental formulae are concerned : —

Incisors. Canines. Molars.

Alopecodon VVVVVV^^ vy WW WW

Scylacosaurus VVVW^ vw VWWW

Pardosuchus VVVW^ vw VWW

Glanosuchus VVVW^ \J VWW

Ictidosaurus WW^ vw VWVWW

Scymnosaurus VWW W VW

372 Annals of the South African Museum.

Incisors Canines. Molars.

Pristeiognathus ... VVVVVV W VVVVVV

Hya^nasuchus VVVVVV \J\J WW

Trochosuchus VWW WW WW

Lycosuchus VWW WW V

The phylogeny of the group may have been something hke that
indicated in the following diagram : —

Alopecodon, Broom.

IctuJosacJtus, Crooiu.

Ar nog licit hus, Broom.

Hycenasiichus, Broom.

Trochosuchus, Broom.

Lycosuclius, Broom.

Lycosaurus, Owen.

Tigrisuchiis, Owen.

(373)

5. — On a Neio Lahyrinthodont Ehinesuchus Whaitsi, from the
Permian Beds of South Africa.— Bj E. Broom, M.D., D.Sc,
C.M.Z.S.

(Plate XLVI.)

In 1890 Lydekker described, under the name Eryops otveni, a lower
jaw from South Africa, which he thought might possibly belong to
the American genus Eryops. In the British Museum Catalogue
which appeared in the same year the name Eryops africaniis is
given to the same specimen. The locality of the type is unknown,
and no further specimens at all similar have been found till recently,
though it has been known for some time that the form cannot belong
to the genus Eryops. About two years ago I discovered at Zeekoe-
gat, in the Prince Albert district, a portion of a palate with large
numbers of minute teeth. The fragment was too minute for deter-
mination, though nothing like it was known in any of the previously
discovered African forms. Since then the Eev. Mr. J. H. Whaits,
of Prince Albert, who has recently devoted himself most enthusias-
tically to the study of fossil reptiles, has discovered near Fraserburg
Eoad Station many fragments of the head of a new Lahyrinthodont.
When put together as far as possible, there are found to be preserved
the greater part of the posterior end of the head, including the occi-
put, and the back parts of the parasphenoid (vomer) and pterygoids,
many fragments of the maxillary and other cranial bones and much
of both mandibles. Mr, Whaits' specimen is not only of importance
as revealing a new type of Lahyrinthodont, but also from throwing
light on some unknown points in the cranial structure of the group.
It is also interesting in belonging to the same genus as Lydekker's
jaw, and rendering it pretty certain that the jaw came from the
Lower Karroo Beds, and that it is of Permian age.

Though it is impossible to reconstruct the skull, there can be little
doubt that it was of a flat type like Mastodon saur us or Capitosaurus,
and probably about 300 mm. in length. The upper cranial bones
are ornamented by a rather fine reticulation of sharp ridges.
Towards the centres of the bones the ridges form little deep
depressions, but approaching the margins the depressions become
elongated grooves.

374 Annals of the South African Museum.

The occipital fragment consists of that portion of the skull which
lies between the two auditory notches and behind the parietal fora-
men. It includes both occipital condyles, the back part of the
parasphenoid (vomer), and the posterior portions of both pterygoids.
The occiput bears a very considerable resemblance to that of Cajnto-
saurus stantonensis, recently figured by Smith Woodward. The
basioccipital seems to be distinct from the exoccipitals, and to .be
a flat bone interposed between them and the back part of the para-
sphenoid. It probably forms the middle portion of the concave wall
between the condyles. The exoccipital, besides forming the condyle,
sends one process outwards and another upwards, a large oval space
lying between the processes. On the under and outer surface of
each condyle near its base is a small foramen for a nerve. By
comparison with the frog's skull we might readily conclude that
the foramen was for the vagus nerve, and Smith Woodward con-
cludes that a similar foramen in Capitosaums is for the vagus. But
while this may probably be the correct conclusion, it seems just
possible that the foramen may be for the Hypoglossal. It seems,
being only 1^ mm. in diameter, to be too small for the vagus of an
animal which probably was 10 feet long, and there seems to be a
larger foramen further back which may have been for the glosso-
pharyngeal and the vagus. In Ccqntosaiirus the supraoccipital is
cartilaginous, but here there is a well-ossiiied bone, and the exocci-
pitals seem to meet above the foramen magnum, and to shut out the
supraoccipital. Above the supraoccipital are the two membrane
bones usually called in error " supraoccipitals," but to which some
other name must be given. J^mith Woodward calls them svipra-
temporals, but as this name is largely used for one of the bones
of the temporal roof it seems better to give it a distinctive name.
Some time ago I suggested " postparietal." To the outer side of the
postparietals lie the bones usually called " epiotic," but which, being
pretty certainly membrane bones, should be called either supratem-
porals, as done by Smith Woodward, or post-temporals, as I have
suggested. The objection to Smith Woodward's term lies in the
fact that " supratemporal " is largely used as the name for one of
the temporal roof bones further forward, and it seems inadvisable to
use the same name for two or three different bones. Below this
lateral so-called post-temporal is a bone which appears distinct, and
which is probably, as believed by Smith Woodw^ard, the opisthotic.
It meets the lateral process of the exoccipital and, above the oval
vacuity, what I believe to be part of the supraoccipital. Lying a
little in front of the lower part of the opisthotic is the long rounded

On a Nciu LahyrinUiodont Rhinesuchus Wliaitsi. 375

columella auris. The upper end is in the auditory notch, proving
that the tympanic membrane must have been superficial as in the
frog and stretched across the notch or foramen. The columella
auris is preserved in position on both sides of the specimen.

The back part of the parasphenoid (vomer) covers part of the
basioccipital and articulates at the sides with the exoccipitals. The
anterior part of the parasphenoid must have been long and slender.
Only the base of it is preserved, but this measures only about
18 mm., whereas immediately behind this the bone broadens out
to 45 mm., and at its broadest part to 58 mm. The most remark-
able feature of the parasphenoid is that a large part of it is covered
with minute teeth. From the lateral edges where it articulates with
the pterygoids the dentigerous areas pass inwards and forwards
to the base of the narrow anterior portion. The narrowest part
of the tooth-bearing region is 13 mm. wide. Thei'e are no teeth
behind this region. In the type specimen only the posterior and
inner parts of the pterygoids are preserved, and these, like the
parasphenoid, bear innumerable small teeth, which are not all
over the bone but along a band near the middle. The widest part
of this dentigerous band is about 30 mm., the narrowest so far as
preserved about 15 mm. In the Zeekoegat specimen a considerable
part of the front of the bone is preserved, and the small teeth are
seen to be continued far forward.

Passing up from back of each pterygoid are two bones which firmly
support it. The more anterior passes upwards and inwards, and
seems to correspond to the columella cranii of reptiles. It is
attached to the parietal by the side of the pineal foramen. The
other lies behind the outer part of the supposed columella cranii,
and forms the anterior wall of the large tympanic cavity. It is
probably the prootic.

Fragments of the maxilla show that it had a large series of small
flattened labyrinthodont teeth, and inside the maxilla lay the pala-
tine with a large number of small teeth irregularly arranged, but
roughly in three or four rows. The palatine teeth are considerably
larger than those on the pterygoids and parasphenoid, but they are
only about one-third the size of those on the maxilla. One fragment
of the snout shows a large rounded labyrinthodont tooth. It is to
the inner side of the row of palatine teeth, and is evidently borne by
the prevomer.

Though in a fragmentary condition, most of the mandible is pre-
served. The jaw has along its upper and outer border a large series
of small flattened labyrinthodont teeth, very similar to the row on

376 Annals of the SoutJt African Museum.

the maxilla. To the inside of this row, and separated from it by
a deep groove, is a round bony ridge thickly studded with large
numbers of small rounded teeth, very like those on the palatine.
These teeth appear to be borne by the splenial.

There can be little doubt that the specimen here described belongs
either to the same genus as Lydekker's specimen or to a closely
allied one, but we now know that that genus cannot be Eryops : in
fact, it is not even allied to Eryops.

In 1889 V. Amnion, in describing " Die permischer Amphibien der
Eheinpfalz," figured and briefly described, under the name Macro-
merion Gilmbeli, a small fragment of the upper and lower jaws of a
Labyi'inthodont very closely allied to the South African forms, and
most probably belonging to the same genus. The genus Macro-
merion was described by Fritsch in 1879, the type species being
31. Schioarzcnhenjii. In 1885 and 1889 a number of other species
w^ere added, some very doubtfully, to the same genus. It is pretty
manifest, however, that the jaw fragment described by v. Ammon
does not belong to Fritsch's genus, but to a new genus to which
also belong the two South African species.

This new genus maybe na^med Bhinesuchus, and it is characterised
as follows : Skull probably like that of Capitosaiirus in general
shape ; maxiliaries and dentaries bearing each a row of uniform
teeth ; inside of the maxillary teeth are large numbers of very small
teeth, probably borne by the palatines, and, covering much of the
pterygoids, and continued across the back part of the parasphenoid ;
similar small teeth are found inside of the teeth borne by the
dentaiy ; they are probably on the splenial bone ; the median
anterior part of the parasphenoid is narrow.

The genus Nyrania, described by Fritsch, has the pterygoids and
palatines similarly covered by small teeth, but there are apparently
no teeth on the parasphenoid, and there are no small teeth on the
lower jaw. The shape of the skull also differs considerably in the
two genera.

The species described by Lydekker has the teeth much larger and
fewer in number than the species here described. The German
species also appears to have much larger teeth. It is, of course,
at present impossible to very clearly differentiate the different
species, but we may regard all three as distinct. The genus
Bhinesuchus would thus have the three known species : —

Bliiiicsiiclius Gilmhcli (v. Ammon).
Bhinesuchus africcmus (Lydekker).
Bhinesuchus Whaitsi, Broom.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.IV.

Pl.XLVI.

Ft

X

Col

R. Broom del.

West, Newman lith.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Plate XLVI.

Fig.

1. Restoration of skull of Hi/diuixiicIiHS IVIimtKl, x 0'43.

2. Restoration of skull of Alopecodoii priscm, x about J.

3. Back of base of skull of Blnnc^uchus Whaitsi, slightly reduced.

sphenoid (= vomer), Pt. pterygoid, Col. columella auris.

( 379 )

6. — Note on the Specie^ 0/ Mesosaurus. — By R. Broom, D.Sc.

There has hitherto been much difficulty ia differentiating the
species of Mesosaurus. The type of Mesosaurus tenuidens, and the
South African Museum specimen described by Seeley both show the
head and front half of the body, but both Seeley and I have hesitated
in referring the Cape specimen to the same species as the Paris one.
When, three years ago, I described the Nieuwondtville specimen, I
pointed out a number of features in which the two best known
specimens differed, but in view of the opinion of Gaudry, who had
examined the Paris specimen, hesitated in definitely declaring the
two to belong to different species.

There has recently been presented to the South African Museum
an imperfect specimen of Mesosaurus from near Calvinia. It con-
sists of the cervical region and left fore limb, both well preserved,
with a very bad cast of the skull and of a number of ribs. On
comparing this specimen with Gervais' figure there can be little
doubt that the two belong to the same species, but there can also
be as little doubt that this species is quite distinct from the specimen
described by Seeley. In Mesosaurus tenuidens, as exemplified by the
Paris type and this Calvinia specimen, the head is about the same
length as the whole fore limb ; in the Capetown specimen the head
is apparently not longer than the humerus and radius together. In
M. tenuidens the back of the skull is more than 1| times as broad
as the radius is long ; in Seeley's specimen the skull is scarcely
broader than the radius is long. The cervical vertebrae in the type
species are well developed and mostly as broad as the distal end of
the humerus ; in the Capetown specimen the neck is slender, almost
all the vertebrae being narrower than the humerus. The specimen
described by Seeley must thus be regarded as a distinct species.
The question arises, however, whether it may not be the same as
the immature animal described by Giirich under the name Ditrocho-
saiirus capensis. Unfortunately Giirich's specimen represents only
the posterior region, with one slightly imperfect fore limb, and

380

Annals of the South African J^Iuseum.

a comparison with the Cape specimen is thus a little difficult. The
fore limb, the ribs, and vertebrae agree so closely in the two speci-
mens as to render it highly probable that the Cape specimen is the
adult of Giirich's type. The presence of two foramina in the
humerus of the type I am not inclined to regard as a normal
feature, and not improbably it is post-mortem. In the crushing
fossil bones are frequently altered and even have remarkable openings
made in them, e.g., Seeley's type of ? Cynognathus leptorhimis.

The following are some of the principal measurements of the
bones of the best specimens :—

Paris Type.

Length of Humerus 25 mm.

Eadius about 13 mm.

12 mm.
4-5 mm.

Ulna

1st Metacarpal

2nd

3rd

4th

gth

5*5 mm.
5' 8 mm.
5'5 mm.
-5 mm.

Giirich's
Type.

11 mm.
10 J mm.

3 mm.

5 mm.

5 mm.

5 mm.

4i mm.

Calvinia
Specimen.
24 mm.
12-8 mm.
12 mm.

4*8 mm.

5-6 mm.

•5-5 mm.

•5 '5 mm.

4-3 mm.

Capetown
Specimen.
27 mm.
14-8 mm.
14-2 mm.

4-8 mm.

6 '5 mm.

6-8 mm.

0-4 mm.

5-2 mm.

There appear to be thus three species of Mesosaurus known — M.
tenuidens, Gervais, represented by the Paris type, the Calvinia
specimen, and possibly also the Nieuwondtville specimen ; M.
capensis (Giirich), represented by Giirich's type and the specimen
described by Seeley ; and M. pleurogastcr, Seeley, very imperfectly
known.

881 )

14. — Neio Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. — By F. E. C. Keed,
M.A., F.G.S.

(Plates XLVII., XLVIII.)

Since the publication in the Annals of the author's previous articles
on the Brachiopoda and MoUusca of the Bokkeveld Beds/'' a con-
siderable amount of work has been done which bears either directly
or indirectly upon these beds and their fossils. A review of our
present knowledge of the whole fauna and of its relations to that of
other Devonian areas has recently been given elsewhere by the
author, t and in that article most of the important papers of recent
date have been mentioned, so that it is unnecessary here to do more
than incidentally refer to such of them as concern the additional
species described in the following pages. The conclusions at which
the author then arrived I with regard to the characters and relations
of the fauna of the Bokkeveld Beds do not require any modification
in consequence of the new material since examined.

The complete list of the fossils in the collection now submitted to
me for identification is as follows : —

Holopea haini Sharpe Zwartberg Pass.

Loxonema sp \ Uniondale.

( Unknown locality.

Metoidoma capense sp. nov Zwartberg Pass.

Belleroplion {Bucaniclla) reissi Chxrke ,, ,,

,, ,, 3b1£.trilobatus Sow. ,, ,,

,, {Tropidocyclus) cf. cjilletianus

Hartt and Eathbun Gamka Poort.

Bellerophou (Plectonotns) aff. saltcri Clarke ,, ,,

,, ,, fraterniis sp. nov. Whupperthal.
Hyolithes siibceqiialis (Salter) Gydo Pass.

* Reed, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. iii., No. 7, 1903, pp. 165-200, pis. xx.-
xxiii. ; ibid. vol. iv., pt. vi., No. 11, 1904, pp. 239-272, pis. xxx.-xxxii.
t Reed, Geol. Mag., Dec. 5, vol. iv., 1907, pp. 165-171, and 222-232.
I Ibid. pp. 230, 231.

382 Annals of the South African Museum.

Nncidiies abbreviatus (Sharpe) Zwartberg Pass.

,, africanus (Salter) \ Kourboom Eiver.

( Ceres Village.
bencckei Ulrich, var Zwartberg Pass.

" ^'■^'"^^'•^ Clarke { Unknown locality. .

,, ,, y SuV. nov. obtusus Zwartberg Pass.

,, capensis Eeed ,, ,,

,, martialis B^eed ,, ,,

,, pacat us ST), now \ jj i" , "■,-,

" -i^ r I Unknown locality.

J ■ I Ezelfontein.

" '^'''P'' ^P- "°^ I Near Ceres Village.

Palaoneilo antiqaa (Sharpe) Zwartberg Pass.

" ^^'^^^^^^ Schwarz ? { (.y^o Pass. "

7- ,cn \ ( Uitkomst.

" '''''^'' (^^^^"-1^^) 1 Unknown localities.

,, ,, var. o Ezelfontein.

,, ,, var. /3 Uitkomst.

,, subantiqua Eeed ? Zwartberg Pass.

,, cf. fccunda Hall Unknown locality.

Nuculana inoniata {8h&Y-pe) ' C 'd P

,, ma^or sp. nov Zwartberg Pass.

,, agrestis sp. nov ,, ,,

Niicula nigella sp. nov , , , ,

Biichiola subpalmataJieed ,, ,,

Grammy sia montana sp. nov , , , ,

Leptodomus ? fojitinalis sp. nov Ezelfontein,

Orthonoia cf . undulata Conr Koudeveld Berg.

Nyassa arguta Hall Zwartberg Pass.

Solenopsis ? bokkeveldensis sp. nov ,, ,,

Modiomorpha baini (Sharpe) Klein Straat Siding.

Actinopteria aff. humboldti Clarke Gydo Pass.

[ De Dooms.

Spirifcr orbignyl Morr. and Sh • Uitkomst.

( Locality unknown.
I Slang Fontein.

„ ceres Eeed ) ^^^^"8^

Koudeveld
Locality unknown.

cf . pedroanus Hartt { g J^^e^hfurs 'ivloof.

Neiv Fossils from the Bokkcveld Beds.

383

Spirifer sp. o Reed

„ sp. nov

,, sp. ind

Amboccelia umbonata (Conr.)

Leptocoslia flabellites (Conr.)

\ Ceves.
) Montagu.

Slang Fontein.
( Uitkomst.
I Hex River Mountains.

Gydo Pass.

Uitkomst.

Boschlui's Kloof.

Ladismith.

Gamka Poort.

Hex River Mountains.

BensselcBria montaguensis sp. nov

,, cf. cayuga Hall and Clarke ...

,, dM. stciuaiti G\2ixke 1

sp. ft Reed

Scaphiocoe,lia ? africana Reed

,, '? ,, ysii'.noY. elizabethcB
Bhynchospira cf . silveii Ulrich

Bhijnchospira ? simplex Schwarz

Betzia cf. adrieni De Vern..

Oionetes cf. arccl Ulrich

cf. coronatus Conr.

Orbicidoidea baini (Morr. and Sh.)

Lingula ? sp

Ophiocrinus stangeri Salter

Montagu.

Uitenhage.
j Gydo Pass.
) Ladismith.
[ Gydo Pass.
I Boschlui's Kloof.
( Uitkomst.

Montagu.
( Riet Kuil, Port EUza-
( beth.

Ceres.
^ Zwartberg Pass.

Gamka Poort.

Boschlui's Kloof.

Gabbosch Lagte, Ladi-
smith.

Worcester.

'? Hex River Mountains,
j Gydo Pass.
( Koudeveld Berg.

Gydo Pass.
( Boschlui's Kloof.
I Ezelfontein.
t Whupperthal.
) Zwartberg ~

Locality unknown.
Gydo Pass.

Addenda.

PalcBoneilo rudis Hex River Mountains.

Modiomorpha baini Koudeveld Berg.

Leptocalia flabellites Montagu.

Cryptonella baini (Sharpe) Klein Straat Siding.

30

(384)

LIST OF NEW SPECIES AND VAEIETIES.

Metoptoma cwpcnse sp, nov.

Bellerophon {Tropiclocyclus) cf. gilletianus Hartt and Eathbun.

,, (Plectonotus) fraternus sp. nov.

Nticulites beneckei Ulrich, var.

,, hranneri Clarke, var. nov. ohtusus.

,, pacatus sp. nov.

,, sharpei sp. nov.
Nuculana viator sp. nov.

,, agrestis sp. nov.
NiLcnla nigella sp. nov.
Grammy sia montana sp. nov.
Leptodomus ? fontinalis sp. nov.
Solenopsis ? bokkeveldensis sp. nov.
Modiomorpha baini (Sharpe) var,
Actinoptcria aff. humboldti Clarke.
Spirifer sp. nov.
Bensselceria montagucnsis sp. nov.

,, cf. cayuga Hall and Clarke.

,, aff. stewarti Clarke ?

Scaphiocwlia ? africana Eeed, var. nov. clizabetlia.

Netu Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. 385

GASTEROPODA.

Genus METOPTOMA Phillips, 1836.

METOPTOMA CAPENSE sp. nov.

(PI. XLVII., figs. 1, 2.)

Shell oval to elliptical in shape, about two-thirds as wide as long ;
anterior and posterior ends rounded and subequal ; surface more or
less convex and obtusely conical, rising gradually in convex curve
from anterior end to apex, which is situated at about one-quarter
the length of shell from posterior end ; height of shell about one-
third the length ; apex simple, small, acute, slightly curved backward
and overhanging the steeply inclined and gently concave short
posterior slope of the shell. Surface marked by concentric striae,
strongest near margin ; faint traces of delicate radial ornamentation.

Dimensions: — I. II. III.

Length 150 mm. 16"0 mm. 12-5 mm.

Height G-0 5-0 4-5

Width 11-5 120 9-0

Locality. — Zwartberg Pass.

Bemarks. — There are three specimens of this shell in the collec-
tion. A species which appears to resemble it is Platyceras patelli-
forme, Holzapfel,'-' from the Upper Middle Devonian of the Ehenish
area.

Genus BELLEEOPHON Montfort, 1808.

BELLEKOPHON (TEOPIDOCYCLUS) cf. GILLETIANUS
Hartt and Eathbun.

One somewhat crushed specimen from Garaka Poort, measuring
13 mm. in height, 10 mm. in width, and 4-5 mm. in thickness,
appears to resemble Tropidocyclas (jillctianus, Hartt and Eathbun, I

* Holzapfel, Das obere Mitteldevon (Abh. kiin. preu^s. geol. Landesanst., N.F.,
xvi, 1895), p. 180, t. iv., tigs. 8, 9.

t Hartt and Eathbun, Ann. New York Lyceum Nat. Hist., vol. xi., 1875,
p. 118.

386 Annals of the South African Museum.

of Brazil, which Clarke ■'- has also described from Erere. Thomas t
more recently has compared with this species a specimen from
Argentina, Ours is too imperfect for a minute comparison, but the
general shape of the whorls and proportions of the shell agree well
with it. It is closely similar to the shell described by Whidborne \
as Bellerophou {Tropidodiscus) trilohatus Sow., yqx . hisulcatus Eoem.,
from the English Upper Devonian, and seems almost indistinguish-
able from the one figured by Beushausen § from the Spirifer Sand-
stone of the Upper Harz as Bellerophon bisulcatus Eoem.

BELLEEOPHON (PLECTONOTUS) FEATEENUS sp. nov.
(PL XLVII., figs. 3, 3a, 4.)

The almost perfect internal casts of two shells of a Belleroplion
lying in close contact on the same piece of rock from Whupperthal
enable us to define a new form which, while undoubtedly allied to
B. salteri, Clarke,!] appears to merit specific distinction, for the
shell expands more rapidly towards the mouth, the whorls are less
deep, the umbilicus is larger, and the mouth is more transversely
elliptical.

Description. — Shell large, broad-backed, subglobose, faintly trilobed,
rapidly expanding to a wide transversely elliptical mouth. Umbilicus
large, deep, open, with subangular margins, in diameter nearly one-
third the height of the shell. "Whorls broad, low, increasing in height
rather rapidly, about half as high as broad, with rather sharply
rounded lateral edges ; faintly trilobed by two weak spiral furrows,
each lying about half-way between the middle line and lateral edges
of whorls, leaving a low, indistinct dorsal lobe between them which
does not rise above the general convexity of the dorsum and
occupies about the middle three-fifths of its width. Mouth suddenly
expanded laterally with reflexed lower lip, and with dorsal margin
excavated by deep but not wide V-shaped notch, forming large
rounded lobes to the aperture.

* Clarke, Palseoz. Faunas of Parii, Brazil, 1899 (Archiv. Mus. Nac. Eio de
Janeiro, vol. x., 1899), p. 40, t. iii., figs. 10, 11.

t Thomas, Zeitschr. deut. geol. Gesell., Bd. Ivii., 1905, p. 253, pi. xii.,
figs. 13a, h.

\ Whidborne, Mon. Brit. Dev. Fauna (PalaBont. Soc), vol. iii., pt. i., 1896, p. 68.

§ Beushausen, Beitr. Kennt. Oberharz. Spirifersandst. (Abhandl. geol. specialk.
Preuss., vi.. No. 1, 1884) p. 45, t. ii., figs. 3a, h.

II Clarke, op. cit., p. 39, pi. iii., figs. 12, 13.

Nctv Fossils from thi' Bokkcrchl Beds. 'i^l

Diyncnsions : — I. IT.

Height of shell 32 mm. about 29 mm.

Dicameter of umbilicus 12 about 12

Transverse diameter of

mouth about 55 about 54

Diameter of whorl at base

of shell 8 8-5

Diameter of whorl before

apertural expansion... 25 27

In specimen II. the dorsum near the mouth is imperfect, while the
right lateral margin of the mouth is well preserved ; but in speci-
men I. the dorsum and notch are perfect and the superior apertural
margin is entire on the right side, though the lateral margins are
broken.

PTEROPODA.

Genus HYOLITHES Eichwald, 1840.
HYOLITHES SUBtEQUALIS (Salter).

There is one specimen of this pteropod in the present collection
from an unknown locality, but in much the same kind of rock as that
from Gydo Pass, and the block also contains Nuculites shaiyei and
Palaoneilo riulis. Salter's definition was previously quoted by me,"=
but his figures i are poor. This example is more trigonal than he
indicates, and in every respect more resembles H. schcncki Ulrich,
to which I have considered the species closely allied.

Its length is 28 mm., and its width at the aperture 9 mm. Its
rate of tapering is about 20-25'^

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Genus NUCULITES Conrad, 1841.

The following nine species of Nuculites have been previously
recorded from the Bokkeveld Beds, of which one {N. o vat us Sharpe)
is doubtfully referable to the genus : —

* Reed, Ann. S. Ah-. Mus., vol. iv., pt. vi., 1904, p. 247.

t Salter, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vii. (185G), p. 215. woodcuts, figs. 3, 4,
p. 214 .

388 Annals of the South African Museum.

Nuculites abhrcviatus (Sharpe).

africanus (Salter).
,, hranneri Clarke.
,, capensis Reed.

coloniciis Reed,
,, limn lata Schwarz.
,, martial IS Reed.
,, ? ovatns (Sharpe).
,, cf. smithi Clarke.

From the new material submitted to me the form described as
N. cf. smithi can be established as a distinct new species termed
N. sharpei, and two more species may be recognised, one of which
is new to science {N. pacatus), and the other of which is probably
identical with the Bolivian N. benockei Ulrich. A description of
these is appended.

The determination and specific separation of the more or less
imperfect internal casts by which the species are usually represented
is a matter of much difficulty and frequently of considerable un-
certainty, as there are intermediate varieties which appear to connect
several of the species together.

NUCULITES ABBREVIATUS (Sharpe).

There are several small typical examples of N. abbreviatus from
Zwartberg Pass, averaging 9-10 mm. in height and 12-13 mm. in
length. Some of them show the teeth distinctly, which were not
described by Sharpe or the author." There are 25-27 small parallel
curved transverse teeth in a row behind the beaks, increasing in size
posteriorly, while between the clavicular ridges 6-8 longer radiating
teeth are supported on the usual semicircular plate. All the speci-
mens are in the condition of internal casts.

NUCULITES BENECKEI Ulrich, var.

(PI. XLVIL, fig. 9.)

There is a rather common species of Nuculites from Zwartberg
Pass which is probably a variety of Ulrich 's N. beneckei.i It is
more triangular in shape than N. branneri ; the dorsal margin
slopes down more obliquely ; the posterior end is narrower and

* Eeed, Ann. S. Afr. Mas., vol. iv., pt. vi., 1904, p. 256.

t Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Miner., Beil. Bd. viii., 1893, p. 40, pi. ii., tigs. 16, 17.

Neiv Fossils frovi the Bokkeveld Beds. 389

more pointed, the beaks are rather lower and less swollen ; and the
clavicular ridge is rather shorter and decidedly stouter and straighter
than in the typical N. hranneri. The specimens which I have for
examination are all in the condition of internal casts, as are Ulrich's
figured specimens of N. beneckei. Fi'om the latter ours seem to
differ only by the slightly shorter anterior end of the shell, and by
the clavicular ridge being vertical or even a little curved forwards as
in N. africanus, in which, however, this feature is much more pro-
nounced and the shell is more elongate. Imperfect internal casts
of the Bokkeveld form referred to N. hranneri are often difficult to
distinguish from this variety of N. beneckei.

The dimensions of the best preserved example are as follows :
Length 45 mm. ; height 31 mm. ; thickness 20 mm.

Locality. — Zwartberg Pass.

NUCULITES BEANNEEI Clarke, var. nov. obtusiis.

There are some specimens from the Bokkeveld Beds (Nos. 796, 797,
locality unknown) which must be considered identical with N. bran-
neri Clarke ; but the majority of the specimens from Zwartberg Pass
and Gamka Poort (including the one figured by me as N. hranneri in
Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. vi., No. 11, p. 257, pi. xxxi., figs. 8, 8a)
have rather broader, more obtuse and subtruncate posterior ends,
with a less obliquely sloping dorsal margin, and are altogether of an
oblong rather than a subelliptical shape ; the clavicular ridge is also
stouter. It seems undesirable to separate these forms specifically
from N. hranneri, which they otherwise closely resemble, and they
may be regarded as a variety under the name obtusus.

NUCULITES MAETIALIS Reed.

(PI. XLVII., fig. 10.)

One internal cast of the species described by the author as N. mar-
tialisr by showing both valves in apposition enables me to add a few
more particulars to the description of its characters. The beaks are
subcentral, being more than one-third the length of the shell distant
from the anterior end. The posterior margin is not " obliquely trun-
cate at the upper angle," but is regularly rounded, the whole shell
being subcircular or, rather, broadly elliptical in shape ; the height is
26 mm. and the length 31 mm. The hinge-line is short and arcuate ;

* Reed, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. (5, No. 11, p. 260, pi. xxxii., fig. 2.

390 Annals of the South African Museum.

the teeth are not well preserved. The stout clavicular ridge is de-
cidedly curved forw^ard. The beaks are tumid, incurved, and rise
above the hinge-line. Owing to imperfect preservation the opposite
valves in this one individual have quite a different appearance, the
left-hand one having the ventral margin broken, and thus possessing
a much more oval shape than the other.
Locality. — Zwartberg Pass.

NUCULITES PACATUS sp. nov.

(PL XLVII., figs. 5, 5a, 6.)

Shell elongated oval, one and a half times as long as high ; ends
regularly rounded, anterior end rather narrower and more pointed
than posterior end ; ventral margin strongly convex ; dorsal margin
weakly convex, not oblique ; greatest height of shell a little behind
beaks. Beaks low, obtuse, broad, directed forwards, scarcely rising
above hinge-line, situated rather forward, at about one-third (or
rather less) the length of the shell from anterior end. Valves very
convex, swollen, especially in umbonal region just behind and below
beaks. Clavicular ridge very thick and strong, nearly vertical or
faintly curved forwards, extending about two-thirds the height of
shell. Hinge-line with 8 rather long teeth of equal size radiating
downwards, situated on semicircular plate between clavicular ridges
just in front of beaks ; no teeth in front of them, but behind them a
straight row of 30-36 small transverse teeth, increasing gradually in
size posteriorly and extending about two-thirds of the distance
between the beaks and posterior end of shell.

Dimensions : — I. II.

Length 46 mm. 45 mm.

Height 29 26

Thickness 26 24

Locality. — Zwartberg Pass.

Bemarks. — The elongated oval shape of the shell, the strong con-
vexity of the valves, the low beaks and stout clavicular ridge are
distinguishing features. The good preservation of the hinge-line in
one specimen enables us to fix the characters of the dentition with
certainty. From N. hranneri it differs by the more elongated shape
and more swollen sides, by the more subequal ends of the shell,
by the lower beaks, by the non-obliquity of the dorsal margin and
the stronger and straighter clavicular ridge. Prom N. bcneckci var.
the shape of the shell at once distinguishes it.

Neio Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. 391

NUCULITES SHAEPEI sp. nov.

(PI. XLVII., figs. 7, 8.)

Shell elongated oval, somewhat produced posteriorly and narrow-
ing behind beaks ; nearly twice as long as high ; height greatest at
beaks; surface strongly convex. Beaks obtuse, rounded, incurved,
situated at about one-third the length of shell from anterior end.
Ventral margin very slightly convex or nearly straight. Dorsal
margin behind beaks sloping obliquely down, nearly straight.
Anterior end short, obtusely pointed. Posterior end narrowing
gradually, longer and usually more pointed than anterior end.
Clavicular ridge narrow, starting a little in front of beak, nearly
vertical and straight or slightly inclined backwards, long, three-
fourths to four-fifths the height of shell.

Surface of shell marked with fine striae and a few stronger
concentric growth-ridges.

Dimensions. — Length 19 mm. ; height 10 mm.

Localities. — Ezelfontein ; near Ceres Village.

Remarks. — This shell is less elongated than N. capensis but more
so than N. abbreviatus. It much resembles N. smithi Clarke, with
which it has been previously compared by me,''' but the beaks are
more anteriorly situated. N. oblongata Conrad, f of the Hamilton
Group, is an allied form, but the clavicular ridge appears to be
shorter. Beushausen's CucuUella ellipticaM&m\,l from the Lower
Coblenzian, is a species with very close affinities.

Genus PAL.EONEILO Hall, 1869.

The following species of Palceoneilo have been recorded from the
Bokkeveld Beds : —

Palceoneilo antiqua (Sharpe).

,, ? arcuata Schwarz.

,, Boyesi Schwarz.

,, rudis (Sharpe).

,, subantiqua Eeed.

,, aff. constricta (Conr.).

,, ci. fecunda Hall.

* Reed, Geol. Mag., Dec. 5, vol. iii., 1906, p. 303.

t Hall, Palffiont. New York, vol. v., pt. i., Lamellibr., pi. xlvii., figs. 1-12.
+ Beushausen, Lamell. rhein. Devon (Abh. kon. preuss. geol. Landesanst.,
N.F,, xvii., 1895), p. 104, t. v., figs. 9-15.

392 Annals of the South African Museuvi.

Of the foregoing species nearly all are represented in the collection
now examined ; P. antiqua, comes from the Zwartberg Pass ;
specimens apparently attributable to P. arcuata, but in a poor
state of preservation, come from the same locality and from
Gydo Pass.

P. rudis is represented by typical examples from Uitkomst
and an unknown locality and doubtfully from Ezelfontein, while
a variety characterised by its more elongated shape comes from
Ezelfontein. This variety is represented only by poorly preserved
specimens which do not allow of a detailed diagnosis, but in the
position of the beaks, sulcus on surface, convexity and marginal out-
line, it agrees with the type, only differing in its more elongated
shape, one specimen measuring 37 mm. long by 21 mm. high, and
another 45 mm. long by 26 mm. high. There is one specimen from
Uitkomst of a broken right valve with the dorsal margin and beak
imperfect, which may probably be regarded as a short variety
of P. rudis ; it is elliptical-subquadrate in shape, as shown by
the growth-lines, which are strong and widely spaced ; the posterior
margin has the outline of the type ; it measures approximately
35 mm. in length and 28 mm. in height.

Two imperfect internal casts which show the hinge-line and teeth,
from the Zwartberg Pass, probably belong to P. subantiqua ; and
a crushed specimen from an unknown locality may be compared
with P. cf . fecunda as previously described by the author.

Genus NUCULANA Link., 1807 (= LEDA Schumacher, 1817).
NUCULANA INOENATA (Sharpe).

Two good examples of this shell occur in the collection from
Uitkomst and Gydo Pass ; the specimen from the former locality
measures 29 mm. in length by 15 mm. in height; and the other
(which is rather elongated by crushing and posteriorly is broken
off) about 38 mm. in length by 19 mm. in height.

There is nothing to add to the description already published,
except that it appears closely related to N. securiformis (Goldfuss)
as illustrated by Beushausen,* which occurs in the Upper and
Lower Coblenzian of Europe. Its resemblance to Leda diversa
Hall, of North and South America, has previously been remarked.!

* Beushausen, op. cit., p. 5'J, t. iv., figs. 26-28.
f Reed, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. vi., p. 255.

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. 393

NUCULANA VIATOR sp. nov.
(PI. XLVII., figs. 11, 11a.)

There is one internal cast of a species of Nuculaua which is
undoubtedly distinct from N. inornata, and probably belongs to
a new species. It most resembles in shape the form termed by
Ulrich * Leda sp. a, from the Devonian of Bolivia, which (as Ulrich
has remarked) differs from N. inomata by having the beaks more
centrally situated and the posterior end less produced. In our
shell the dorsal margin behind the beaks is also rather more exca-
vated, the ventral margin more convex and the posterior extremity
more acutely pointed. The whole shell is shorter and cannot be
regarded as a variety of N. inornata. The hinge-line is fairly well
preserved, is only weakly angulated, and shows about 10 teeth
in front of the beaks extending about half-way to the anterior
end of shell. Behind the beaks the teeth are smaller and less
distinctly shown, and there is a narrow oval scar on each side of
and close to the hinge-line at about a third of its length from
the beaks. The anterior and posterior adductor scars are faintly
marked.

Dimensions. — Length 17 mm. ; height 11 mm. ; thickness 6 mm.

In addition to Ulrich's Leda sp. a its nearest allies seem to be
Leda brevirostris Hall, t of the Hamilton Group, and N. Ahrendi A.
RcEm.j of the Upper Coblenzian.

This new Bokkeveld form deserves a name, and may be termed
N. viator. It comes from the Zwartberg Pass.

NUCULANA AGRESTIS sp. nov.

(PI. XLVIL, tigs. 12, 12a.)

Shell short, subtriangular, compressed, flattened, most convex
below beaks, narrowing rapidly posteriorly. Anterior end high,
obtuse, broadly rounded. Beaks small, acute, rising above hinge-
line, situated a little behind anterior third of shell, slightly directed
backwards. Dorsal margin nearly straight, sloping downwards
rapidly to subacute narrow posterior end which is not produced.
Ventral margin strongly convex. Hinge-line angulated below beaks

* Ulrich, op. cit., p. 45, t. ii., fig. 14.
t Hall, op. cit., pi. xlvii., figs. 38, 39.
t Beushausen, op. cit., p. 04, t. iv., figs. 37-39.

394

Annals of the South African Museum.

at about 130° ; numerous small teeth in front of beaks, extending
about half-way down anterior end ; posterior hinge-Hne not preserved.
Anterior adductor scar long, pointed oval, situated at about middle
height of anterior end. Posterior adductor scar of same shape and
situated rather more than half-way between the beaks and the
posterior end close to dorsal margin. Faint posterior excavation
in pallial hne.

Dimensions. — Length 12-5 mm. ; height 10 mm. ; thickness 4 mm.

Locality. — Zwartberg Pass.

Bemarks. — One internal cast is all the material available, but
luckily it is well preserved. I am inclined to refer this shell to the
genus Nuculana rather than to Nucula because of the excavation in
the pallial line which is just visible. It is unusually short and
triangular in shape and is certainly distinct from N. viator.

Genus NUCULA Lamarck, 1799.

NUCULA NIGELLA sp. nov.

(PI. XLVIL, figs. 13, 13a.)

There is one internal cast of a nuculiform shell from Zwartberg
Pass which must be placed in a new species of the genus Nucula.
It is slightly abraded at the anterior and posterior ends, but the
characters exhibited are quite sufficient to establish its inde-
pendence.

Description. — Shell trigonal, swollen anteriorly, compressed
posteriorly, about four-fifths as high as long. Anterior end thick,
flattened, abruptly truncated, almost vertical. Dorsal margin straight,
short, not longer than anterior end is high, with which it makes
angle of about 75°. Beaks anterior; slightly sw^ollen and scarcely
elevated, not recurved. Lunule large, elongate, extending about
two-thirds dow^n the anterior end, slightly impressed but not
markedly concave. Ventral margin short, convex, curving round
regularly into broadly rounded posterior end of shell. Hinge-line
straight behind beaks, with 20-30 small transverse teeth extending
about three-fourths along dorsal margin in narrow lanceolate area
(impressed in cast). Ligamental pit between beaks well marked,
deep. Anterior hinge-line not preserved. Posterior muscle-scar
below end of hinge-line, strong.

Dimensions. — Length of shell 31 mm. ; height 25 mm. ; thickness
(anteriorly) 17 mm.

Bemarks. — It is possible that this is the internal cast of the shell

Ncic Fossils frovi the Bokkeveld Beds. 395

named by Sharpe * Lcptodom^is ovatus, but if this is so the name
ovata is previously occupied for a Mesozoic species of Nucula, so
that a new specific designation is requisite, and the name nigella
accordingly may be given it.

In shape and general characters it appears to be allied to
N. varicosa Hall,t of the Hamilton Group in North America.

Genus GEAMMYSIA De Verneuil, 1847.

GRAMMYSIA MONTANA sp. nov.

(PI. XLVIII., fig. 2.)

Shell broadly elliptical, highest in front, narrowing somewhat
behind beak, moderately convex. Beak broad, obtuse, incurved,
rising well above hinge-line, slightly directed forwards, situated at
about two-fifths the length of the shell from anterior end. Umbonal
ridge indistinct, but a broad shallow depression crosses the valve,
descending from the beak vertically to the ventral margin, before
reaching which it dies out. Anterior end of shell broadly rounded,
very obtuse, with small impressed lunule below beak. Dorsal
margin sloping downwards to narrower, more pointed posterior end.
Ventral margin short, nearly straight in middle. Surface of shell
marked by fairly strong concentric undulations and fine growth-striae.

Dimensions. — Length 23 mm. ; height 18 mm.

Bemarks. — There is only one left valve of this species, and it
comes from the Zwartberg Pass. Amongst the Brazilian species
described by Clarke, Grammysia lundi Clarke,]: bears a very close
resemblance to it, but ours has rather a narrower posterior end, and
a higher more obtuse anterior extremity, with the beak not quite so
far forward. Probably it belongs to a new species, and it may be
termed montana.

Genus LEPTODOMUS McCoy, 1844.

LEPTODOMUS ? FONTINALIS sp. nov.

(PI. XLVIL, figs. 14, 14a.)

There are two specimens of a new species of some member of the
Grammy siidaB from Ezelfontein, one of which is a perfect internal

* Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc. Loncl.,ser. 2, vol. vii., 1856, p. 212, pi. xxvii.,fig. 7;
Eeed, op. cit., p. 259.

f Hall, Palteont. New York, vol. v., Lamell. ii., pi. xlvii., figs. 12-23.
+ Clarke, op. cit., p. 66, t. vi., figs. 11, 12, 13.

396 Annals of the Sonth African Museum.

cast of the complete shell, and the other shows the surface of the
left valve. The description of this new form is as follows : —

Shell elongated-elliptical, nearly twice as long as high, strongly
tumid in middle, slightly compressed behind, not gaping at posterior
end. Anterior end short, narrower than posterior end, acutely
rounded. Posterior end broader, obtuse, rounded, subtruncate
above. Dorsal margin straight behind beaks. Hinge-line edentu-
lous, shorter than shell, with faint narrow lanceolate escutcheon.
Ventral margin nearly straight for three-fourths its length, with very
weak broad shallow excavation near middle. Beaks situated at
about one-third the length of shell from anterior end, large, obtuse,
broad, rounded, swollen, directed forwards and incurved, rising
above hinge-line, and overhanging a large, slightly depressed cordi-
form lunule. Umbonal ridge broad, swollen, undefined. Anterior
slope of shell steep, rising rather suddenly from margin, rounded ;
median portion of valve rather flattened, particularly near weak
excavation in ventral margin ; post-umbonal slope somewhat
flattened. Surface marked with weak corrugations and strong con-
centric growth-lines. Pallial line entire. Muscular scars almost
obsolete.

Dimensions. — Length 48 mm. ; height 28 mm. ; thickness
25 mm.

Remarks. — This species is undoubtedly allied to Grammysia luncli
Clarke,* but as to its precise generic position there would be some
doubt if we rejected the name LejJtodomus, as "Wheelton Hind f
seems inclined to do. Whidborne,:|: however, has kept it for certain
Devonian shells, one of which, L. constrictus McCoy, § bears a con-
siderable resemblance to our shell. Beushausen's || usage of the
generic names Lcptodomus and Allerisma does not commend itself
to Wheelton Hind, and the whole of the generic group of the Gram-
mysiidee seem to require revision. G. luncli is a much shorter shell
than ours, and has higher beaks, more anteriorly situated. The
shell figured by Kayser 1l from the Devonian of Argentina as
Leptodomus sp. bears some resemblance to this South African
species.

* Clarke, op. cit., p. 6(5, pi. vi., figs. 11-13.

t Wheelton Hind, Brit. Carb. Lamellibr. (Palseont. Soc), parts 3-5, 1898-1900,

pp. 228, 379, 419.

+ Whidborne, Mon. Brit. Dev. Fauna, vol. iii., pt. i., 1896, p. 74.

§ Whidborne, oj). cit., p. 75, pi. viii., figs. 8, 9.

II Beushausen, op. cit., pp. 250, 263.

•i Kayser, Zeitsehr. dent. geol. Gesell., xlix., 1897, p. 289, t. x., fig. 6.

Neio Fossils from the Bokkeceld Beds. 397

Genus SOLENOPSIS McCoy, 1844.

SOLENOPSIS ? BOKKEVELDBNSIS sp. nov.

(PL XLVIIL, fig. 1.)

Shell very elongated, narrow, about three times as long as high,
narrowing a little anteriorly, moderately convex, compressed a little
in the posterior cardinal region ; dorsal and ventral margins sub-
parallel ; hinge-line straight ; ventral margin nearly straight or very
weakly convex ; anterior end very short, rounded ; posterior end
rounded. Beaks low, broad, obtuse, rounded, not rising above
hinge-line, situated very far forward, subanterior. Surface of shell
divided into two unequal parts by shallow straight groove running
obliquely from beak to posterior end of shell ; above this groove the
shell is rather flattened and marked by closely-set, fine thread-like
minutely nodulated concentric lines. The groove bounds posteriorly
the low broad rounded umbonal ridge which merges in front into the
general convexity of the shell ; the ridge itself immediately below the
groove is marked by 12-15 fine regular equal and equidistant radiating
thread-like lines, crossed at right angles by a continuation of the
concentric lineation of the posterior slope and nodulated at the
points of intersection. In front of these radiating lines the shell
is marked by strong rounded concentric growth-ridges, and in-
distinctly by a continuation of the finer concentric lineation
obscurely nodulated.

Dimensions. — Length 50 mm. ; height 17 mm. ; thickness
11 mm.

Localitij. — Zwartberg Pass.

Remarks. — This shell may belong either to the genus Pholadclla
or the genus OrtJionota sens, str., or to the genus Solenopsis. The
difference in ornamentation of the anterior and middle portions
agrees with Pholadclla. But though it apparently lacks the charac-
teristic truncation of the posterior end, it has the elongated shape,
the depressed broad beaks, the oblique groove behind the umbonal
ridge, and long straight hinge-line of Orthonota. Some species of
Solenopsis, as defined by Beushausen {op. cit., pp. 216, 217), bear
much similarity to it, particularly as regards the shape of the shell
and low subanterior beaks ; radial lineation appears to be sometimes
present ; and S. vetusta (Goldf.) and S. attenuata (Whiteaves) have
a general resemblance to it, so that it may not unreasonably be
referred to this genus rather than to any other.

398 Annals of the South African Mmenm.

Genus NYASSA Hall, 1869.

NYASSA AEGUTA Hall.

A specimen which the author" referred doubtfully to Hall's
Nyassa arguta has been described on a previous occasion from the
Zwartberg Pass. Three, or possibly four, more examples of the
same species from the same locality are now to hand, and there can
be no doubt as to their reference to N. arguta. The elongated post-
lateral parallel teeth or cardinal ridges and the small irregular trans-
verse pits on the plate below the beak can be detected, and if Beus-
hausen is correct in identifying N. dorsata Goldf. with N. arguta Hall,
we can have no hesitation in referring this South African form to it.
Clarke's f Guerangeria or Nyassa ortoni from the Devonian of
Brazil is closely allied.

Genus MODIOMORPHA Hall, 1873.

MODIOMORPHA BAINI (Sharpe) var.

There are two specimens from Klein Straat Siding, both of left
valves, of a species of Modiomorpha which may be regarded as a
variety of Sharpe's Modiolopsis haini, of which examples have been
previously described by the author \ from this and other localities.
A somewhat distorted specimen of a right valve from Koudeveld Berg
may be referred to the same variety. The distinguishing feature is
the more elongate sublinguiform shape of the shell, therein resem-
bling Clarke's M. hehnreicheni § more than M. Baini. They are
also flatter and have the umbonal ridge less strongly developed than
in the latter, but this may be due to lateral compression. The beaks
are more anterior in M. Baini and this variety than in M. hehn-
reicheni, and differ from Cypricardella pohli Clarke (with which
some Cape specimens have been identified) by the axis of the
shell not being oblique and in other respects. There can be little
doubt that they belong to the genus Modiomorpha, the muscle-scars,
position of beaks, hinge-line, and general shape being essentially in
agreement with typical members. The length of one of our speci-

* Reed, Geol. Mag., Dec. 5, vol. iii., 1906, p. 303, pi. xvi., figs. 3, 3a.

t Clarke, op. cit., p. 62, pi. vii., fig. 6.

+ Eeed, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. vi., 1904, p. 267.

§ Clarke, oj). cit., p. 50, pi. vi., figs. 1, 2, 17.

Neio Fossils from tlie Bokkcvcld Beds. 399

mens is 43 mm. and of the other 36 mm., and the height respectively
23 mm. and 22 mm.

Genus ACTINOPTERIA Hall, 1883.

ACTINOPTERIA aif. HUMBOLDTI Clarke.

(PL XLVIII., fig. 3.)

The distinction between A. liumholdti Clarke/'' and A. eschtvegei
Clarke, f consists, according to Clarke, in the former having "the
shell characteristically recm^ved at its posterior extremity, the
obliquity of the valves being notably greater, the wing much shorter,
the auricle smaller, and the surface ornamentation quite different."
Instead of having " numerous fine radiating striae which are coarsest
and alternate in size on the posterior slope," A. liumholdti has a
" few low, broad, indistinct and subequal ribs." In both cases con-
centric ridges, undulations, or striae are present as well. There is
one left valve from Gydo Pass, measuring 34 mm. in oblique length
and 22 mm. high, which more closely resembles A. liumholdti in the
above-mentioned characters than it does ^4. eschioegei ; the greater
obliquity, the shorter wing, the recurved posterior end (well marked
by the ribs), and the ornamentation are the features on which
reliance is placed. But the two species are undoubtedly closely
alhed. A. eschwegei has closer affinities with A. hoydi (Conr.) ; a
specimen allied to the latter has been previously described by the
author from the Bokkeveld Beds.|

BRACHIOPODA.

Genus SPIEIFER Sowerby, 1815.

SPIRIPER ORBIGNYI Morris and Sharpe.

The reasons for considering Sp. antarcticus (Sharpe) to be
synonymous with S^). orbignyi were given by the author in some
detail on a previous occasion. § Schwarz j] subsequently maintained

* Clarke, op. cit., p. 47, pi. v., figs. 3, 7, 11, 12.

t Ibid., p. 4.5, pi. v., figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 ; Thomas, Zeitschr. deut. geoi.
Gesell., Ivii., 1905, p. 257, t. xiii., fig. 29.

I Reed, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. vi., p. 266, pi. xxxii., fig. 9.
§ Eeed, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. iii.. No. 7, pp. 180-183.

II Schwarz, Eecords of the Albany Museum, vol. i.. No. vi., 1906, pp. 367-375.

31

400 Annals of the Sontli African Museum.

that they are specifically separable, but I am not convinced of the
advisability of regarding them as distinct, and as already pointed out
by me," Messrs. I. Thomas and E. T. Newton support my view,
while Clarke i considers that both Sp. antarcticus and Sp. orhignyi
are amongst the local expressions of one widely distributed type
represented by Sp. arrectus {^ Sp.' nmrchisoni).

SPIEIFEE sp.

(PI. XLVIIL, fig. 4.)

One cast of the brachial valve of a species of Spirifer from Slang
Fontein seems to belong to a new species, and is at any rate different
to any which I have previously seen from the Bokkeveld Beds. The
material, however, is insufficient for a complete diagnosis. The shell
is subtriangular in shape, rounded anteriorly, about If times as wide
as long, with somewhat pointed lateral angles. The median fold is
strongly elevated and rather narrow, and is divided down its anterior
two-thirds by a sharp central furrow. On each side of this median
fold are 5-6 weak subangular ribs, of w^hich the first pair bordering
the fold are well marked for their whole length, but the others are
consecutively weaker and only well developed near the margin. The
grooves between are wide, shallow and rounded, and the cardinal
area of the opposite valve is moderately high, steeply inclined, with
a large triangular delthyrium. Length 20 mm. ; width 34 mm.
The furrowed median fold recalls Sp. hifidus Eoemer, Sp. ziczac
Eoemer, and Sp. williamsi Hall and Clarke, but the plication of the
valve more resembles »S^;. duodenarius Hall, Sp). excavatus Kayser,
and Sp. raricostatus Conrad. The precise affinities cannot be deter-
mined by means of this one specimen.

EHYNCHOSPIEA ? SIMPLEX (Schwarz).

The species which Schwarz | described as Trigeria simplex, but
which he compared with Rhynchospira jamesiana (Hartt and Eath-
bun), may be referred to the genus Bhynchospira with more probability
than to Trigeria, as I have elsewhere remarked. ^ Some indifferently
preserved specimens from several localities are noticeable in the

* Reed, Geol. Mag., Dec. 5, vol. iv., 1907, pp. 34, 35 ; and ibid., pp. 170, 171.
t Clarke, Some New Devonic Fossils (Bull. No. 107, N.Y. State Mus., 1907),
pp. 260-263.

I Schwarz, op. cit., p. 366, pi. vii., tig. 9.

§ Eeed, Geol. Mag., Dec. 5, vol. iv., 1907, p. 34.

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. 401

present collection ; and it may be mentioned that the shells from
Argentina which Thomas ''■'■ regarded as young individuals of Lio-
rhynchus bodenbenderi Kayser bear a consideraljle resemblance in
general shape and ribbing. In some of our examples a coarsely
punctate structure of the shell, as in Retzia, seems to be present.
Unfortunately the critical internal features for the determination of
the true generic position of these little shells are insufficiently
preserved.

The style of ribbing and the number of ribs (about 20) in the
present specimens agree with Schwarz's description and figure, and
the shell seems only distinguishable from my Trigeria aff. (jaudryi
by having the ribs less numerous, as in the latter they number
28-30.

The true relations and generic determination of the ribbed shells
which have been described from the Bokkeveld Beds as Bhyncho-
spira ? silveti, Betzia cf. adrieni, Trigeria aff. gcmdryi, Trigeria
simplex and Bensselceria sp. /3 must remain unsatisfactory and
unsettled so long as the material available is so poor.

Localities. — Zwartberg Pass, Gamka Poort, Boschlui's Kloof,
Gabbosch Lagte, Ladismith, Worcester, ? Hex Eiver Mountains.

Genus RENSSELiEEIA Hall, 1859.

RENSSEL^RIA MONTAGUENSIS sp. nov.

(PL XLVIIL, figs. 5-7.)

There is a species of Bensselceria from Montagu which is repre-
sented by many more or less crushed fragmentary casts of shells,
from which the following somewhat incomplete description of what
is undoubtedly a new species can be drawn up.

Shell broadly oval, widest across middle, about 1^ times as long
as wide, unequally biconvex. Pedicle-valve more convex than
brachial, with strongly elevated prominent beak, arched over and
rising a little above hinge-line, with small concave area below
extending laterally into narrow cardinal area. Dental plates thin,
sHghtly divergent, short. Weak median ridge in beak. Brachial
valve less convex than opposite valve, with small inconspicuous
beak ; short median septum thickening towards beak, dividing
adductor scars which are strongly impressed anteriorly ; stout hinge-
plate composed of a pair of rounded cushions fused together, grooved,
and perforated medianly by minute pit on anterior face, but not

* Thomas, oj). cit., t. xiv., tigs. 33, 34 (mm 31, 32).

402 Annals of the South African Museum

divided ; crura stout, short, closely placed. Margins of valves at
cardinal shoulders slightly introverted. Surface of shell marked
with about 40 straight radiating low rounded ribs, rather closely
placed, the intermediate grooves being narrower. Concentric growth
ridges few, rarely present.

Estimated length 40-50 mm. (The precise measurements cannot
be given as the specimens are all fragmentary and crushed.)

As far as the above characters take us this shell resembles
B. atlantica Clarke," of the Lower Devonian of Maine, in its
external and internal features, but the American form has not
the introverted margins, and in this particular as well as in the
structure of the hinge-plate B. {Beachia) suessana Hall, and
B. (B.) anqylexa Clarke, (oj). cit., p. 248) may be compared with
it. The European B. strigiceps Eoemer, also appears to be closely
allied.

It is almost certain that Bensselceria sp. a, previously described
by me,f is identical with this Montagu form. Schwarz thinks that
my B. sp. a is probably the same as his B. relicta,l but his descrip-
tion and figure are hardly suflScient for me to pass an opinion with-
out seeing his specimen. If it should be ultimately proved that
these three forms are identical, Schwarz's name, B. rclicta, must be
adopted.

RENSSEL^EIA cf. CAYUGA Hall and Clarke.

(PI. XLVIII., fig. 8.)

One external cast of a crushed and flattened brachial valve of a
species of Bensselaria from Uitenhage differs from the other Bokke-
veld species by its numerous ribs. The shell is of a broadly elliptical
shape, measuring 42 mm. in length and about 34 mm. in width.
The surface is ornamented with 60-70 straight radiating narrow
rounded ribs, a very few of which bifurcate at about one-third to two-
thirds their length ; the interspaces are narrow and rounded, and all
the ribs at the margin are subequal in size. No concentric ridges
or striae are present. In shape as well as ribbing this imperfectly
known shell resembles B. cayuga Hall and Clarke, § from the
Oriskany Sandstone.

* Clarke, Bull. No. 107 N.Y. State Mus., 1907, p. 243.
t Keed, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. 3, 1903, p. 176, pi. xxi., fig. 8.
I Schwarz, op. cit., p. 364, pi. vii., fig. 7.

§ Hall and Clarke, PalESont. New York, viii., Braeh. ii., p. 370, pi. Ixxv.,
figs. 1, 2.

Neiv Fossils from the Bokkevcld Beds. 403

KENSSEL^KIA aff. STEWAETI Clarke ?

The difficulties which surround the correct determination of the
ribbed shells with the external aspect of Bensselceria are usually
increased in dealing with the Bokkeveld fossils by their poor state
of preservation. Imperfect internal casts or external impressions
of one such type of an oval shape, measuring about 14 mm. long by
11 mm. wide, and with 30-40 low rounded equal ribs, have much
the appearance of Clarke's B. steivarti * from the Lower Devonian
of Dalhousie, N.B. But no satisfactory determination is possible.
It has more numerous and finer ribs than my B. sp. /3,| which
Schwarz \ wishes had a specific name, but the trouble caused by
giving new names to insufficiently defined species is too well known,
though sometimes it may be unavoidable.

Loccdities. — Gydo Pass ; Ladismith.

Genus SCAPHIOCCELIA Whitfield, 1891.

SCAPHIOCCELIA ? AFEICANA Eeed.

(PI. XLVIIL, fig. 9.)

A full description of this interesting brachiopod was given by me
on a previous occasion, § and the two fine examples from Montagu
now before me furnish few additional particulars. Thej^ are in the
condition of internal casts like the types. The dental plates are
found to thicken into short blunt processes (teeth) at their free
anterior ends which curve inwards slightly on each side of the
cardinal callosity of the opposite valve. This feature was not well
seen in the other specimens. One of the present specimens is
transversely extended owing to compression, and has the hinge-plate
medianly divided by a groove instead of merely centrally pitted. The
other seems to have kept its natural shape and shows the typical
characters. The carination of the pedicle valve and the deep sul-
cation of the opposite valve are strongly expressed, just as Whitfield
described in the type of the genus from Bolivia.

The undistorted one measures 65 mm. long, 40 ram. wide, and
only 20 mm. thick in the middle of the sulcus.

* Clarke, Bull. N.Y. State Mus., No. 107, 1907, pp. 28;), 240.

t Keed, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. 3, p. 177, pi. xxi., lig. 9.

I Schwarz, o^. cit., p. 365.

§ Eeed, Geol. Mag., Dec. 5, vol. ill., 1906, p. 306, pi. xvii., figs. 1-3.

404 Amiah of the South African Museum.

SCAPHIOCGELIA ? AFEICANA vav. nov. Elizabetha.
(PI. XLVIII., figs. 10-14.)

A dark iron-stained sandstone from Eiet Kuil (div. of Uitenhage),
near Port Elizabeth, is crowded with the crushed and fragmentary
shells of a large Scaphiocoelia, not clearly separable from the species
which has been named Sc. africana. The specimens are all more
or less imperfect, and are in the condition either of internal casts or
impressions of the external surface. The shell is of large size, and
as far as can be ascertained generally measures from 50-70 mm.
in length. By piecing together the evidence from many specimens
a fairly complete diagnosis can be drawn up.

Shell elongated-oval in shape ; brachial valve flattened or slightly
concave, with small inconspicuous beak ; pedicle-valve convex, with
high incurved prominent beak, acute and perforated at its apex.
Interior of brachial valve with very large swollen hinge-plate, divided
medially by deep groove or slit into two rounded subtriangular
prominent cushions more or less fused together below and each
produced anteriorly at its inner angle into a slender crural process
(of unknown length). Dental sockets deep. A low broad rounded
indefinite median ridge runs forward from the cardinal plate for a
short distance, dying out between the slightly impressed elongated
oval adductor scars, divisible into two overlapping pairs; the pos-
terior end of the scars is more deeply impressed than the anterior,
and where they abut against the anterior face of the cardinal plate
the latter is hollowed out into a deep pit on each side of the median
ridge.

Interior of pedicle-valve shows a pair of strong triangular dental
plates, thickened and notched on their free anterior edges and
embracing on each side the cardinal plate of the opposite valve.
Between the dental plates the shell of the beak is somewhat
thickened internally (as in Sc. africana). A large concave pseudo-
area, vertical or steeply curved over, lies below the beak of the
pedicle-valve, and an internally thickened pseudo-deltidium covering
over the triangular delthyrium is probably indicated by a median
triangular groove in this pseudo-area.

About 40 low radiating rounded ribs ornament the surface of the
pedicle-valve, and a rather smaller number can be counted on the
opposite valve.

Remarks. — The narrow cleft, groove or pit in the middle of the
cardinal plate and the pits in its anterior face vary somewhat in
depth ; and it is these features which seem to separate this form

Ne7v Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. 405

from the typical Sc. africana, in which the hinge-plate has a slightly
different construction. The points of distinction do not, however,
possess the constancy or importance to warrant the creation of a
new species, particularly as the material is poor and imperfect ;
and we can only regard it as a variety of Sc. africana. This new
variety by the normal possession of a completely divided hinge-plate
more closely approaches typical members of the genus Bensselceria.

ADDENDUM.

Since the above paper was finished and the plates drawn, numerous
specimens of a species of Loxonema have been sent to me from the
locality Nooitgedacht, in the Oudtshoorn division. They are in
the condition of internal casts of the shell, and appear to be
identical with the form previously described by me as ''Loxonema
sp." (Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. vi., No. 11, 1904, p. 244, pi. xxx.,
fig. 8) from Gydo Pass and Gamka Poort. If this gasteropod
receives a specific designation, the name capense is suggested. It
is doubtful if the specimens of Loxonema from Zwartberg Pass and
Uniondale (mentioned on p. 381 of this paper) should be referred
to the same species.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate XL VII.

FIG.

1. Meto2)toiiit( cajKnse s,]). no\. x IJ. Zwartberg Pass.

2. Ditto. Side view of another specimen, x IJ, Same locality.

3. Bellerophon (Plectonotini) fmteiinin sp. nov. (No. 25, Geol. Surv.) Nat. size.

Whnpperthal.
3a. Ditto. Side view of same specimen. Nat. size.

4. Ditto. Dorsal view of second imperfect specimen, showing shape of notch in

dorsal margin of mouth. (No. 25, Geol. Surv.) Nat. size. Same locality.

5. Nuculites pacatus sp. nov. Internal cast of shell. (No. 794, S. A. M.) Nat.

size. Zwartberg Pass.
5a. Ditto. Cardinal view of same specimen. Nat. size.

6. Ditto. Internal cast of another individual. (No. 12, Vict. Coll.) Nat. size.

Same locality.

7. NuciiUtex sharpei sp. nov. Internal cast of left valve. (No. 18, Geol. Surv.)

X 2. Ezelfontein.

8. Ditto. Internal cast of right valve of another specimen. (No. 19, Geol.

Surv.) X 2. Same locality.

9. Nuculites Beneckei, Uhich, var. Internal cast of shell; right valve. Nat.

size. Zwartberg Pass,

406 Annals of the South African Museum.

FIG.

10. Nuculites martialis, Eeed. Internal cast of shell ; right valve. Nat. size.

Zwartberg Pass.

11. N II culana viator ST^. noY. Internal cast of shell; left valve, x 2. Zwartbei'g

Pass.
11((. Ditto. Cardinal view of same specimen, x 2.

12. Niiculana agrestis s]).nov. Internal cast of shell ; left valve, x 2. Zwartberg

Pass.
12rt. Ditto. Cardinal view of same specimen, x 2.

13. Nucitla nigella sp. nov. Internal cast of shell ; left valve. Nat. size.

Zwartberg Pass.
13rt. Ditto. Cardinal view of same specimen, x IJ.

14. Lejitodomus ? fontinalis s^i. noY. Internal cast. (No. 21, Geol. Siirv.) Nat.

size. Ezelfontein.
14a. Ditto. Cardinal view of same specimen. Nat. size.

Plate XLVIII.

FIG.

1. Solenopsis? boMeveldensis ST^. nov. Complete shell, x 1|. Zwartberg Pass.

2. Grammysia montana sp. nov. Left valve, x IJ. Zwartberg Pass.

3. Actinopteria aff. Immholdti Clarke. Left valve. (No. 14, Geol. Surv.) x 1^.

Gydo Pass.

4. Spirifer sp. Brachial valve. (No. 35, Geol. Surv.) Nat. size. Slangfontein.

5. Rensselceria montaguensis sp. nov. Lateral view of internal cast of shell.

Nat. size. Montagu.
5a. Ditto. Umbonal portion of same specimen from brachial side. Nat. size.

6. Ditto. Posterior marginal view of umbonal region of another specimen.

x IJ. Same locality.

7. Ditto. Internal cast of shell, showing shape and ribbing. (Mr. Henkel's.)

Nat. size. Same locality.

8. Remsehcria cf. cayuga, Clarke. External impression of crushed rachial

valve. (No. 602, Mus. Cat.) Nat. size. Uitenhage.

9. Scaphioccelia ? africana Eeed. Complete internal cast of undistorted hell.

Nat. size. Montagu.

10. Scaphioccelia ? africana var. nov. elizahetlKC. Internal cast of umbona

portion of both valves. Nat. size. Eiet Kuil.

11. Ditto. Posterior view of internal cast of umbonal portion of pedicle- valve.

Nat. size. Same locality.

12. Ditto. Lateral view of internal cast of nmbonal portion of pedicle-valve of

another specimen. Nat. size. Same locality.

13. Ditto. Anterior view of internal cast of umbonal region of brachial valve.

Nat. size. Same locality.

14. Ditto. Ditto. Another specimen. Same locality.

Reference letters.

d., diductor muscles.
a., adductor muscles,
c, bases of crura.
d.p., dental plates.
d.s., dental sockets.
g., groove dividing hinge-plate.
p.d. internally thickened pseudo-deltidium.
m. r. , median ridge.

p.a., pits in anterior face of hinge-plate, formed by adductor muscles.
Ill .s., median septum in brachial valve.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.IV.

Pl.XLVII.

T.A.Brock del. West,Newmaii collo.

Fossils from the Bokke veld Beds.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.IV.

Pl.XLVIII,

^,-<-«a?^lP^^^^^"

^

J

%

T.A. Brock del.

West, Newman collo.

Fossils from the Bokke veld Beds.

(407)

INDEX OF GENERA.

A

PAGE

Actaeon 368

Actaeonella 328

Actinopteria •2(i6, 379

.Equipecten 297

Alocopedon 361

Ambocoelia 186

Anodontopsis 269

Aporrhais 318

Anaucarites 37

Area 287

Astarte 300

B

Baculites 341

Baiera 64

Barbatia 287

Bellerophon 241, 386

Benstedtia 34

Berenicea 282

Bothrodeudron 87

Brachyphylluni 40

Bulimina 224

By throcypris 233

Byssopteria 265

C

Callipteridium 58

Caraptoiiectes 297

Cancellaria 32()

Cardiomoipha 254

Cardium 306

Carpolithus 37

Cardiaster 279

Cassidulus 277

Chiropteris 61

Chonetes 171

PAGE

Cidaria 276

Cladophlebis 10

Conites 41

Conaluria 247

Crassatellites 303

Cristellaria 227

Cryptonella 179

Cryptorhytis 321

Cycladolepis 28

Cythere 234

Cythereis 234

Cytherella 236

Cy theropteron 235

D

Dalaianistes 212

Diaphorostoma 245

E

Elea 283

Eriphyla 301

Eriptycha 329

Eschara 286

E ulophoceras 337

G

Gangauopteris 79

Gaudryceras 335

Globigerina --9

Glossites 254

Glossopteris 78

Goniomya 310

Grammysia 252, 395

Gyiodes 317

82

408

Index of Genera.

H

PAGE

Hamites 339

Haplophragomium 223

Hauericeras 332

Hemiaster 280

Heteroceras 339

Holcodiscus 336

Holopea 245

Homalonotus 214

HyEenasuchus 364

Hyolithes 247, 387

Ictidosaurus 151

Inoceramua 299

Leda 255

Leptocoelia 189

Leptodomus 395

Lingula 167

Liopistha 309

Loxonema •J44

Lycosuchus 155

Lystrosaurus 139

M

Macrocypris 233

Margarita 310

Membranipora 285

Meretrix 304

Mesosaurus 379

Metoptoma 385

Modiola 294

Modiomorpha 267, 398

Mortomiceras 337

Mytilus 294

N

Natica 316

Nautilus 330,

Neitheia 298

Nemodon 289

Nerita 311

Neuropteridium 83

Nilsonia 27

Nodosauria 225

NcBggerathiopsis 95

Nuculana 287, 392

Nuculites 256, 387

Nyassa 399

O

PAGE

Onychiopsis 4

Orbiculoidea 168

Orthis 175

Orthoceras 239

Orthonota 251

Orthrotetes 170

Palseoneila 261, 391

Pardosuchus 367

Pareiasaurus 123

Pecten 295

Pectunculus 291

Perissoptera 319

Phacops 203

Phoenicopsis 67

Pirifusus 324

Pleurotomaria 241

Pleurostomella 224

Polymorphina 228

Prsecardium 255

Proetus 213

Propappus 351

Proterosuchus 159

Protocardia 307

Pseudodiadema '^76

Pseudomeliana 312

Pseudophyllites 334

Psygmophyllum 92

Pugnellus 319

Pulvinulina 230

Phylloceras 331

Pyropsis 332

K

EensselsBria 177, 401

Retzia 1S7

Khinesuchus 373

Ehyiichonella 175

Ehynchospira 188, 400

Rostellites 327

Rotalia 232

S

Sanguinolites 252

Scala 314

Scaphiocoelia 403

Scaphites 343

Schizoneura 48, 79

Schlcenbachia 336

Scylaeosaurus .. 147

Semifusus 324

Index of Genera.

409

PAGE

Solarium 315

Solecurtus 308

Solenopsis 397

Sphenopteris 17

Spirifei- 180, 399

Spirophyton 103

Stachyopitis 66

Stenopteris 70

Stiobilites 49

Strophodonta 169

Strophonella 169

Tseniopteris 19, 59

Taxites 39

Tentaculites 245

Teredo 309

Tetragonites 335

Thinnfeldia 50

PAGE

Titanosuchus 142

Trigeria 178

Trigonia 292

Trigonoarca 288

Trogosuchus 366

Truncatulina 229

Turris 325

Turritella 317

Typhloniscus 213

Vaginulina 226

Vitulina 191

Volutilithes 325

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ANNALS

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VOLUME IV. containing: —

DESCRIPTIONS of the PALyEONTOLOGICAL MATERIAL

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10. Foramini/era and Ostracnda from the Cretaceous of East Pondo-
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VOLUME IV. nnitainlwj:—

DESCRIPTIONS of the PAL^ONTOLOGICAL MATERIAL

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ANNALiS

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

\ OIJM l\ I\ . conta inuuj : —

DESCRIPTIONS of the PAL.EONTOLOGICAL MATERIAL

COLLECTED by the MEMBERS of the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

OF CAPE COLONY.

PART VII. containiu;! :~

12. — The Crtarrn,,^ Faaua ../ I'mnlnhoid. With Twelve Plains,
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ANNALS

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM.

VOLUME IV. containing:—

DESCRIPTIONS of the PAL^ONTOLOGICAL MATERIAL

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PART VIII. containing:—

13. — Contribiitions to South African Palceontology : — ■=

2. — On the Pareiasaurian genius Propappus.
3. — Un some new Theroceplialian Reptiles.

4. — On the interrelationships of the known Th&rocephalian genera.
5. — On a new Lahyrinthodont (Rhinesuchus "Whaitsi) from the Per-
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6. — Note on the Species of Mesosaurus.
By R. Broom, M.D., D.Sc, C.M.Z.S.

14. — Neto Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. By F. R. C. Reed,
M.A., F.G.S.

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